Optimum Design of Millimeter-Wave Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone-Plate Lens and Antenna

The microwave/millimeter-wave Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lenses differ substantially in construction, technology and applications from their optical analogs and require specific design equations and methods of electromagnetic analysis. In this paper, optimum design equations for double-dielectric lossless FZP lens are derived. The best and worst choices of the permittivity ratio for lossless dielectrics are discussed in detail. In addition, the influence of dielectric losses on the lens thickness for given wavelength and permittivities is examined.Two versions of a 57.5-GHz double-dielectric phase-reversal zone plate are used as focusing elements of FZP lens antenna. The antenna co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns, aperture efficiency and frequency bandwidth are analyzed numerically and contrasted with those of half-blocked FZP and horn lens antennas.     

Curvilinear Fresnel-Zone Plate Lens Antenna: Vector Radiation Theory

A generalized vector diffraction theory of the half-open curvilinear Fresnel zone plate (FZP) tens antenna that is valid for any lens profile shape is presented. It is an extension to the vector Kirchhoff diffraction theory for the plane half-open FZP lens antenna and is based on the conical-segment lens profile approximation. An equation for the electric far-field vector is derived from which follow the expressions for the co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns and directive gain. The proposed theory is utilized for a numerical analysis and comparison of 140-GHz curvilinear half-open FZP lens antennas grouped in two distinct sets:

Optimization‐free superoscillatory lens using phase and amplitude masks

A superoscillatory focusing lens has been experimentally demonstrated by optimizing Fresnel zone plates (FZP), with limited physical insight as to how the lens feature contributes to the focal formation. It is therefore imperative to establish a generalized viable account for both FZP (amplitude mask) and binary optics (phase mask). Arbitrary superoscillatory spots can now be customized and realized by a realistic optical device, without using optimization. It is counterintuitively found that high spatial frequency with small amplitude and destructive interference are favorable in superfocusing of a superoscillation pattern. The inevitably high sidelobe is pushed 15λ away from the central subwavelength spot, resulting in significantly enlarged field of view for viable imaging applications. This work therefore not only reveals the explicit physical role of any given metallic/dielectric rings but also provides an alternative design roadmap of superresolution imaging. The robust method is readily applicable in superthin longitudinally polarized needle light, quantum physics and information theory.     

用菲涅尔平板天线实现相干来波方向的估计

菲涅尔平板天线由于其具有宽频带、重量轻、馈电简单和易于共形等优点，可替代透镜天线用于毫米波成像或用作微波移信通信中的接收天线单元等。同时，其作为聚焦器件，通过与馈源阵列组合，可以构成一种新型的自适应天线应用于蜂窝移动通信的基站智能天线等领域，基于其良好的工程应用前景，本文在对有关研究工作简要回顾的基础上，深入分析其去相关机理，应用极大似然估计算法实现了相干信号源在大角度入射的情形下，菲涅尔平板天线对来波方向的有效估计，避免了应用MUSIC算法进行来波方向估计所遇到的观察区域的限制问题，仿真计算和有关文献数值分析结果的比较表明，菲涅尔平板天线具有良好的空间谱估计性能。     

Comparison of subwavelength focusing properties of diffraction and Fresnel zone plate plasmonic planar lenses

The subwavelength focusing properties of diffractive plasmonic planar lenses (DPLs) and Fresnel zone plate plasmonic planar lenses (FZPs) have been compared in this paper. To that end, we use the same lens material, incident wavelength, thickness and focal length for comparison. Both DPLs and FZPs consist of central circular slits surrounded by transparent and opaque zones and can get clear focusing performances. By using the rigorous electromagnetic numerical method, the fields in the focal region are analyzed in detail, and our results demonstrate that FZP can generate higher transmission efficiency, and higher peak field intensity at the focal plane. Focusing polarization properties of the lens illuminated by linearly polarized state, are calculated and analyzed also. The numerical results show that both the DPL and the FZP produce asymmetrical focal spot distributions with a low f-number. To the FZP, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) varies from 256 nm (along y-axis) to 516 nm(along x-axis) and to the DPL, the FWHM varies from 256 nm(along y-axis) to 580 nm(along x-axis), respectively. But for a high f-number, the asymmetrical performance of the focal spot will be reduced due to complicated electromagnetical field interferences and micro waveguide effect. Otherwise, the DPL can get a higher depolarization effect than the FZP does.     

