Accumulating particles at the boundaries of a laminar flow

The accumulation of small particles is analyzed in stationary flows through channels of variable width at small Reynolds number. The combined influence of pressure, viscous drag and thermal fluctuations is described by means of a Fokker-Planck equation for the particle density. It is shown that for extended spherical particles the shape of the fluid domain gives rise to inhomogeneous particle densities, thereby leading to particle accumulation and corresponding depletion. For extended spherical particles, conditions are specified that lead to inhomogeneous densities and consequently to regions with particle accumulation and depletion.     

An experimental investigation of flow-induced acoustic resonance and flow field in a closed side branch system using a high time-resolved PIV technique

Abstract  

Systems with closed side branches are liable to an excitation of sound known as cavity tone. It may occur in pipe branches leading to safety valves or to boiler relief valves. The outbreak mechanism of the cavity tone has been ascertained by phase-averaged pressure measurements in previous research, while the relation between sound propagation and the flow field is still unclear due to the difficulty of detecting the instantaneous velocity field. It is possible to detect the two-dimensional instantaneous velocity field using high time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). In this study, flow-induced acoustic resonance in a piping system containing closed side branches was investigated experimentally. A high time-resolved PIV technique was used to measure the gas flow in a cavity. Airflow containing oil mist as tracer particles was measured using a high-frequency pulse laser and a high-speed camera. The present investigation on the coaxial closed side branches is the first rudimentary study to visualize the fluid flow two-dimensionally in a cross-section using high time-resolved PIV, and to measure the pressure at the downstream side opening of the cavity by microphone. The fluid flows at different points in the cavity interact, with some phase differences between them, and the relation between the fluid flows was clarified.     

A frequency bin-wise nonlinear masking algorithm in convolutive mixtures for speech segregation

A frequency bin-wise nonlinear masking algorithm is proposed in the spectrogram domain for speech segregation in convolutive mixtures. The contributive weight from each speech source to a time-frequency unit of the mixture spectrogram is estimated by a nonlinear function based on location cues. For each sound source, a non-binary mask is formed from the estimated weights and is multiplied to the mixture spectrogram to extract the sound. Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are used to simulate convolutive sound mixtures perceived by listeners. Simulation results show our proposed method outperforms convolutive independent component analysis and degenerate unmixing and estimation technique methods in almost all test conditions.     

基于SPH方法的瞬态粘弹性流体的数值模拟

运用SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)方法模拟基于Oldroyd-B模型的平面突然起动Couette流,通过数值解与解析解的比较,验证SPH方法模拟瞬态粘弹性流动的准确性;且对基于Oldroyd-B模型的方腔驱动流进行SPH模拟.采用一种新的固壁边界处理方法,有效地防止了粒子穿透,提高数值计算的准确性.用数值算例验证SPH方法对粘弹性流体模拟的有效性和稳定性.     

Time-varying prediction filter for structural noise reduction in ultrasonic NDE

Predominant physical phenomenon in highly scattering materials is the attenuation due to dispersion. Therefore, received echo has high frequencies more severely attenuated than low frequencies and the structural noise can be modeled as a non-stationary random process. Most of the proposed techniques for enhancing the flaw visibility do not exploit the frequency dependency of the incoming flaw signal, assuming homogeneous behaviour of the insonified material. In this work, a new technique based on exploiting the non-stationary nature of the incoming UT signal is presented. Proposed technique is based on the prediction error obtained with a linear and time-varying parametric model of the noise. By this method, when the analyzed UT echo has only structural noise, the prediction error is low, however, if it contains a flaw, high prediction error occurs because a flaw is a non-predictable alteration of the material structure. Experiments with stainless steel show that this method has an excellent performance on SNR enhancement.     

