急倾斜煤层地下气化数学模型的研究

煤炭地下气化产气过程与气化炉体的温度分布和渗流条件密切相关。根据急倾斜煤层赋存条件和气化过程的特点，建立了急倾斜煤层地下气化数学模型。介绍了模型参数的确定方法，采用控制容积方法对模型进行了求解，并在模型实验的基础上，对计算结果进行了分析。从温度场分布来看，计算值略高于实测值，各测点相对误差基本均在10%以内。根据模拟计算结果，随着气化通道长度增加，煤气热值提高，但在还原区以后，提高的幅度减小，温度场对煤气热值产生显著影响。由于受温度的影响，在高温区，煤气组分浓度场实测值的变化梯度大于计算值。结果表明，模拟值与实验值能够较好地相吻合，说明对急倾斜煤层地下气化温度场和浓度场的数值模拟是合理的。     

科研成果简介

沈北褐煤两段加压气化 目前广泛采用的鲁奇炉移动床加压气化生产城市煤气方法,有着以劣质和高灰高熔点煤为原料,煤气热值高、气化热效率高等优点,但同时产生大量污水,焦油品位低,煤气不能用作工业原料。山西煤炭化学所首次提出了煤的两段加压气化,对鲁奇炉气化法进行革新和改进,并于1985年完成了沈北褐煤两段加压气化模试条件试验。与移动床加压气化法御比,污水排放量减少约1/3,焦油产量减少纹1/3,但其中<170℃的轻馏分增加约36%,>230℃的重馏分减少约20%。干馏段净煤气的高热值为4751kcal/m³,气化段净煤气的甲烷含量约6%,H₂/CO约2,4,无CH₃SH,CS₂及焦油,可作合成原料气。还可利用气化粗煤气的显热生产部分工艺蒸汽。总投资可减少约10%,煤气成本可降低约10%。该项成果于1985年通过鉴定,同时获中科院1986年科技进步三等奖,并已列入国家"七五"攻关项目,着手准备工业试验。     

污水污泥空气气化特性的研究

利用外热式下吸固定床气化实验装置,以空气为气化剂对五种不同性质污泥的气化特性进行了研究。结果表明,升高气化温度有利于提高气化气的品质,气化气中CO、CH₄和H₂的含量和气化气热值随气化剂流量的减小而增加。污泥厌氧消化过程使气化气品质降低;污水处理工艺对污泥气化气组成和热值亦产生影响,其中连续SBR工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最高,而H₂、CH₄和C_mH_n的含量最低;活性污泥法的未消化污泥气化气中H₂和C_mH_n含量最高;A²/O工艺的未消化污泥气化气中CO、CO₂的含量最低,而CH₄的含量最高,且三个污水工艺污泥的气化气热值依次升高。     

太原东山煤地下气化模型试验研究

通过地下气化模型试验，获得了东山煤地下气化过程的一般规律。进行了东山煤空气气化及纯氧-水蒸气气化试验，研究了鼓风量及气氧比对煤气组成的影响、气化过程的稳定性以及试验条件下的煤层气化速率变化，进行了纯氧-水蒸气地下气化的物料衡算。试验结果表明，东山煤空气气化可以生产低热值空气煤气，鼓风量会影响空气煤气的组成；纯氧-水蒸气地下气化可以获得合格的二甲醚合成原料气，但需根据气化工作面的移动及煤气组成变化，采用移动点供风气化维持气化过程连续稳定进行。气化过程的物料衡算可以用来预测气化煤气的基本组成。气氧比影响煤气组成变化，试验条件下适宜的气氧比范围为1.8～2.2。气化工作面扩展速率在供风点附近出现最大值，变化平稳，瘦煤地下气化具有较高的稳定性。     

城市生活垃圾气化过程中气化剂和温度的影响

在间歇式固定床气化反应炉(φ40×750)中,考察了不同气化剂和反应温度对经预处理后的城市生活垃圾焦气化反应的影响。试验发现,当温度为900℃,用空气混合蒸汽为气化剂时,所得燃气热值为4.15MJ/m~3,气化强度为105kg/m~2·h,以空气为气化剂时,热值稍低,只有3.06MJ/m~3,气化强度仅为94kg/m~2·h;单纯用蒸汽气化时燃气热值最高可达8.89MJ/m~3。另外,气化剂量对气化反应有影响。在相同气化剂时,提高反应温度能强化气化过程,热值、产气量均有所提高。如以空气混合蒸汽为气化剂时,燃气热值和气化强度从850℃的3.22MJ/m~3和131kg/m~2·h提高到950℃的5.19MJ/m~3和166kg/m~2·h。     

