柑橘叶片叶绿素含量拉曼光谱定量分析方法研究

柑橘叶片叶绿素含量的准确检测对柑橘营养状况和生长态势具有极其重要的意义。研究了快速无损诊断柑橘叶片中叶绿素含量的方法,以期为拉曼光谱检测技术用于柑橘叶片叶绿素含量检测提供参考。采集不同冠层高度和不同地理分布的柑橘叶片120片,拭去叶片表面的灰尘,用去离子水对其清洗、晾干装入密封袋中并用标签分类标注。然后对柑橘叶片进行拉曼光谱采集,参数设置如下：分辨率为3 cm-1,积分时间为15 s;激光功率为50 mW。分别采用BaselineWavelet、迭代限制最小二乘（IRLS）和不对称最小二乘(ALS)三种算法对柑橘叶片的拉曼光谱背景进行扣除,使用偏最小二乘（PLS）方法建立定量模型;四种光谱预处理方法归一化(Normalization),Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(SG smoothing, SG平滑)、多元散射校正(MSC)和Savitzky-Golay一阶导数(SG 1st Der)对扣除背景后的光谱进行进一步的优化处理。结果表明：采用原始光谱、BaselineWavelet、IRLS、ALS背景扣除处理后的光谱建立PLS模型,模型的相关系数r分别为0.858,0.828,0.885和0.862,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为5.392,5.870,4.934和5.336,最佳因子数分别为8,3,8和8;IRLS背景扣除处理后的PLS模型的RMSECV最小,相关系数最高,建模效果最好。分别采用SG平滑、归一化、MSC和SG 1st Der预处理方法对IRLS背景扣除后光谱进行预处理并建立PLS模型,结果表明：IRLS光谱及其结合SG平滑、归一化、MSC和SG 1st Der四种预处理方法的PLS模型的R分别为0.885,0.897,0.852,0.863和0.888,RMSECV分别为4.934,4.715,5.595,5.182和4.962;最佳因子数分别为8,8,8,8和5;IRLS-SG平滑后PLS模型的RMSECV最小,模型效果最优。对IRLS-SG平滑预处理后的PLS模型展开验证,预测相关系数r为0.844,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为5.29,预测精确度较高。采用拉曼光谱结合三种光谱背景扣除方法和四种预处理方法对柑橘叶片叶绿素含量进行定量分析表明：采用IRLS背景扣除结合SG平滑预处理后的PLS模型最优,建模集r为0.897,RMSECV为4.715;预测集r为0.844,RMSEP为5.29,预测精度较高。拉曼光谱结合背景扣除方法可以为柑橘叶片叶绿素含量的定量分析提供一种快速简便的分析方法。     

基于高光谱技术的灰霉病胁迫下番茄叶片SPAD值检测方法研究

对灰霉病胁迫下番茄叶片中叶绿素含量(SPAD)的高光谱图像信息进行了研究。首先获取380～1 030 nm波段范围内健康和染病番茄叶片的高光谱图像,然后基于ENVI软件处理平台提取高光谱图像中感兴趣区域的光谱信息,经平滑(Smoothing)、标准化(Normalize)等预处理后,建立了基于Normalize预处理的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和主成分回归(PCR)模型。再基于PLSR获得的4个变量建立反向传播神经网络(BPNN)和最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型。4个模型中,LS-SVM的预测效果最好,其决定系数R2为0.901 8,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为2.599 2。结果表明,基于健康和染病番茄叶片的高光谱图像响应特性检测叶绿素含量(SPAD)是可行的。     

浸入式可见/近红外光谱的雨生红球藻叶绿素含量研究

探讨了采用浸入式可见/近红外光谱技术对雨生红球藻叶绿素含量快速检测的可行性。通过选择最优的预处理方法,比较全波段偏最小二乘回归(PLS)建模和连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征波长后PLS建模的结果,选出最优模型。SPA-PLS模型对叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量预测效果均优于全波段PLS模型,叶绿素a,b的RPD值分别达到2.946 1和1.902 3。表明,光谱在预处理后结合建模算法能够实现叶绿素a,b含量较好的预测,叶绿素a的预测效果要好于叶绿素b。     

