甲醇在CeO2担载Pd催化剂上分解机理的研究

采用原位红外(in-situFTIR)技术对甲醇在CeO₂和Pd/CeO₂催化剂上的吸附和反应进行了研究,提出一个新的甲醇分解反应机理模型.甲醇在CeO₂上容易吸附并结合其晶格氧生成甲酸盐物种,而甲醇分解的产物氢被Pd活化后,溢流到CeO₂上促进了甲酸盐物种的分解.Cl^-的存在加强了Pd/CeO₂催化剂与氢的相互作用,Pd和CeO₂通过对氢和氧物种的作用对甲醇分解反应的过程表现出协同效应.     

铜的表面氧在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中的作用

研究了Cu和ZrO₂/Cu模型催化剂的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的反应性能, 结果表明, 纯铜催化剂的反应初始活性随着还原温度的增加而显著降低, 并且在失活后的催化剂反应体系中通入少量的氧, 可恢复催化剂的活性. 相对于Cu, ZrO₂/Cu催化剂的活性和稳定性显著增加. 催化剂的TPR, XPS以及原位FT-IR表征结果表明, 导致催化剂活性迅速降低的原因为催化剂表面氧物种的逐渐消耗. ZrO₂在反应过程中可以稳定铜表面氧以及Cu^＋物种, 从而显著提高了反应活性和稳定性.     

CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体载体涂层, 再经浸渍法制备了高空速下性能较好的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢xCuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测试(BET)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征, 结果表明, 催化剂活性主要与Cu比表面积、活性组分与载体之间相互作用以及氧空穴量有关. 其中5%CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂的Cu比表面积较大, 活性组分CuO与CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体氧化物之间相互作用较强, 氧空穴量较多, 因此表现出较好的催化性能. 在反应温度为360 ℃、水醇物质的量比为1.2、甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h^–1的条件下, 甲醇转化率为89.9%, 产氢速率为1556 L•m^–3•s^–1. 与传统颗粒催化剂相比, SiC基整体催化剂的产氢速率更高, 更适用于高空速下的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应, 有利于小型化制氢反应器的集成.     

不同载体Ni基负载型催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气催化行为研究

采用浸渍法制备了单一载体(Al₂O₃、ZrO₂、CeO₂)和ZrO₂、CeO₂改性的Al₂O₃复合载体的Ni催化剂,考察了在甲烷部分氧化制备合成气反应中的催化性能。通过N₂-物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原、X射线衍射、NH₃程序升温脱附和程序升温氧化等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在单一载体催化剂中,Ni/Al₂O₃具有较大的比表面积,其初始反应活性较高,但该催化剂表面易形成大量的积炭而快速失活。Ni/ZrO₂和Ni/CeO₂催化剂比表面积较小,活性金属Ni在其表面分散性差,催化剂具有较低的CH₄转化率。而CeO₂和ZrO₂改性的Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂,具有较大的比表面积,反应活性明显高于单一载体催化剂。CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂具有最高的反应活性和较好的反应稳定性。同时表明,含CeO₂催化剂反应后表面积炭较少,CeO₂的储放氧功能增强了催化剂对O₂的活化,提高催化剂活性的同时,可以抑制积炭的生成。     

载体焙烧气氛对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2催化剂的影响

采用沉淀法和浸渍法制备了具有氧空位的CeO₂纳米材料和甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO₂催化剂,探索不同焙烧气氛对CeO₂纳米材料结构、性质和甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响。采用SEM、XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、N₂O滴定和XPS等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,CuO/CeO₂催化剂的催化活性与催化剂的Cu比表面积大小、Cu-Ce的相互作用强弱、表面缺陷和表面氧空位的多少有关。其中,在氢气气氛下焙烧所得的CeO₂负载CuO后的CuO/CeO₂-H催化剂催化活性最佳。在反应温度为250℃,水醇物质的量比为1.2时,甲醇气体空速为800 h^-1,甲醇转化率达到了100%,重整尾气中CO含量为0.87%。     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂用于COx加氢合成甲醇：CO在反应混合物中的作用

