正交晶系下AlPO4—5类似物的骨架拓扑结构设计

ＡｌＰＯ４－５分子筛是一种典型的具有十二元环主孔道的磷铝分子筛。它的骨架拓扑结构属六方晶系。我们发现这一结构可以演变成很多正交构型的骨架结构。本文采用计算机技术，在正交晶系中设计了与六方ＡｌＰＯ４－５结构相关的６４种分子筛骨架拓扑结构，并计算了它们的理ＸＲＤ谱图，了它们存在的可能性。一个具有正交ＡｌＰＯ４－５合成样品的ＸＲＤ谱图与所设计的结构中一个ＸＲＤ理论谱图吻合，证实了正产构型ＡｌＰＯ４－５的     

正交晶系下AlPO_4－5类似物的骨架拓扑结构设计

ＡｌＰＯ_４－５分子筛是一种典型的具有十二元环主孔道的磷铝分子筛。它的骨架拓扑结构属六方晶系，我们发现这一结构可以演变成很多正交构型的骨架结构，本文采用计算机技术，在正交晶系中设计了与六方ＡｌＰＯ_４－５结构相关的６４种分子筛骨架拓扑结构，并计算了它们的理论ＸＲＤ谱图，讨论了它们存在的可能性，一个具有正交ＡｌＰＯ_４－５合成样品的ＸＲＤ谱图与所设计的结构中一个ＸＲＤ理论谱图吻合，证实了正交构型ＡｌＰＯ_４－５的存在。     

一种新颖的十八元环超大孔分子筛骨架拓扑结构CJU—18的设计

提出了一种新颖的十八元环超大孔分子筛的拓扑结构模型——CJU-18,它属钙霞石笼作用于六方晶系的P_(63)/mmc空间群.与VPI-5类似,具有平行于c方向的十八元环直孔道结构,但侧面有十元环孔道,通过计算该结构模型各原子间的键长、键角,认为该结构有可能存在,采用POWD-MODELING程序,计算了它的理论XRD谱图并绘制出其立体拓扑结构。     

不同环大小分子筛相对基分子筛催化剂上甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

钼基分子筛催化剂，由于不同分子筛的孔道大小及孔道形状不同，对甲烷芳构化反应表现出不同的催化性能，具有8元环孔道结构的小孔ERS－7分子筛没有催化活性，说明甲烷的芳构化反应离不开分子筛孔道作用，较小的孔道中不能生成苯等芳烃，具有10元环孔道结构的ZSM－5，ZSM－11和ZRP－1三种分子筛具有较好的催化性能，但由于其孔道大小及孔道形状的差别在催化行为上表现出一定的差异，具有10元环和12元环孔道结构的MCM－22分子筛，尤其对对苯等轻芳烃而言，催化性能最佳，具有12元环孔道结构的JQX－1以及中孔分子筛SBA－15，虽然上有一定的催化性能，但活性较低，研究结果表明，孔道大小，与苯分子动态直径相近或孔道稍大的分子筛是催化甲烷芳构化反应的良好载体，孔道过大或过小都不利于苯和萘等烃的生成。     

硅锗分子筛的结构稳固、结构可控调变及催化应用

硅锗分子筛因其超大的孔道结构, 在大分子催化反应领域具有潜在的应用前景. 硅锗分子筛骨架的富锗双四元环结构单元的不稳定性虽然限制了它们的实际应用, 但却为结构后处理修饰以构建新晶体结构分子筛提供了可能. 本文介绍了硅锗分子筛结构稳固、 结构可控调变和催化应用3个方面的研究进展, 并展望了其未来的发展方向和挑战.     

不同环大小分子筛对钼基分子筛催化剂上甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

 钼基分子筛催化剂，由于不同分子筛的孔道大小及孔道形状不同\r\n，对甲烷芳构化反应表现出不同的催化性能．具有8元环孔道结构的小\r\n孔ERS－7分子筛没有催化活性，说明甲烷的芳构化反应离不开分子筛孔\r\n道的择形作用，较小的孔道中不能生成苯等芳烃．具有10元环孔道结构\r\n的ZSM－5，ZSM－11和ZRP－1三种分子筛具有较好的催化性能，但由于\r\n其孔道大小及孔道形状的差别在催化行为上表现出一定的差异．具有1\r\n0元环和12元环孔道结构的MCM－22分子筛，尤其对苯等轻芳烃而言，催\r\n化性能最佳．具有12元环孔道结构的JQX－1以及中孔分子筛SBA－15，\r\n虽然具有一定的催化性能，但活性较低．研究结果表明，孔道大小与苯\r\n分子动态直径相近或孔道稍大的分子筛是催化甲烷芳构化反应的良好载\r\n体，孔道过大或过小都不利于苯和萘等芳烃的生成．     

