Enhanced negative type for finite metric trees

A finite metric tree is a finite connected graph that has no cycles, endowed with an edge weighted path metric. Finite metric trees are known to have strict 1-negative type. In this paper we introduce a new family of inequalities (1) that encode the best possible quantification of the strictness of the non-trivial 1-negative type inequalities for finite metric trees. These inequalities are sufficiently strong to imply that any given finite metric tree (T,d) must have strict p-negative type for all p in an open interval (1−ζ,1+ζ), where ζ>0 may be chosen so as to depend only upon the unordered distribution of edge weights that determine the path metric d on T. In particular, if the edges of the tree are not weighted, then it follows that ζ depends only upon the number of vertices in the tree.We also give an example of an infinite metric tree that has strict 1-negative type but does not have p-negative type for any p>1. This shows that the maximal p-negative type of a metric space can be strict.     

On fuzzy metric spaces

In this paper we introduce the concept of a fuzzy metric space. The distance between two points in a fuzzy metric space is a non-negative, upper semicontinuous, normal and convex fuzzy number. Properties of fuzzy metric spaces are studied and some fixed point theorems are proved.     

Weighted Hamming metric structures

It is known that the binary generalized Goppa codes are perfect codes for the weighted Hamming metrics. In this paper, we present the existence of a weighted Hamming metric that admits a binary Hamming code (resp. an extended binary Hamming code) to be perfect code. For a special weighted Hamming metric, we also give some structures of a 2-perfect code, show how to construct a 2-perfect linear code and obtain the weight distribution of a 2-perfect code from the partial information of the code.     

On the metrizability of cone metric spaces

We have shown in this paper that a (complete) cone metric space (X,E,P,d) is indeed (completely) metrizable for a suitable metric D. Moreover, given any finite number of contractions f₁,…,fn on the cone metric space (X,E,P,d), D can be defined in such a way that these functions become also contractions on (X,D).     

On an equivalence of topological vector space valued cone metric spaces and metric spaces

Scalarization method is an important tool in the study of vector optimization as corresponding solutions of vector optimization problems can be found by solving scalar optimization problems. Recently this has been applied by Du (2010) [14] to investigate the equivalence of vectorial versions of fixed point theorems of contractive mappings in generalized cone metric spaces and scalar versions of fixed point theorems in general metric spaces in usual sense. In this paper, we find out that the topology induced by topological vector space valued cone metric coincides with the topology induced by the metric obtained via a nonlinear scalarization function, i.e any topological vector space valued cone metric space is metrizable, prove a completion theorem, and also obtain some more results in topological vector space valued cone normed spaces.     

Open finite-to-one images of metric spaces

We give a characterization of open finite-to-one images of metric spaces and apply this characterization in the investigation of open finite-to-one images of paracompact p-spaces.     

Isometries of the space of distribution functions with respect to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov metric

In this paper we describe the general forms of surjective isometries of the space of all probability distribution functions on R with respect to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov metric.     

Some matroids related to sum-rank metric codes

We introduce the notion of sum-matroids and show its association with sum-rank metric codes. As a consequence, some results for sum-rank metric codes by Martínez-Peñas are generalized for sum-matroids. The sum-matroids generalize the notions of matroids and q-matroids. We define the generalized weights for sum-matroids and prove a Wei-type duality theorem which generalizes the analogous cases for matroids and q-matroids.     

On completion of fuzzy metric spaces

Completions of fuzzy metric spaces (in the sense of George and Veeramani) are discussed. A complete fuzzy metric space Y is said to be a˜fuzzy metric completion of a˜given fuzzy metric space X if X is isometric to a˜dense subspace of Y. We present an example of a˜fuzzy metric space that does not admit any fuzzy metric completion. However, we prove that every standard fuzzy metric space has an (up to isometry) unique fuzzy metric completion. We also show that for each fuzzy metric space there is an (up to uniform isomorphism) unique complete fuzzy metric space that contains a˜dense subspace uniformly isomorphic to it.     