Transport of inertial particles in a turbulent flow around spherical dimples

The problem on the emission of dust particles from a spherical dimple on a flat horizontal wall with a turbulent stream of a viscous incompressible fluid flowing around it is investigated numerically. With the help of a passive element of control, three various schemes of internal steady flows are reproduced for a dimple with the relative depth h = 0.25, which testifies to the nonuniqueness of the scheme of 3D flow around deep dimples. It is shown that the process of carrying out inertial particles into an external stream depends substantially on the type of internal flow of the scheme implemented in the dimple.     

Nonlinear dynamics of surface dust vortex and dust zonal flow systems

We present analytical and simulation studies of highly resolved dust fluid flows involving nonlinearly coupled incompressible surface dust vortex modes (SDVMs) and dust zonal flows (DZFs) in nonuniform unmagnetized dusty plasmas. For this purpose, we use the hydrodynamic equations for the dust fluid and Boltzmann distributed electrons and ions and obtain a set of equations that exhibit nonlinear couplings between the SDVMs and DZFs. The nonlinear equations are then used to investigate the parametric excitation of DZFs by the Reynolds stresses of the SDVMs. Large scale SDVMs emerge through nonlinear interactions with DZFs, and they suppress the dust particle transport across the density gradient. In contrast, DZFs possess short scale vortices with a higher turbulent transport. The relevance of our investigation into the role of coherent structures in a nonuniform dusty plasma is discussed.     

Drying of a multicomponent solution drop on a solid substrate: Qualitative analysis

It is shown that, when a drop of a biological fluid dries out on a substrate, diffusion processes to a great extent suppress the transfer of the salt toward the periphery of the drop by capillary flows and still have a minor effect on the motion of colloid particles.     

Kinetic theory for sheared granular flows

Rapid granular flows are far-from-equilibrium-driven dissipative systems where the interaction between the particles dissipates energy, and so a continuous supply of energy is required to agitate the particles and facilitate the rearrangement required for the flow. This is in contrast to flows of molecular fluids, which are usually close to equilibrium, where the molecules are agitated by thermal fluctuations. Sheared granular flows form a class of flows where the energy required for agitating the particles in the flowing state is provided by the mean shear. These flows have been studied using the methods of kinetic theory of gases, where the particles are treated in a manner similar to molecules in a molecular gas, and the interactions between particles are treated as instantaneous energy-dissipating binary collisions. The validity of the assumptions underlying kinetic theory, and their applicability to the idealistic case of dilute sheared granular flows are first discussed. The successes and challenges for applying kinetic theory for realistic dense sheared granular flows are then summarised.     

工业中粉体颗粒的荷电机理及数值模拟方法

工业过程中粉体颗粒不可避免地会相互摩擦碰撞而荷电. 荷电颗粒的存在可能会危害正常的工业生产过程, 也可能对工业过程起促进作用. 因此, 荷电粉体颗粒及其特性受到了广泛的关注, 但目前对粉体颗粒的荷电机理依然缺乏透彻的了解, 尤其是在气固两相流动中的粉体颗粒荷电现象. 事实上, 工业中存在的粉体颗粒的运动都受到流体的影响, 是典型的气固两相流系统, 流体对粉体颗粒的作用使粉体颗粒接触的荷电现象变得更为复杂, 因此从两相流动的观点来研究粉体颗粒荷电的物理本质就显得越来越重要. 本文介绍了工业过程中的几种不同类型的粉体颗粒荷电行为, 回顾了颗粒的荷电机理与描述颗粒荷电的数学模型. 对于工业过程中颗粒的荷电现象及颗粒在多相流体中的动力学行为, 介绍了研究颗粒受流体影响时荷电特性的数值模拟方法. 本文旨在对粉体颗粒的荷电机理、应用以及研究方法进行梳理与探讨, 为正确认识工业过程中粉体颗粒的荷电现象并加以控制利用提供理论借鉴.     