近年来,催化CO₂加氢合成甲醇被视为有望解决温室效应和燃料枯竭的有效途径。目前,铜基催化剂因具有较高的反应活性被广泛应用于工业生产。然而,竞争逆水煤气变换反应产生的CO导致甲醇选择性较低,同时副产物水引起Cu发生不可逆烧结,进而降低甲醇产率。众所周知,CO能够调整分子的表面竞争吸附和活性位的氧化还原行为,本工作拟向原料气中掺入具有还原性的CO以抑制逆水煤气变换反应和防止表面氧化中毒。另一方面,通常认为铜基催化的CO₂加氢制甲醇是结构敏感性反应,不同的前驱体能够显著影响催化剂结构和形貌,进而影响催化活性。因此,我们首先通过共沉淀法和蒸氨法制备了含有类水滑石前驱体(CHT-CZA)和复合物前驱体(CNP-CZA)结构的Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂。随后,为探究CO掺杂后反应机理,在250 ℃,5 MPa的反应条件下,含有不同比例CO的原料气中(CO₂:CO:H₂:N₂ = x:(24.5 - x):72.5:3)评价两种催化剂对甲醇合成的性能。评价结果显示两种催化剂反应性能趋势相同,随着CO含量增加,CO₂转化率和STY_H2O不断降低,STY_MeOH逐渐增加。X射线光谱(XPS)显示随CO含量增加,催化剂表面还原性Cu比例增加。评价和表征结果说明CO引入抑制了逆水煤气变换反应的发生,通过还原被H₂O氧化的活性Cu表面,促使更多的活性Cu位点暴露参与甲醇合成。另一方面,透射电镜(TEM)显示掺杂的CO会过度还原而引起颗粒团聚,导致催化剂逐渐失活。相比之下,含有水滑石前驱体的催化剂在任何气氛下均表现出更加优越的反应性能和长周期稳定性。这可归因于类水滑石前驱体独特的片层结构通过结构限域作用有效避免了因CO过度还原而导致的金属颗粒团聚,从而减少活性位点损失。     

火焰喷雾热解制Pd-Pt/CeO2催化甲烷燃烧的性能研究

火焰喷雾热解法(FSP)是一种简单、快速、可规模化制备纳米催化剂的技术。通过火焰喷雾热解法合成CeO₂和Pt-CeO₂载体、Pd-Pt-CeO₂催化剂,采用浸渍法在CeO₂和Pt-CeO₂载体分别沉积Pd-Pt和Pd而制得Pd-Pt双金属催化剂,并考察其甲烷催化燃烧性能。利用ICP、XRD、TEM、BET、H2-TPR、XPS和Raman对催化剂的物化性质进行分析。TEM结果表明,Pd-Pt/CeO₂催化剂中Pd和Pt物种高分散于CeO₂载体。相比于一步法(one step)制得的Pd-Pt-CeO₂(OS-FSP)催化剂,共浸渍法制得Pd-Pt/CeO₂(0.25)-WI的催化活性更高,其t₅₀降低了60℃,且稳定运行60 h而没有明显失活。这归因于Pd-Pt/CeO₂(0.25)-WI催化剂表面上Pd⁰/Pd^2+...     

糠醛气相加氢制备糠醇Cu/SiO2催化剂的失活机理研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu/SiO₂催化剂，在固定床反应器上评价其糠醛气相催化加氢制备糠醇的反应性能，并采用XRD、H2-TPR、ICP-OES、XPS、TG、Raman、TEM等手段对使用后的Cu/SiO₂催化剂进行表征，研究其在反应中的失活机理。在常压、反应温度140℃、质量空速2.4 h^-1、氢醛比9.7的条件下，反应5 h内糠醛转化率均高于97%；反应6-21 h，糠醛转化率从96%快速下降到32%，说明Cu/SiO₂催化剂在糠醛加氢反应中快速失活，失活的主要原因是活性组分铜的团聚烧结和催化剂表面上积炭覆盖了反应活性位。     