有机钾盐催化剂在流化床煤催化气化工艺条件研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备出有机钾盐催化剂,在流化床试验装置上具有较高的煤催化气化性能。进行气化温度、压力、初始煤水质量比和载气流速等工艺条件试验,以煤炭转变为的气相产物转化率和甲烷产率(累积生成量)作为两个主要考察指标。通过试验得出煤气化反应条件对催化剂性能具有显著的影响,在流化床装置上优选工艺条件范围是温度700～800℃、压力2.5～3.0MPa、初始煤水质量比4.0～5.0g/g/min、载气流速1.8～2.0L/min。     

煤在固定床反应器中加压热解成气过程

煤的加压热解是煤炭加压气化中的一个重要阶段,也可单独作为煤转化的一种技术,已经引起了人们越来越多的重视。但目前对于这一过程的了解和掌握还很不够,还需要作大量的深入研究。目前,我国大多数煤气化都采用固定床气化工艺。故本文在小型固定床反应器中,     

生物质与石油焦共气化特性的研究

在内径为50mm,高约950mm的固定床反应器上对生物质与石油焦共气化特性进行了研究。研究了气化模式、石油焦添加比例、添加方式、粒径大小及气化温度对气化效果及焦油量的影响。结果表明,石油焦可以起到催化裂解生物质焦油的作用。随着氧气的体积分数从2%增加到15%时,气体的热值从5.35MJ/m³降低到2.98MJ/m³。在气化温度为700℃时,四种氧气含量下生物质单独气化时焦油产率平均值为6.4%,气体热值为4.31MJ/m³;生物质和石油焦混合气化时焦油产率平均值为2.9%,气体热值为5.19MJ/m³。石油焦的最佳添加比例为1∶1。生物质和石油焦不混掺焦油的产率最大,混掺其次,石油焦提前加入效果最好。随着添加石油焦粒径的增大,石油焦对生物质气化焦油的裂解率逐渐降低。在两种气化模式下,随着气化温度的升高,焦油的产率均逐渐降低。     

石灰岩对褐煤模拟地下气化残焦物化性质的影响

基于煤炭地下气化过程中石灰岩可能影响煤焦的组成和结构,借助煤炭地下气化模拟实验系统对不同石灰岩掺量(质量分数为0-30%)的褐煤进行水蒸气气化,并采用低温N_2吸附-脱附、XRD和FT-IR等分析手段研究石灰岩对褐煤模拟地下气化残焦的组成、比表面积及孔结构特征、微晶结构和表面官能团等物理化学性质的影响。结果表明,石灰岩对煤焦的元素组成有较大影响。石灰岩可促使煤焦中的微孔向中孔发育,增大煤焦的比表面积和孔容积;当石灰岩掺量从0增加到30%时,煤焦的比表面积增大21.91%,介孔率增加21.49个百分点。XRD分析表明,钙的存在破坏煤焦的芳香结构,使煤焦无序化程度增加,晶面间距(d_(002))增大,抑制煤焦的石墨化发展倾向。FT-IR分析表明,石灰岩存在下,煤焦的羟基官能团减少。     

PVC塑料流化床气化试验研究

为开发城市生活垃圾低污染流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融技术,研究了垃圾中广泛存在的PVC塑料在流化床内的气化特性与污染物生成机理。不同温度和过量空气系数下进行了流化床PVC气化试验,分析了不同工况对PVC中Cl转化为HCl的影响。实验结果表明,反应高于600 ℃、过量空气系数大约0.4时,Cl转化为HCl的选择性达到95％以上;气化效率达到22％～25％,气化气热值达到2 000 kJ/m3～2 300 kJ/m3。反应高于700 ℃,PVC流化床气化生烟量明显减少,过量空气系数0.6时,生烟量减少到PVC质量的10％左右。提出的HCl析出与生烟机理较好地解释了试验结果,为城市生活垃圾气化熔融技术提供了相关基础数据与污染物生成及控制方法。     

“In situ” radiation cleaning of underground water contaminated with cyanides - six years of experience

The locality of underground water, contaminated with cyanides, has been successfully cleaned by using the hydraulic barrier method (assembly of pumped wells) since 1986. The average cyanide concentrations in the outflow exceeded 35 m per litre. Contamination had to be eliminated before the discharge into the sewer system. The radiation approach “in situ” i.e. decomposition of cyanides by barrier, was applied and is still being used today. The cyanide concentration was lowered more than one order of magnitude. This process was approved by the Czechoslovak radiation security authorities and further applications of “in Situ” regeneration of underground water contamination is anticipated.     