菲涅尔波带片-球面结构透镜的成像分析

设计了一种新型的菲涅尔波带片 球面透镜。应用衍射光学方法,从理论上研究了这种透镜的变焦功能和分辨特性。数值结果表明,在衍射空间有两个焦点,改变波带数可以使两个焦点分开任意距离。当波带数足够大时,可以使透射空间只有一个向透镜方向迁移的焦点。与单一的透镜和单一的波带片相比,这种菲涅尔波带片 球面透镜的横向和纵向分辨率同时得到了提高。因此,这种新型的结构透镜可应用于三维成像。     

菲涅耳波带板应用于聚变靶的高分辨X射线成像分析

在惯性约束核聚变研究中,为了实现1μm高空间分辨keV-X射线成像,文中发展了菲涅耳波带板(FZP)直接成像的分析方法,并通过数值计算研究了FZP的成像特性.针对钛K_α线(光子能量4.51 keV,波长0.275 nm),提出了FZP参数,对制作技术的要求较低.研究了靶尺度的影响.FZP的有效视场使它能够对数毫米大尺度靶实现高分辨成像.还研究了入射光的光谱带宽对成像的影响.FZP的色差有助于单色成像,但是带宽超过限度会导致像的反衬度降低.这些结果表明FZP应用于聚变点火靶的高空间分辨X射线成像的能力,也为应用提出了要求. 关键词： X射线成像 惯性约束核聚变 菲涅耳波带板     

Development and applications of “Mössbauer cameras”

Two different types of “Mössbauer camera” are presented in this review article. The first one uses an imaging technique for γ-rays which are converted to visual light by a Photon-counting Image Acquisition System (PIAS) combined with a Fiber Optic plate with CsI (Tl) Scintillator (FOS), while the second one is a mapping technique for γ-rays which are first focused by a Multi Capillary X-ray lens (MCX), and subsequently electrons and γ-rays are detected as function of the sample position by a micro-channel plate (MCP) and a Si-PIN detector, respectively. A mapping image of a silicon solar cell is shown as an example obtained by the latter system. We also report on the present status in developing a new combined lens for the mapping using a MCX and a Fresnel Zone Plate (FZP) in order to realize a submicron-meter spatial resolution in a laboratory.     

菲涅耳波带板无运动卷积偏振选通成像研究

提出了菲涅耳波带板(FZP)无运动卷积偏振选通全息术,该技术的原理与菲涅耳波带板扫描全息术相同,但在成像系统结构上作了重大改进,改进内容主要有两个方面:第一,使用扩展光源,用多个菲涅耳波带板在物体上的投影叠加形成卷积运算来取代机械扫描,克服了扫描造成的系统不稳定性和限制实际应用的耗时问题;第二,用CCD取代光电倍增管,使物体上所有的点都同时成像在CCD靶面上,达到实时采集整个全息图的目的。对线偏振光和圆偏振光经过散射介质脂肪乳剂(Intralipid)溶液后偏振度的变化规律进行了实验研究,研究表明,在米氏散射区,圆偏振光比线偏振光更容易保持偏振态。应用菲涅耳波带板无运动卷积偏振选通成像系统,采用圆偏振光作为入射光,对嵌埋在浓度为1%、深度为2 cm的脂肪乳剂溶液中的金属丝(直径0.4 mm)进行了成像实验,结果表明,菲涅耳波带板无运动卷积偏振选通全息术原理是可行的。     

菲涅耳波带板无运动卷积全息术

提出了菲涅耳波带板(FZP)无运动卷积全息术.该技术使用均匀扩展光源,使得从光源不同位置发出的光在经过FZP编码孔径之后,在物体上形成多个菲涅耳波带板投影叠加.物体的全息图是FZP投影光强分布函数与物体的光强分布函数的卷积,无需机械运动便得到物体的扫描全息图.采用数字相关解码方法实现全息图的再现.用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了菲涅耳波带板入射光束在经过散射介质以后,其出射光强分布随散射介质厚度的变化规律.结果表明:当散射介质厚度为5 cm时,出射光束依然基本保持菲涅耳波带板形式的光强分布.对嵌埋在浓度为1%的Intralipid散射溶液中直径为0.4mm的金属丝进行成像实验,分别得到当散射介质厚度为1cm、3cm和5cm时的再现像,实验验证了菲涅耳波带板无运动卷积全息术用于高散射介质中物体成像的可行性.     

改进型分形波带片的焦深特性研究

提出了一种具有增大焦深特性的改进型分形波带片(FZP).分析并推导了改进型分形波带片基于优化参数w的周期公式;计算了改进型分形波带片在菲涅耳近似下的衍射光场分布以及对应的横向光场分布特性因子,包括分辨率因子(G),施特雷尔比(S)以及旁瓣强度因子(M);同时分析了在不同的径向坐标r和r2下的改进型分形波带片的焦深特性,...     

Moiré alignment and positioning using a synthetic Fresnel zone plate

A new method for optical alignment and positioning is proposed. The actual position and shape of a spherical wavefront emerging from an optical system to be aligned are interferometrically encoded as “live” fringes similar to a Fresnel zone plate (FZP). Any in-plane misalignment and inaccurate positioning are detected in real-time as a unique moiré pattern by overlapping the “live” fringes and a synthetic interferometric FZP which is regarded as a reference grating. Experimental data are presented and future applications are suggested.     

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with a Fresnel spectrometer

We propose a novel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) equipped with a Fresnel spectrometer, which utilizes a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as both dispersion and focusing optics and thus spreads the spectral interferogram evenly in wavenumber domain because of the proportional relation between the focal length of the FZP and the wavenumber. With no need of the conversion calculation from wavelength to wavenumber in conventional SD-OCT, this new design is favorable for fast imaging with high resolution. As only a FZP and CCD are used, the Fresnel spectrometer is simple and compact. It is experimentally shown that its performance is as good as that of numerical interpolation in conventional SD-OCT. Imaging of bio-tissue by Fresnel SD-OCT is also demonstrated.     