Pt/Al2O3和Pt/CeO2/Al2O3催化甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

研究了Pt/Al₂O₃和Pt/CeO₂/Al₂O₃对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化活性,发现Pt/CeO₂/Al₂O₃显示了更高的甲烷转化率和合成气选择性.用H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD、SEM-EDX和XRD等技术对催化剂进行了表征.CeO₂和Pt相互作用促进Pt在催化剂表面的分散,抑制Pt在催化剂表面的迁移;降低了催化剂的燃烧活性,提高了催化剂的部分氧化活性和选择性,可避免因催化剂床层局部温度过高而导致催化剂活性下降或失活,提高了催化剂的稳定性.同时,CeO₂通过促进水汽变换反应使反应体系迅速达到平衡,提高了催化剂对H₂的选择性.     

H2O对Cu+/S2O82-/γ-Al2O3催化剂合成碳酸二甲酯性能的影响

反应温度120℃、压力3.0 MPa的条件下,考察了H₂O对浆态床DMC合成催化剂Cu⁺/S₂O₈^2-/γ-Al₂O₃活性的影响。结果表明,外界H₂O的引入加剧了催化剂的失活速率。对引入H₂O后回收催化剂进行了元素分析、XRD、DTG、Py-FT-IR和NH₃-TPD等表征,结果表明,H₂O的引入加速了催化剂中活性组分Cu的流失速率,生成更多没有催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性的Cu₂(OH)₃Cl晶体,加剧了催化剂的失活。     

Effect of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on catalytic performance of copper-based catalysts for methanol synthesis from syngas

Various Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts have been synthesized by different aluminum emulsions as aluminum sources and their performances for methanol synthesis from syngas have been investigated. The influences of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts were studied by XRD, SEM, XPS, N2 adsorption--desorption techniques and methanol synthesis from syngas. The preparation methods of aluminum emulsions were found to influence the catalytic activity, CuO crystallite size, surface area and Cu⁰ surface area and reduction process. The results show that the catalyst CN using the aluminum source prepared by addition the ammonia into the aluminum nitrate (NP) exhibited the best catalytic performance for methanol synthesis from syngas.     

含氮合成气直接制二甲醚的Cu基催化剂研究

研究了CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5系列双功能催化剂催化含N2合成气直接制二甲醚的性能，考察了助剂和催化剂制备方法对反应性能的影响，结果表明，在CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5催化剂中加入ZrO2，有利于提高催化活性；用胶体沉积法制备的CuO-ZnO-Al2O3／HZSM－5双功能催化剂，其CuO晶粒小，分散好、易于还原，同时增强了各组分间的协同作用，表现出良好的催化性能。     

A sulfur-tolerant Pd/CeO2 catalyst for methanol synthesis from syngas

The catalytic activity of cefia-supported Pd for selective hydrogenation of CO is well preserved in the presence of 30 ppm H2S due to the parallel oxidation of sulfur by CeO2 under standard methanol synthesis conditions. The bifunctional nature of this catalyst opens a route for the conversion of sulfur-contaminated gas streams such as the integrated gasification combined cycle syngas or biogas into liquid fuels if desulfurization by conventional means is not practical.     

A sulfur-tolerant Pd/CeO2 catalyst for methanol synthesis from syngas

The catalytic activity of ceria-supported Pd for selective hydrogenation of CO is well preserved in the presence of 30 ppm H2S due to the parallel oxidation of sulfur by CeO2 under standard methanol synthesis conditions. The bifunctional nature of this catalyst opens a route for the conversion of sulfur-contaminated gas streams such as the integrated gasification combined cycle syngas or biogas into liquid fuels if desulfurization by conventional means is not practical.     