环己烯水合制备环己醇的研究 I．分子筛结构及晶粒大小的影响

考察了三种不同结构的分子筛（ZSM－5，MCM－22及-β）以及不同晶粒大小的ZSM－5分子筛对环己烯水合反应的催化活性。结果表明，具有12元环孔道体系的β分子筛对环己烯的转化率（9．6％）最高，但对环己醇的选择性（35．4％）最差。MCM－22分子筛的活性很低，其环己烯转化率只有0．8％。而孔口为10元环结构的ZSM－5分子筛则具有较高的活性环己烯转化率7．5％）和产物选择性（99．2％），因此是较好的水合催化剂。ZSM－5分子筛的晶粒大小对其环己烯水合反应活性有明显的影响，分子筛晶粒越细，则水合反应活性越高，其原因大于晶粒变细增大了分子筛的外比表面积，从而增加了接近孔口处的活性中心的数量。     

NaΩ分子筛中钠金属团簇的NMR、EPR及碱催化研究

首次报道了方钠石笼结构外的沸石结构——Ω分子筛与钠金属蒸气的作用。由于菱钾沸石笼的三个8元环孔径较大,又直接与12元环主孔道相连通,不能产生形成离子簇的“笼”作用,而只能在主孔道中形成钠金属团簇。实验表明钠金属团簇在NaΩ分子筛孔道中具有强的碱催化活性。     

几种分子筛催化剂对丁烯-2齐聚反应的催化性能

采用连续固定床反应器,考察了几种具有不同酸性和孔道尺寸的分子筛催化剂上丁烯-2齐聚反应的性能,并与固体磷酸(SPA)催化剂进行了对比.结果表明,分子筛催化剂的酸性和孔道尺寸是影响丁烯-2齐聚反应活性和选择性的重要因素.具有八元环孔道的分子筛的扩散阻力大,反应活性很低;十二元环分子筛的孔道降低了扩散阻力,有利于提高催化剂的低温活性和C9= 选择性;十元环分子筛的孔道尺寸和强酸中心可以提高催化剂的活性,促进C9= 生成.SPA催化剂上C9= 选择性低于30%,而具有强酸中心的十元环ZSM-5和ZSM-22分子筛,以及十二元环β分子筛催化剂上可高达50%以上,这说明分子筛催化剂具有更好的齐聚催化性能.     

理论研究两种具有EUO骨架结构类型的分子筛EU-1和ZSM-50

用分子动力学模拟的方法分别研究了六甲胺(HM)和二苯基二甲基铵(DBDMA)作结构导向剂对合成具有EUO骨架结构类型分子筛EU-1和ZSM-50结构的影响.模拟结果表明,两种有机胺/铵存在于EUO的十二元环支袋(side-pocket)中比存在于十元环孔道中,结构更稳定.另外,模拟得到的EU-1和ZSM-50骨架结构中可能的Si/Al摩尔比范围,以及Al原子在骨架中能量最有利的位置均与实验报道相一致.     

Permeability of a seemingly nonporous crystal formed by a discrete metallocyclic complex

We describe the structure and permeability of a crystalline material that appears to be nonporous in a conventional sense. The material is initially formed as a solvate, and removal of the solvent molecules under relatively mild conditions proceeds via a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation, leaving the host structure intact. Although discrete unoccupied voids of 108 A3 are present in the structure, it is not possible to map open channels that represent an intuitive pathway for guest diffusion. Despite the apparent absence of pores, the material is permeable to a variety of gases including H2, O2, N2, CO, CH4, CO2, and I2. These findings show that porosity in crystalline systems cannot always be rationalized by considering the static structures and that as-yet unknown dynamic and cooperative mechanisms prevail by which porosity can be induced.     

Two modes of transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate films in air

Large-area amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) films in air are shown to be transformed into crystalline calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) films via two modes-dissolution-recrystallization and solid-solid phase transition-depending on the relative humidity of the air and the temperature. Moisture in the air promotes the transformation of ACC into crystalline forms via a dissolution-recrystallization process. Increasing the humidity increases the rate of ACC crystallization and gives rise to films with numerous large pores. As the temperature is increased, the effect of moisture in the air is reduced and solid-solid transition by thermal activation becomes the dominant transformation mechanism. At 100 and 120 degrees C, ACC films are transformed into predominantly (110) oriented crystalline films. Collectively, the results show that calcium carbonate films with different morphologies, crystal phases, and structures can be obtained by controlling the humidity and temperature. This ability to control the transformation of ACC should assist in clarifying the role of ACC in the biomineralization of CaCO(3) and should open new avenues for preparing CaCO(3) films with oriented and fine structure.     