离子色谱法测定油田有色地层水中的碳酸根和碳酸氢根

针对油田有色地层水中碳酸根和碳酸氢根含量的测定，建立了一种间接光度非抑制离子色谱法，优化了固定相和流动相条件，发现碳酸盐碳的总量和碳酸氢根峰高在0.24-12mmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系，对油田有色地层水进行了测定，结果令人满意。     

在线超滤–离子色谱法测定地下水中碘化物

建立在线超滤–离子色谱法测定地下水中碘化物的方法。选择Metrosep A Supp 5–150型色谱柱,以3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3–1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3–8% 丙酮混合溶液为淋洗液,流量为0.7 mL/min,进样体积为200 μL,检测温度为50 ℃。碘化物的质量浓度在0.000~1.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,线性相关系数r=0.999 8,检出限为0.002 mg/L。实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%~2.2%(n=6),加标回收率为89.0%~103.3%。该方法无需进行样品前处理,可直接进样,操作简便,灵敏度高,适用于地下水中碘化物的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定北柴胡地下部分黄酮类化合物的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法测定北柴胡地下部分黄酮类化合物含量的方法。采用SepaxGP-C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸(体积比35∶65),检测波长360 nm,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL/min。结果表明,北柴胡地下部分含有槲皮素。芦丁、木犀草素、槲皮素、山奈酚、芹菜素分别在0.0050～0.0248、0.0050～0.0248、0.0051～0.0256、0.0046～0.0232、0.0054～0.0272 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9957、0.9995、0.9998、0.9998、0.9998,槲皮素的平均回收率为98.34%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.76%。该法简便,快速,准确,重复性好,可作为北柴胡药材质量控制的方法。     

Numerical Investigation of Brownian,Gradient, and Turbulent Coagulation Under Moving Vehicle Conditions in an Underground Garage

Particle coagulation behavior can affect particle formation and dispersion in vehicle plumes. An Eulerian particle transport model combining a Realizable k–? model, Brownian, gradient, and turbulent coagulation has been developed to analyze particle coagulation behavior in an underground garage under moving-vehicle conditions. The results show that prominent coagulation of nanoparticles occurs within a limited region, which is at a distance of less than 0.2 m in the vertical direction and no more than 0.4 m in the exhaust direction from a given vehicle. The coagulation of small particles with diameters of less than 130 nm is dominated by Brownian motion, while gradient and turbulent coagulation significantly affect the coagulation of particles with median diameters of 420 nm and larger diameters of 600–950 nm, respectively. The influence of turbulent coagulation increases as vehicle speed and particle size increase. The half-time due to coagulation is approximately two times and 10–20 times larger than the corresponding value due to dilution in the regions less than 0.2 and 1.5 m along the tailpipe centerline, respectively. It is demonstrated that coagulation has considerable influence on particle dispersion in the region less than 0.2 m from the tailpipe, compared with dilution.     

A Review: Studies on Uranium Removal Using Different Techniques. Overview

The presence of uranium in soil and underground water generate an important issue against public perception on the risk, which the contamination poses to the environmental and human health. Uranium is the dangerous element found in nature, it found in all rocks with different ratios. As nuclear science developed, nuclear waste containing uranium increased. Contamination reached to soil, underground water and in some cases drinking water which has increased public health concerns due to the chemical toxicity of depleted uranium at elevated dosages. For this reason this review concerned to develop methods for uranium removal from low-grade and contaminated sources. There are several stationary phases and solvents used in uranyl separation process as amines in different type (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine), phosphates, acetates, alcohols, phenols and amidoxime resins. The article addresses the main features of the following techniques for uranium: found on soil, chemical processes for separation from contaminated soils and liquor by various suitable solvent, removal by chelating resins, impregnated, and imprinted ones.     

Comparison of three methods for natural gas dehydration

This paper compares three methods for natural gas dehydration that are widely applied in industry:(1) absorption by triethylene glycol, (2) adsorption on solid desiccants and (3) condensation. A comparison is made according to their energy demand and suitability for use. The energy calculations are performed on a model where 105 Nm3/h water saturated natural gas is processed at 30 °C. The pressure of the gas varies from 7 to 20 MPa. The required outlet concentration of water in natural gas is equivalent to the dew point temperature of -10 °C at gas pressure of 4 MPa.     

地下水中溶解性固体总量测量不确定度的评定

分析重量法测量地下水中溶解性固体总量测量不确定度的来源,评定了地下水中溶解性固体总量的测量不确定度,在各不确定度分量中,称量及滴定液消耗体积引入的不确定度较大。     

Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion Characteristics at the Near Region of Vehicles in a Residential Underground Parking Lot

The study analyzed the transient air flow and particle dispersion at the near region of vehicles under idling conditions in an underground parking lot. It was found that the exhaust jet and particle dispersion behind the vehicles could be treated as a “nearly static” process from 20 seconds after the vehicle started. During the nearly static process, the particle dispersion behind the vehicle could be simplified to be exponentially upward. The particle concentration decreased logarithmically after 0.5 m behind the vehicle. The curvature of the particle streamline behind the vehicle under high exhaust temperature conditions is larger compared with that under low exhaust temperature conditions. When the vehicle exhaust temperature is high enough (318 K or higher in the study), the relationship between time and particle concentration above 3 m remains constant.