Strong metric subregularity of mappings in variational analysis and optimization

Although the property of strong metric subregularity of set-valued mappings has been present in the literature under various names and with various (equivalent) definitions for more than two decades, it has attracted much less attention than its older “siblings”, the metric regularity and the strong (metric) regularity. The purpose of this paper is to show that the strong metric subregularity shares the main features of these two most popular regularity properties and is not less instrumental in applications. We show that the strong metric subregularity of a mapping F acting between metric spaces is stable under perturbations of the form $f+F$, where f is a function with a small calmness constant. This result is parallel to the Lyusternik–Graves theorem for metric regularity and to the Robinson theorem for strong regularity, where the perturbations are represented by a function f with a small Lipschitz constant. Then we study perturbation stability of the same kind for mappings acting between Banach spaces, where f is not necessarily differentiable but admits a set-valued derivative-like approximation. Strong metric q-subregularity is also considered, where q is a positive real constant appearing as exponent in the definition. Rockafellar's criterion for strong metric subregularity involving injectivity of the graphical derivative is extended to mappings acting in infinite-dimensional spaces. A sufficient condition for strong metric subregularity is established in terms of surjectivity of the Fréchet coderivative, and it is shown by a counterexample that surjectivity of the limiting coderivative is not a sufficient condition for this property, in general. Then various versions of Newton's method for solving generalized equations are considered including inexact and semismooth methods, for which superlinear convergence is shown under strong metric subregularity. As applications to optimization, a characterization of the strong metric subregularity of the KKT mapping is obtained, as well as a radius theorem for the optimality mapping of a nonlinear programming problem. Finally, an error estimate is derived for a discrete approximation in optimal control under strong metric subregularity of the mapping involved in the Pontryagin principle.     

KKM mappings in cone metric spaces and some fixed point theorems

In this paper, we define KKM mappings in cone metric spaces and define Nℜ-cone metric spaces to obtain some fixed point theorems and hence generalize the results obtained in [A. Amini, M. Fakhar, J. Zafarani, KKM mapping in metric spaces, Nonlinear Anal. 60 (2005) 1045-1052].     

Plasticity in metric spaces

In this paper we examine the properties of EC-plastic metric spaces, spaces which have the property that any noncontractive bijection from the space onto itself must be an isometry.     

Generic properties of compact metric spaces

We prove that there is a residual subset of the Gromov-Hausdorff space (i.e. the space of all compact metric spaces up to isometry endowed with the Gromov-Hausdorff distance) whose elements enjoy several unexpected properties. In particular, they have zero lower box dimension and infinite upper box dimension.     

On the Constant Metric Dimension of Generalized Petersen Graphs P（n, 4）

In this paper,we consider the family of generalized Petersen graphs P(n,4).We prove that the metric dimension of P(n,4) is 3 when n ≡ 0(mod 4),and is 4 when n = 4k + 3(k is even).For n ≡ 1,2(mod 4) and n = 4k + 3(k is odd),we prove that the metric dimension of P(n,4) is bounded above by 4.This shows that each graph of the family of generalized Petersen graphs P(n,4)has constant metric dimension.     

A note on the perturbations of compact quantum metric spaces

In this short note,we consider the perturbation of compact quantum metric spaces.We first show that for two compact quantum metric spaces(A,P) and(B,Q) for which A and B are subspaces of an order-unit space C and P and Q are Lip-norms on A and B respectively,the quantum Gromov–Hausdorff distance between(A,P) and(B,Q) is small under certain conditions.Then some other perturbation results on compact quantum metric spaces derived from spectral triples are also given.     

Error bounds and metric subregularity

Necessary and sufficient criteria for metric subregularity (or calmness) of set-valued mappings between general metric or Banach spaces are treated in the framework of the theory of error bounds for a special family of extended real-valued functions of two variables. A classification scheme for the general error bound and metric subregularity criteria is presented. The criteria are formulated in terms of several kinds of primal and subdifferential slopes.     

The Apollonian inner metric and uniform domains

In this paper we characterize uniform domains in terms of the Apollonian inner metric and the j‐metric, thus providing solutions to two open problems given in [16]. We also discuss the relationships among uniform, A‐uniform, Apollonian quasiconvex and quasi‐isotropic domains (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On Einstein extensions of nilpotent metric Lie algebras

The main result of the article is as follows: If a nilpotent noncommutative metric Lie algebra (n, Q) is such that the operator Id ? trace(Ric) / trace(Ric²) Ric is positive definite then every Einstein solvable extension of (n, Q) is standard. We deduce several consequences of this assertion. In particular, we prove that all Einstein solvmanifolds of dimension at most 7 are standard.     

Hypergroups with invariant metric

The purpose of this note is to extend the following classical result from groups to hypergroups in the sense of C.F. Dunkl, R.I. Jewett, and R. Spector: If a hypergroup has a countable neighborhood base of its identity, then admits a left- or a right-invariant metric. Moreover, it admits an invariant metric if and only if there exists a countable conjugation-invariant neighborhood base of the identity.

     

Cardinal rank metric codes over Galois rings

In 1985, Gabidulin introduced the rank metric in coding theory over finite fields, and used this kind of codes in a McEliece cryptosystem, six years later. In this paper, we consider rank metric codes over Galois rings. We propose a suitable metric for codes over such rings, and show its main properties. With this metric, we define Gabidulin codes over Galois rings, propose an efficient decoding algorithm for them, and hint their cryptographic application.