孔结构对活性炭吸附水溶液中铅离子的影响

选取三种表面化学性质相近的活性炭(AC),通过等温吸附实验考察活性炭对水溶液中铅离子的吸附性能,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察活性炭的表面微观形貌,通过低温(77 K)液氮吸附测定活性炭的比表面积和孔容,并分别以密度泛函理论(DFT)和Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH)法计算微孔和中孔的孔径分布.结果表明:选用的三种活性炭AC1、AC2、AC3在比表面积和总孔容上呈依次下降的趋势,但表面开放孔均匀分布的AC2,具有最高的饱和吸附量,孔结构类似颗粒堆积孔的AC3,具有与表面开放孔分布集中的AC1相近的饱和吸附量;通过对孔结构与吸附量的关联分析可知,在活性炭吸附铅离子的过程中, 0.4-0.6 nm的孔是有效吸附孔, 10.5-20.6 nm、20.6-55.6 nm、5.2-10.5 nm三个区间的孔则会对吸附产生阻碍作用.     

Crystalline Capsules: Metal–Organic Frameworks Locked by Size‐Matching Ligand Bolts

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are shown to be good examples of a new class of crystalline porous materials for guest encapsulation. Since the encapsulation/release of guest molecules in MOF hosts is a reversible process in nature, how to prevent the leaching of guests from the open pores with minimal and nondestructive modifications of the structure is a critical issue. To address this issue, we herein propose a novel strategy of encapsulating guests by introducing size‐matching organic ligands as bolts to lock the pores of the MOFs through deliberately anchoring onto the open metal sites in the pores. Our proposed strategy provides a mechanical way to prevent the leaching of guests and thereby has less dependence on the specific chemical environment of the hosts, thus making it applicable for a wide variety of existing MOFs once the size‐matching ligands are employed.     

Conversion of cellulose materials into nanostructured ceramics by biomineralization

Synthesis of hierarchically ordered silica materials having ordered wood cellular structures has been demonstrated through in-situ mineralization of wood by means of surfactant-directed mineralization in solutions of different pH. At low pH, silicic acid penetrates the buried interfaces of the wood cellular structure without clogging the pores to subsequently “molecularly paint” the interfaces thereby forming a positive replica following calcinations. At high pH, the hydrolyzed silica rapidly condenses to fill the open cells and pits within the structure resulting in a negative replica of the structure. Surfactant-templated mineralization in acid solutions leads to the formation of micelles that hexagonally pack at the wood interfaces preserving structural integrity while integrating hexagonally ordered nanoporosity into the structure of the cell walls following thermal treatment in air. The carbothermal reduction of mineralized wood with silica at high temperature produces biomorphic silicon carbide (SiC) materials, which are typical aggregations of β-SiC nanoparticles. To understand the roles of each component (lignin, crystalline cellulose, amorphous cellulose) comprising the natural biotemplates in the transformation to SiC rods, three different cellulose precursors including unbleached and bleached pulp, and cellulose nanocrystals have been utilized. Lignin in unbleached pulp blocked homogeneous penetration of silica into the pores between cellulose fibers resulting in non-uniform SiC fibers containing thick silica layers. Bleached pulp produced uniform SiC rods with camelback structures (80 nm in diameter; ∼50 μm in length), indicating that more silica infiltrates into the amorphous constituent of cellulose to form chunky rather than straight rod structures. The cellulose nanocrystal (CNXL) material produced clean and uniform SiC nanowires (70 nm in diameter; >100 μm in length) without the camelback structure.     

水玻璃为原料在开放体系中快速合成介孔材料MCM-41

自从 M41 S系列硅基介孔分子筛被人工合成以来[1,2 ] ,有关分子筛的合成、性能、形成机理、结构和应用等方面的研究报道不断出现[3～ 5] .目前 ,由有机 -无机离子经分子水平的自组装结合而产生介孔材料的合成机理主要归结于在合成过程中表面活性剂的模板效应 ,如液晶模板机理[1,2 ] 、棒状自组装模型[6 ] 、电荷匹配机理[7] 、层状折皱模型[8] 和使用非离子表面活性剂合成介孔材料等效应[9] .本文以水玻璃作为硅源 ,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)阳离子表面活性剂为模板剂 ,在温和条件下 ,采用开放体系合成出具有 MCM-4 1结构特点的介…     