Development of high performance Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for methanol synthesis and the water-gas shift reaction

Our groups studies on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for methanol synthesis via hydrogenation of CO₂ and for the water-gas shift reaction are reviewed. Effects of ZnO contained in supported Cu-based catalysts on their activities for several reactions were investigated. The addition of ZnO to Cu-based catalyst supported on Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ or SiO₂ improved its specific activity for methanol synthesis and the reverse water-gas shift reaction, but did not improve its specific activity for methanol steam reforming and the water-gas shift reaction. Methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂ over Cu/ZnO-based catalysts was extensively studied under a joint research project between National Institute for Resources and Environment (NIRE; one of the former research institutes reorganized to AIST) and Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE). It was suggested that methanol should be produced via the hydrogenation of CO₂, but not via the hydrogenation of CO, and that H₂O produced along with methanol should greatly suppress methanol synthesis. The Cu/ZnO-based multicomponent catalysts such as Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ and Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/Ga₂O₃ were highly active for methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂. The addition of a small amount of colloidal silica to the multicomponent catalysts greatly improved their long-term stability during methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂. The purity of the crude methanol produced in a bench plant was 99.9 wt% and higher than that of the crude methanol from a commercial methanol synthesis from syngas. The water-gas shift reaction over Cu/ZnO-based catalysts was also studied. The activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction at 523 K was less affected by the pre-treatments such as calcination and treatment in H₂ at high temperatures than that of the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Accordingly, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was considered to be more suitable for practical use for the water-gas shift reaction. The Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was also highly active for the water-gas shift reaction at 673 K. Furthermore, a two-stage reaction system composed of the first reaction zone for the water-gas shift reaction at 673 K and the second reaction zone for the reaction at 523 K was found to be more efficient than a one-stage reaction system. The addition of a small amount of colloidal silica to a Cu/ZnO-based catalyst greatly improved its long-term stability in the water-gas shift reaction in a similar manner as in methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂.     

尿素水解均匀沉淀法制Cu/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂

甲醇是富氯液体，可通过水蒸气重整制氢用于燃料电池的氢源，是最有希望成为燃料电池电动汽车的燃料，目前这方面的研究颇受重视。现代甲醇工业是通过合成气在催化剂作用下反应制得的，所用催化剂主要为Cu／ZnO／Al2O3。为了进一步提高催化剂的性能，近年来关于催化剂制备方法的文献发表较多。吴晓晖等考察了草酸盐胶体法制备Cu／ZnO／Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂的性能，洪中山等用凝胶网格共沉淀法制得Cu／ZnO／Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂，郭宪吉等则考察了添加Mn助剂对Cu／ZnO／Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂的影响。     

Cu/ZnO@H-β-P催化剂在合成气制备液化石油气反应中的性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备Cu/ZnO催化剂、水热合成法制备H-β分子筛、通过物理包膜法制备了具有核壳结构的Cu/ZnO@H-β-P催化剂,并用于合成气制备液化石油气(LPG)反应。通过XRD、NH3-TPD、BET和SEM-EDS等手段对催化剂进行了表征,利用固定床连续反应装置对催化剂进行了活性评价。结果表明,Cu/ZnO@H-β-P催化剂是具有中孔的核壳结构材料,其协同作用打破了原有的热力学平衡,促进了甲醇→DME→LPG串联反应的连续进行。与物理混合的Mix-Cu/ZnO-H-β催化剂相比,Cu/ZnO@H-β-P催化剂的CO转化率和LPG选择性更高,空速和反应温度对催化剂活性影响明显,最佳空速和反应温度分别为2 400 h~(-1)和350℃。使用Cu/ZnO@H-β-P催化剂在最佳条件下进行合成气制备LPG反应,CO转化率达到了57.22%,LPG选择性达到了60.52%。     

Promoting effect of polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether on Cu/ZnO catalysts for low-temperature methanol synthesis