基于冠层尺度的枣树色素含量的高光谱估算模型

植物冠层色素含量与氮素含量具有高度的相关性,是农业遥感中的关键研究因素。本研究的主要目的是：(1)对比偏最小二乘回归和支持向量机两种建模方法对枣树冠层色素的预测精度;(2)构建基于高光谱数据的枣树冠层色素含量定量反演模型,为枣树冠层色素含量的快速、无损、廉价、环保的测定提供一定的理论依据和技术支持。相关性分析结果表明,枣树冠层色素与高光谱数据之间具有较好的相关性,但叶绿素、叶绿素a要优于叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素。独立样本对模型的预测性能检验结果表明,偏最小二乘回归和支持向量机均能有效的估算枣树色素含量,但不同色素的偏最小二乘回归模型和支持向量机模型的预测精度存在一定的差异,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的支持向量机模型的预测精度要高于偏最小二乘回归模型,而叶绿素a和叶绿素b则相反。比较不同色素的最佳反演模型的预测精度表明,叶绿素、叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的预测精度要优于叶绿素b,前三者的决定系数大于0.8,残余预测误差高于2.0,平均相对误差低于13%,而叶绿素b的对应值分别为0.60%,20.79%和1.79%。     

植物光学模型估算叶片类胡萝卜素含量的一种双归一化差值-比值植被指数

运用高光谱技术进行植物叶片探测具有快速、无损、高精度等特点,在叶片色素等生化成分含量估算方面应用前景广阔。类胡萝卜素作为叶片中重要光合色素之一,因其在可见光区域与叶绿素的光谱吸收特征存在重叠,且其含量远低于叶绿素,导致利用光谱信息估算叶片类胡萝卜素含量存在困难,国内外少有针对类胡萝卜素含量的植被指数。利用高光谱数据光谱信息丰富的特点,提出一种以波段组合遍历与相关分析为基础,通过多指数协同来构建组合式的植被光谱指数的新方法。在PROSPECT叶片辐射传输模型模拟出大量具有不同生化和生物物理特征的叶片光谱的基础上,成功构建了一种在叶片水平下具有良好稳定性的类胡萝卜素含量估算新指数RVI_DNDVI。结果表明,该方法构建的叶片类胡萝卜素光谱指数由两部分组成：由532和405 nm构建的窄波段NDVI(与类胡萝卜素、叶绿素均强相关)和由548和498 nm构建的窄波段NDVI(仅与叶绿素强相关)进行比值组合,能较好消除叶绿素含量对指数的干扰;通过减去对叶片结构高敏感的916 nm处反射率,能消除叶肉结构参数的影响,进一步提高指数的抗干扰能力。该研究得到的指数RVI_DNDVI仅对叶片类胡萝卜素具有高敏感性,相关系数达到-0.94,对其进行指数拟合的R2达到0.834 4。经与模拟数据和实测数据的验证,该指数有较好的估算效果。     

牛奶中三聚氰胺的可见/近红外光谱快速判别分析方法的研究

为探讨基于可见一近红外光谱技术快速检测牛奶中是否含有三聚氰胺的可行性.文章通过往液态奶中添加不同含量的三聚氰胺,共制备样本160个.利用Handheld Field Spec光谱仪获取样本光谱,其后采用不同的预处理方法对光谱数据进行预处理,然后分别建立数学模型,比较模型的好坏,得到采用移动平均平滑作为数据的预处理方法较好.从160个样本中随机的取出120个样本建模,剩下的40个样本作为独立的验证集.采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)和最小二乘支持向苗机法(LS-SVM)方法分别建立判别分析模型,利用独立的验证集对判别模型进行了预测验证.预测结果的预测相关系数(R2)分别为0.917 4(PLS)和0.910 9(LS-SVM),预测标准误差(RMSEP)分别为0.030 4(PLS)和0.046 7(LS-SVM).研究结果表明近红外反射光谱可以作为一种快速检测牛奶中三聚氰胺的方法.     

基于拉曼光谱技术的茶树叶片中类胡萝卜素含量的无损快速检测

叶片中类胡萝卜素是植被环境胁迫、光合能力和植被发育阶段的指示器。基于叶片的原位拉曼光谱响应特性对龙井43叶片的类胡萝卜素含量进行了研究,建立了两者之间的定量模型。本文共对315个龙井43叶片样本进行了拉曼光谱采集和分光光度检测。为排除检测过程中受噪声、基线漂移等因素的干扰,运用和比较了五种光谱数据预处理方法提取原始拉曼光谱中与茶叶中类胡萝卜素含量有关的有效信息。基于预处理后的数据建立了偏最小二乘(PLS)回归模型,拉曼光谱与类胡萝卜素含量的建模集和预测集的相关系数(r)分别为0.817和0.786。为进一步研究类胡萝卜素的拉曼光谱响应机理,本文采用连续投影算法(SPA)优选了17个拉曼特征波数建立相应的特征波数模型,模型的建模集和预测集的相关系数(r)分别为0.808和0.777。根据已建立的模型,探究了茶树四个不同叶位的叶片类胡萝卜素含量的变化。发现茶树叶片随着叶龄的增加,类胡萝卜素浓度呈先增后减的趋势。以第2位叶的类胡萝卜素含量最高。进一步验证了模型的可行性以及探索了将该模型应用于茶树叶片树龄和叶位探测的可能性。采用拉曼光谱技术可以实现茶树叶片中类胡萝卜素含量的原位、无损、定量检测。     