Preillumination of TiO2 and Ta2O5 photoactive thin films as a tool to tailor the synthesis of composite materials

Illumination of TiO 2 thin films with UV light is known to induce the transformation of the surface of this material from partially hydrophobic into fully hydrophilic. The present work shows that this transformation is accompanied by other effects that may be used to control the synthesis of composite materials. For this purpose, TiO 2 and Ta 2O 5 transparent thin films with a columnar structure and open pores were prepared by electron evaporation at glancing angles. Transparent TiO 2 thin films with micropores (i.e., pores smaller than 2 nm) prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) were also used. All these films became hydrophilic upon UV illumination. Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 800 dyes were irreversibly adsorbed within the columns of the TiO 2 and Ta 2O 5 thin films by immersion into a water solution of these molecules. Isolated and aggregated molecules of these two dyes were detected by visible absorption spectroscopy. The infiltration adsorption efficiency was directly correlated with the acidity of the medium, increasing at basic pHs as expected from simple considerations based on the concepts of the point of zero charge (PZC) in colloidal oxides. The infiltration experiments were repeated with columnar TiO 2 and Ta 2O 5 thin films that were subjected to preillumination with UV light. It was found that this treatment produced a modification in the type (isolated or aggregated) and amount of dye molecules incorporated into the pores. Moreover, the selective adsorption of a given dye in preilluminated areas of the films permitted the lithographic coloring of the films. Preillumination also controls the UV induced deposition of silver on the surface of the microporous TiO 2 thin films. It was found that the size distribution of the formed silver nanoparticles was dependent on the preillumination treatment and that a well-resolved surface plasmon resonance at around 500 nm was only monitored in the preilluminated films. A model is proposed to account for the effects induced by UV preillumination on the TiO 2 and Ta 2O 5 oxide surfaces. The possibilities of this type of light treatment for the tailored synthesis of nanocomposite thin films (i.e., dye-oxide, metal nanoparticles-oxide) are highlighted.     

Confined water dissociation in microporous defective silicates: mechanism, dipole distribution, and impact on substrate properties

Interest in microporous materials has risen in recent years, as they offer a confined environment that is optimal to enhance chemical reactions. Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, the main component of cement, presents a layered structure with sub-nanometer-size disordered pores filled with water and cations. The size of the pores and the hydrophilicity of the environment make C-S-H gel an excellent system to study the possibility of confined water reactions. To investigate it, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations using the ReaxFF force field. The results show that water does dissociate to form hydroxyl groups. We have analyzed the water dissociation mechanism, as well as the changes in the structure and water affinity of the C-S-H matrix and water polarization, comparing the results with the behavior of water in a defective zeolite. Finally, we establish a relationship between water dissociation in C-S-H gel and the increase of hardness due to a transformation from a two- to a three-dimensional structure.     

Temperature-responsive protein pores

We describe temperature-responsive protein pores containing single elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) loops. The ELP loops were placed within the cavity of the lumen of the alpha-hemolysin (alphaHL) pore, a heptamer of known crystal structure. The cavity is roughly spherical with a molecular surface volume of about 39,500 A3. In an applied potential, the wild-type alphaHL pore remained open for long periods. In contrast, the ELP loop-containing alphaHL pores exhibited transient current blockades, the nature of which depended on the length and sequence of the inserted loop. Together with similar results obtained with poly(ethylene glycols) covalently attached within the cavity, the data suggest that the transient current blockades are caused by excursions of ELP into the transmembrane beta-barrel domain of the pore. Below its transition temperature, the ELP loop is fully expanded and blocks the pore completely, but reversibly. Above its transition temperature, the ELP is dehydrated and the structure collapses, enabling a substantial flow of ions. Potential applications of temperature-responsive protein pores in medical biotechnology are discussed.     

Structural Changes and Electrodynamic Effects in Polymers under Fast Uniaxial Compression

Rheological explosion in polymers under uniaxial compression in an open volume occurs at the end of continuous rapid plastic deformation after several stages of creep. Two types of polymers were chosen for this study: brittle glassy amorphous polystyrene and thermoplastic semi-crystalline polypropylene. Electric pulses were detected during explosion, and their spectra were analyzed with two models.X-ray diffraction methods were used to investigate changes in the structure and morphology of polymers during deformation and rheological explosion. The pores appear in polymer in this process, and their shape and size distribution were derived from X-ray experiments. The main reason for the formation of pores in polymer samples in rheological explosion experiments is the intense microshifts in the polymer volume under the action of high applied pressure.