Cu/ZnO catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method with the addition of OP-10 (polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether) and were chemically and structurally characterized by means of XRD, BET, H₂-TPR, CO-TPD and N₂O-titration. The effect of OP-10 addition on the activity of Cu/ZnO for the slurry phase methanol synthesis at 150 °C was evaluated. The results showed that Cu/ZnO prepared with addition of 8% OP-10 (denoted as C8) exhibited the promoted activity for the methanol synthesis. The conversion of CO and the STY (space time yield) of methanol were 42.5% and 74.6% higher than those of Cu/ZnO prepared without addition of OP-10 (denoted as C0), respectively. The precursor of C8 contained more aurichalcite and rosasite, and the concerted effect of Cu-Zn in C8 was found to be stronger than that in C0. Compared with C0, C8 showed smaller particle size, lower reduction temperature and larger BET and Cu surface areas.     

ZnO逆修饰小尺寸Cu/SiO2催化剂及其在CO2加氢制甲醇中的应用

Cu-ZnO is broadly used as a catalyst in CO₂ reduction to produce methanol, but fabricating small-sized Cu-ZnO catalysts with strong Cu-ZnO interactions remains a challenge. In this work, a simple, low-cost method is proposed to synthesize small-sized Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ with high activity and controllable Cu-ZnO interactions derived from copper silicate nanotubes. A series of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ samples with different amounts of ZnO were prepared. The activities of the as-prepared catalysts for methanol synthesis were tested, and the results revealed a volcano relationship with the weight fraction of ZnO. At 523 K, the methanol selectivity increased from 20% to 67% when 14% ZnO was added to the Cu/SiO₂ catalyst, while the conversion of CO₂ increased first and then decreased with the addition of ZnO. The optimum space time yield (STY) of 244 g·kg^-1·h^-1 was obtained on C-SiO₂-7%ZnO at 543 K under 4.5 MPa H₂/CO₂. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Cu and ZnO was studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) analyses. The HRTEM images showed that the Cu particles come in contact with ZnO more frequently with increased addition of ZnO, indicating that the catalysts with higher ZnO contents have a greater probability of formation of the Cu-ZnO interface, which promotes the catalytical activity of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂. Meanwhile, the HRTEM images, XRD patterns, and TPR results showed that the addition of excess ZnO leads to an increase in the size of the Cu particles, which in turn decreases the total number of active sites and further degrades the activity of the catalysts. The activation energy (E_a) for methanol synthesis and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) was calculated based on the results of the catalytical test. With the addition of ZnO, E_a for methanol synthesis decreased from 72.5 to 34.8 kJ·mol^-1, while that for RWGS increased from 61.3 to 102.7 kJ·mol^-1, illustrating that ZnO promotes the synergistic effect of Cu-ZnO. The results of XPS and in situ DRIFTS showed that the amount of Cu⁺ species decreases with the addition of ZnO, indicating that the Cu-ZnO interface serves as the active site. The Cu surface area and the turnover frequency (TOF) of methanol were calculated based on the H₂-TPR curves. The TOF of methanol on the Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts at 543 K increased from 1.5 × 10^-3 to 3.9 × 10^-3 s^-1 with the addition of ZnO, which further confirmed the promotion effect of the Cu-ZnO interface on the methanol synthesis. This study provides a method to construct Cu-ZnO interfaces based on copper silicate and to investigate the influence of ZnO on Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts.     

添加表面活性剂两步沉淀法制备甲醇催化剂

采用添加表面活性剂两步沉淀法制备了具有高表面铜相对浓度的超细甲醇合成催化剂。以组成为H2/CO/CO2/N2=66/27/3/4(体积比）的原料气对催化剂进行了活性评价。结果表明,该催化剂比传统并流沉淀法制备的铜基催化剂活性提高47.9%,比两步沉淀法和添加表面活性剂并流沉淀法制备的铜基催化剂活性分别提高9.3%和16.8%。利用SEM、XRD及XPS方法对催化剂的结构、形貌和表面金属组成进行了表征。