塑料透镜表面预处理及其镀膜工艺

本文介绍了塑料透镜的特性及其真空镀膜的基本原理;描述了镀膜前塑料透镜表面的预处理方法;讨论了在选择光学薄膜材料时的一些基本考虑,着重于蒸发过程中材料的化学稳定性,膜层牢固度及所希望的光学和物理性质;较详细地探讨了塑料镀膜的工艺过程;评述了某些重要的薄膜性质对淀积条件的依赖关系。     

Nonmechanical Optical Manipulation of Microparticle Using Spatial Light Modulator

A spatial light modulator (SLM) is introduced to an optical manipulation system. The real-time reconfigurable feature of the SLM makes it possible to perform an optical manipulation of microparticles without mechanical movements of optical parts. A liquid crystal SLM incorporated in the system forms a Fresnel zone plate (FZP). The beam spot generated by the FZP is imaged on a sample solution by reduction optics. A microparticle in the sample solution is trapped by the beam and manipulated by changing the addressing position of the FZP onto the SLM from a computer. The nonmechanical optical manipulation of microparticles is demonstrated for the first time.     

Design and analysis of a folded Fresnel Zone Plate antenna

Based on the Kirchhoff-Huygens diffraction theory, a simple analytical method of a planar folded Fresnel zone-plate (FZP), that is the case when a planar reflector is placed behind the zone plates, has been developed. According to the numerical calculation results, the design procedure of the FZP antenna has been presented, and its focusing characteristics and gain-optimized conditions have been discussed. The variations of the focal field distribution with the antenna parameters such as zone numbers, focal length and antenna diameter and the radiation power patterns of the FZP have been simulated numerically. To take a good balance of both receiving and transmitting antennas, at 60GHz operating frequency, the focal length should be designed as a half of the antenna diameter and the zone number should be from 10 to 15. The results in this work show that the folded FZP has good focal characteristics and off-axis performance, and its antenna gain can be optimized by the suitable antenna parameter design. The possibility of applying the folded FZP as a low cost and high gain antenna without strict manufacturing requirement for millimeter-wave communications has been shown.     

CG光学扫描全息术和FZP光学扫描全息术分辨率比较

本文通过计算机仿真对ＦＺＰ 光学扫描全息术和ＣＧ 光学扫描全息术的横向和纵向分辨率进行了比较。无论是ＦＺＰ 还是ＣＧ 光学扫描全息术,其系统的分辨率与它们的环数有关,当环数越多时,分辨率越高。对于同样大小的ＦＺＰ 和ＣＧ,ＣＧ 光学扫描全息系统的分辨率比ＦＺＰ 光学扫描全息系统的分辨率要好     

Depth of focus enhancement of a modified imaging quasi-fractal zone plate

We propose a new parameter w for optimization of foci distribution of conventional fractal zone plates (FZPs) with a greater depth of focus (DOF) in imaging. Numerical simulations of DOF distribution on axis directions indicate that the values of DOF can be extended by a factor of 1.5 or more by a modified quasi-FZP. In experiments, we employ a simple object–lens–image-plane arrangement to pick up images at various positions within the DOF of a conventional FZP and a quasi-FZP, respectively. Experimental results show that the parameter w improves foci distribution of FZPs in good agreement with theoretical predictions.     

光源尺寸和光谱带宽对波带板成像的影响

X射线菲涅耳波带板成像能实现亚微米空间分辨能力,有可能应用于激光等离子体或聚变靶的高分辨X射线成像诊断.之前的数值模拟研究表明,成像分辨能力受光源尺寸、入射光或成像光谱带宽的影响.本文报道在632.8 nm为中心波长的可见光波段,对波带板成像的数值模拟和原理性验证实验.数值模拟表明:随着扩展光源尺寸增加,视场中央分辨能力基本不变,而像对比度下降;随着成像的光谱带宽的增加,视场中央分辨能力与像对比度同时下降.实验证实了数值模拟的结论,且实验与数值模拟结果的定量比较也符合得较好.     

Evaluation of the dynamic range and spatial resolution of nonadiabatic optical near-field lithography through fabrication of Fresnel zone plates

Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) were fabricated in order to evaluate the performance of nonadiabatic photolithography by exploiting the localized nature of optical near fields. This novel photolithography scheme could realize FZPs with structures smaller than the wavelength of the light source used for exposure. The FZP for 325-nm-wavelength UV light could focus the incident light to a spot size of 590 nm. An FZP for focusing soft X-rays was also fabricated and, compared to conventional adiabatic photolithography, showed higher-contrast zones over the whole area of the FZP. This method exhibits a high dynamic range and good spatial resolution, and it was free from artifacts due to the interference of the residual propagating exposure light transmitted through the aperture of the photomask.