Rossby waves in the magnetic fluid dynamics of a rotating plasma in the shallow-water approximation

We have studied rotating magnetohydrodynamic flows of a thin layer of astrophysical plasma with a free boundary in the β-plane. Nonlinear interactions of the Rossby waves have been analyzed in the shallow-water approximation based on the averaging of the initial equations of the magnetic fluid dynamics of the plasma over the depth. The shallow-water magnetohydrodynamic equations have been generalized to the case of a plasma layer in an external vertical magnetic field. We have considered two types of the flow, viz., the flow in an external vertical magnetic field and the flow in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. Qualitative analysis of the dispersion curves shows the presence of three-wave nonlinear interactions of the magnetic Rossby waves in both cases. In the particular case of zero external magnetic field, the wave dynamics in the layer of a plasma is analogous to the wave dynamics in a neutral fluid. The asymptotic method of multiscale expansions has been used for deriving the nonlinear equations of interaction in an external vertical magnetic field for slowly varying amplitudes, which describe three-wave interactions in a vertical external magnetic field as well as three-wave interactions of waves in a horizontal magnetic field. It is shown that decay instabilities and parametric wave amplification mechanisms exist in each case under investigation. The instability increments and the parametric gain coefficients have been determined for the relevant processes.     

A non-contact technique for evaluation of elastic structures at large stand-off distances: applications to classification of fluids in steel vessels

A novel technique for non-contact evaluation of structures in air at large stand-off distances (on the order of several meters) has been developed. It utilizes a recently constructed air-coupled, parametric acoustic array to excite the resonance vibrations of elastic, fluid-filled vessels. The parametric array is advantageous for NDE applications in that it is capable of producing a much narrower beamwidth and broader bandwidth than typical devices that operate under linear acoustic principles. In the present experiments, the array operates at a carrier frequency of 217 kHz, and the sound field several meters from the source is described spectrally by the envelope of the drive voltage. An operating bandwidth of more than 25 kHz at a center frequency of 15 kHz is demonstrated. For the present application, the array is used to excite vibrations of fluid-filled, steel containers at stand-off distances of greater than 3 m. The vibratory response of a container is detected with a laser vibrometer in a monostatic configuration with the acoustic source. By analyzing the change in the response of the lowest order, antisymmetric Lamb wave as the interior fluid loading conditions of the container are changed, the fluid contained within the steel vessel is classified.     

Collisional granular flow as a micropolar fluid

We show that a micropolar fluid model successfully describes collisional granular flows on a slope. A micropolar fluid is the fluid with internal structures in which coupling between the spin of each particle and the macroscopic velocity field is taken into account. It is a hydrodynamical framework suitable for granular systems which consists of particles with macroscopic size. We demonstrate that the model equations can quantitatively reproduce the velocity and the angular velocity profiles obtained from the numerical simulation of the collisional granular flow on a slope using a simple estimate for the parameters in the theory.     

Acoustic scattering from cylindrical shells: Guided waves and resonances of the liquid column

Recent studies of acoustic scattering have allowed the explanation of the existence of additional lines in the resonance spectrum of an elastic solid cylinder immersed in water by the examination of natural modes. A first group of natural modes, related to the propagation of the circumferential waves (Rayleigh, Whispering Gallery waves), is detected when the cylinder is insonified perpendicularly to its axis. A second group of natural modes related to the guided waves which propagate in the direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder is detected when it is insonified obliquely. In this Paper, the authors examine the acoustic scattering from cylindrical shells filled with a fluid (air or liquid) by the method of isolation and identification of resonances (MIIR). It allows resonance spectra to be obtained; in addition, the mode number, n, given by the identification, makes it possible to separate the resonances into different series. It is possible to explain the experimental resonance spectra of a liquid-filled tube insonified perpendicularly to its axis with a non-perfect directive transducer, by the calculation of the eigenfrequencies of the different parts of the target. The authors show the great importance of the guided waves along the axis and of the resonances of the liquid column when the shell is filled with a liquid. The resonance spectra of liquid-filled targets and the reradiation patterns giving by MIIR, i.e. after the end of excitation, are shown for the first time.     