基于近红外光谱技术的油菜叶片丙二醛含量快速检测方法研究

应用近红外光谱技术实现了油菜叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量的快速无损检测.对90个油菜叶片样本进行光谱扫描,用60个样本建模,30个样本验证.经过平滑、变量标准化、一阶及二阶求导、去趋势等预处理后,建市了MDA预测的偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型.将PLS提取的有效特征变馈(LV)和连续投影算法(SPA)提取的有效波长作为最小二乘-支持向量机(LS-SVM)的输入变量,分别建立了LV-LS-SVM和SPA-LS-SVM模型.以预测集的预测相关系数(r),预测标准偏差(RMSEP)作为模型评价指标.结果表明,油菜叶片中MDA含量预测的最优模型为LV-LS-SVM模型,LV-LS-SVM在去趋势处理后的预测效果为r=0.999 9,RMSEP=0.530 2;在二阶求导处理后的预测效果为r=0.999 9,RMSEP=0.395 7.说明应用光谱技术检测油菜叶片中MDA的含最是可行的,并能获得满意的预测精度,为油菜大田生长状况的动态连续监测提供了新的方法.     

太赫兹光谱技术对红薯淀粉中明矾含量的检测方法研究

明矾是一种可以改良粉条粉丝易断粗糙特性的违法添加剂,明矾的含量过高进入人体后会直接影响身体健康。结合太赫兹光谱技术探索红薯淀粉中明矾含量快速检测方法。采用太赫兹时域光谱系统(Terahertz time domain spectroscopy, THz-TDS)于常温下获取0.5～7 THz范围内红薯淀粉、明矾及其混合物的光谱数据。因0～0.5 THz测得的频谱均为噪声,高频段区域的吸收系数大、信噪比低,故选取0.5～2 THz波段的吸收系数谱和折射率谱进行分析。发现明矾在该波段存在明显的特征吸收峰,可作为指纹特征用于物质识别。分别采用Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑(SG Smoothing,SG平滑)、基线校正(Baseline)、归一化(Normalization)等方法进行光谱预处理,再结合偏最小二乘(partial least squares, PLS)对红薯淀粉中明矾含量建立预测模型。结果表明,采用原始光谱、 SG平滑、 Baseline、 Normalization等光谱数据建立PLS模型的最佳因子数(principal component factors)分别为3, 3, 3和2;校正集相关系数(r_c)分别为0.982, 0.980, 0.982和0.984;预测集相关系数(r_p)分别为0.982, 0.979, 0.982和0.987;校正集均方根误差(root mean square error of calibration, RMSEC)分别为0.011, 0.012, 0.012和0.011;预测集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP)分别为0.013, 0.014, 0.013和0.012;可知归一化预处理后建立PLS模型效果最佳。为对比分析线性(PLS)与非线性(LS-SVM)两种定量模型方法的预测精度,采用相同预处理方法后的红薯淀粉中明矾含量光谱数据建立最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)预测模型,选用径向基函数(RBF)作为核函数。结果表明,归一化预处理后建立LS-SVM模型效果最佳,其预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.0047,预测集相关系数(r_p)为0.997 2。发现对红薯淀粉中明矾含量建立LS-SVM预测模型的稳定性更好、精确度更高。采用太赫兹时域光谱结合LS-SVM和PLS对红薯淀粉中明矾含量进行定量分析。结果表明,采用归一化预处理后的LS-SVM比PLS模型的预测效果更优,可能是红薯淀粉与明矾混合物中含有更多的非线性信息。研究表明,太赫兹时域光谱结合化学计量学方法可为红薯淀粉中明矾含量的定量分析提供快速精确的分析方法。     

病害胁迫下棉花叶片色素含量高光谱遥感估测研究

通过小区和大田同步调查棉花黄萎病,在不同生育期测定病叶光谱及其色素含量。将病叶光谱反射率、一阶微分及相应的特征参数与色素含量进行相关分析,建立病叶色素含量估测模型并检验。结果表明：病叶叶绿素a,b及a+b含量可见光反射率、与一阶微分光谱在蓝边、黄边和红边处与除红边振幅(Dr)外的其他光谱特征参数间均达极显著相关。转换叶绿素吸收反射指数(TCARI)和新建归一化植被指数(NDVI[702, 758])对叶绿素a, b及a+b含量的估测精度最高,相对误差均小于1.3%。考虑到NDVI[702, 758]建立的模型更实用,可做为病叶叶绿素a, b和a+b含量的最佳估测模型。研究结果对高光谱信息定量估测病害棉叶色素含量,对利用高光谱监测棉花长势及病害影响评价均具有较高的实用价值。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.