一种新的光子多普勒速度频谱分析方法

光子多普勒速度计可给出飞层表面某一速度带内颗粒群速度随时间演化的频谱数据, 在冲击动力学实验尤其是微喷射及其混合研究中得到广泛应用. 本文提出一种新的光子多普勒频谱数据分析方法, 可推断出混合区厚度变化和前端等效颗粒尺度. 利用该方法, 对一些典型状态下喷射混合速度频谱开展分析, 获得了不同冲击压力、气体条件下颗粒度数据, 证实了气体环境下喷射颗粒的气动破碎现象, 以及破碎后尺度与初始条件的依赖性, 为喷射混合物理规律研究提供了重要依据.     

Size of the Detection Area of a Phase-Doppler Anemometer for reflecting and refracting particles

Measurements of particle size distributions in multi-phase flows with a phase-Doppler anemometer yield incorrect results if polydisperse particles are investigated. For weighting biased size distributions, different in situ methods, requiring the size of the detection area, are known, but all of these weighting procedures are restricted to very small measuring volumes if off-axis instrument configurations are considered. Moreover, the weighting functions have some disadvantages in the case of poor statistics in single size classes or the results are not suitable for determining the size of the detection area for particles which are larger than the beam waist. Therefore, the intention in this work was to measure the size of the detection area for different kinds of monodisperse particles, different instrument configurations and varied instrument sensitivities experimentally and to develop an improved weighting procedure that copes with the above difficulties. The application of the results obtained from the investigations with monodisperse particles to measured particle size distributions and volume flux densities of polydisperse water droplets in a spray cone of an atomizer confirms the applicability of this weighting procedure. It is still restricted to directed flows, perpendicular to the fringes.     

An Incompressible Three-Dimensional Multiphase Particle-in-Cell Model for Dense Particle Flows

A three-dimensional, incompressible, multiphase particle-in-cell method is presented for dense particle flows. The numerical technique solves the governing equations of the fluid phase using a continuum model and those of the particle phase using a Lagrangian model. Difficulties associated with calculating interparticle interactions for dense particle flows with volume fractions above 5% have been eliminated by mapping particle properties to an Eulerian grid and then mapping back computed stress tensors to particle positions. A subgrid particle, normal stress model for discrete particles which is robust and eliminates the need for an implicit calculation of the particle normal stress on the grid is presented. Interpolation operators and their properties are defined which provide compact support, are conservative, and provide fast solution for a large particle population. The solution scheme allows for distributions of types, sizes, and density of particles, with no numerical diffusion from the Lagrangian particle calculations. Particles are implicitly coupled to the fluid phase, and the fluid momentum and pressure equations are implicitly solved, which gives a robust solution.     

Superdiffusion and viscoelastic vortex flows in a two-dimensional complex plasma

Viscoelastic vortical fluid motion in a strongly coupled particle system has been observed experimentally. Optical tracking of particle motion in a complex plasma monolayer reveals high grain mobility and large scale vortex flows coexistent with partial preservation of the global hexagonal lattice structure. The transport of particles is superdiffusive and ascribed to Lévy statistics on short time scales and to memory effects on the longer scales influenced by cooperative motion. At these longer time scales, the transport is governed by vortex flows covering a wide spectrum of temporal and spatial scales.     

Accurate method for including solid–fluid boundary interactions in mesoscopic model fluids

Particle models are attractive methods for simulating the dynamics of complex mesoscopic fluids. Many practical applications of this methodology involve flow through a solid geometry. As the system is modeled using particles whose positions move continuously in space, one might expect that implementing the correct stick boundary condition exactly at the solid–fluid interface is straightforward. After all, unlike discrete methods there is no mapping onto a grid to contend with. In this article we describe a method that, for axisymmetric flows, imposes both the no-slip condition and continuity of stress at the interface. We show that the new method then accurately reproduces correct hydrodynamic behavior right up to the location of the interface. As such, computed flow profiles are correct even using a relatively small number of particles to model the fluid.