转包且具有不同费用时间段的排序问题（英文）

本文研究制造商可以将工件转包给承包商加工的排序模型,承包商仅有一台机器,转包费用由分配给转包工件的不同时间段费用确定.本文分别研究制造商有一台单机及两台自由作业机器环境情形,需要确定被转包工件集及全部工件的加工顺序,使得工件最大完工时间与转包费用和最小.本文利用归约方法对制造商每个机器环境,证明问题NP困难性,并提出动态规划算法.     

可转包的两机自由作业排序问题(英文)

本文研究两机器自由作业问题,每工件恰有两个操作,除本身两台机器用于加工外,制造商可以将部分工件转包给承包商加工.该承包商有一台机器,可以加工全部操作。一旦承担转包任务,制造商需要支付转包费用给承包商,该费用与承包商机器单位时间价格有关.制造商需要确定转包工件集及未转包工件的排序时间表,使得转包费用与时间表的加工总长最小.本文证明该问题是NP困难的,设计动态规划算法,并讨论承包商机器时间的定价方案.     

费用有限的柔性两机自由作业与流水作业排序问题

研究制造商加工环境为两机自由作业和流水作业柔性排序问题,即工件既可以在制造商两台机器上加工,又可以转包给承包商机器加工.承包商有足够多机器,使得每台机器至多加工一个工件.工件在制造商及承包商机器上所需加工时间及费用均不同.本文需要确定被转包的工件集及未转包工件的加工顺序,在加工及转包总费用不超过给定值的情况下,分别极小...     

带转包选项的自由作业排序

本文研究两机自由作业排序问题,工件的两个工序既可以在制造商的两台自由作业环境机器上加工,也可以转包给两承包商加工.每承包商有一台单机,仅能加工指定的工序.工件被转包时制造商需要付出一定数量的转包费用.制造商需要同时确定转包工件集及未转包工件的加工顺序,目标是极小化转包费用与未转包工件时间表加工总长之和.本文根据转包费用系数的不同,分析问题     

单机上的排序与转包问题

本文研究工件排序与转包相连的决策问题,即工件既可以在一制造商的单机上加工,亦可以转包给承包商加工.制造商需要确定哪些工件由自己加工,哪些工件需要转包,及确定所有工件的排序,以极小化排序目标、加工费用与转包费用和.根据承包商机器数量,本文研究了两类模型.对每类模型,证明NP困难性并设计动态规划算法.     

同类机下的供应链排序及转包策略

研究了一类工件排序与转包关联的模型,即工件既可以在制造商的同类机上加工,也可以较高费用转包给某个承包商加工.需要确定被转包的工件集,以及未转包工件的加工顺序,使得工件加工与转包费用在工件最大完工时间满足限制条件下达到极小.证明了该问题的NP困难性,用数学规划方法构造多项式时间近似算法,并分析算法性能比.     

具有分包功能的同类机排序

研究工件既可以在制造商的同类机上加工,又可以一定费用分包给某承包商加工的排序决策问题·假设制造商有若干承包商,每个承包商有足够多机器用于加工工件·制造商需要确定被分包的工件集,以及未分包工件的加工顺序,使得工件最大完工时间与加工、分包费用线性和最小.证明问题的NP困难性,用数学规划及组合方法设计了问题的近似算法,并分析算法性能比与渐近性.     

工件可转包加工的排序问题研究

研究工件可以转包加工的单台机排序问题: 有n个工件, 在零时刻已经到达一个单台机处, 每个工件可以由加工者自有的单台机器加工或者转包给其他机器加工. 如果工件被转包加工, 那么其完工时间等于在自有机器上的加工时间, 而产生的加工费用与在自有机器上加工的费用不同. 假设被转包加工的工件的完工时间和加工费用与转包加工机器的总负载没有关系.目标函数是最小化工件最大完工时间与总加工费用的加权和. 该问题已经被证明是NP-难的. 最后给出该问题的伪多项式时间最优算法, 并且提出一个完全多项式时间近似方案(FPTAS).     

具有多个制造商和分批配送的同类机排序问题

考虑了同类机环境下多个工件加工和配送的排序问题.有多个制造商分布在不同位置,每个制造商处有一台机器可以加工工件.不同的机器对应着不同的加工速度和加工费用.工件生产完后需要运输到客户处,每一批配送需要花费一定的时间和费用.研究了排序理论中主要的3个目标函数,分析了问题的复杂性,对于这些问题给出了它们的最优算法.     

基于退化效应的两台机器流水作业可拒绝排序

考虑了工件具有退化效应的两台机器流水作业可拒绝排序问题,其中工件的加工时间是其开工时间的简单线性增加函数.每个工件或者被接收,依次在两台流水作业机器上被加工,或者被拒绝但需要支付一个确定的费用.考虑的目标是被接收工件的最大完工时间加上被拒绝工件的总拒绝费用之和.证明了问题是NP-难的,并提出了一个动态规划算法.最后对一种特殊情况设计了多项式时间最优算法.     

可转包的双目标单机排序问题（英文）

Scheduling with outsourcing is studied in this paper. It is assumed that both manufacturer and subcontractor have a single machine to process n jobs. The manufacturer needs to determine simultaneously a set of outsourced jobs and the schedule of the jobs in-house such that two criterias, i.e., outsourcing cost and production cost, are minimized.The production cost is measured by the number of tardy jobs or the total tardiness of jobs in-house, and the outsourcing cost is proportional to the total processing time of jobs outsourced. Two kinds of problems with different criterias are considered. We analyze the computational complexity and provide pseudo-polynomial time optimization algorithms for the NP-hard version of the problems.     

Two-machine flow shop scheduling problem with an outsourcing option

We consider a two-machine flow shop problem in which each job is processed through an in-house system or outsourced to a subcontractor. A schedule is established for the in-house jobs, and performance is measured by the makespan. Jobs processed by subcontractors require paying an outsourcing cost. The objective is to minimize the sum of the makespan and total outsourcing costs. We show that the problem is NP-hard in the ordinary sense. We consider a special case in which each job has a processing requirement, and each machine a characteristic value. In this case, the time a job occupies a machine is equal to the job’s processing requirement plus a setup time equal to the characteristic value of that machine. We introduce some optimality conditions and present a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the special case.     

具有可变配送费用和固定配送时刻的单机排序问题

研究了单机环境下生产与配送的协同排序问题.有多个工件需要在一台机器上进行加工,加工完的工件需要分批配送到一个客户.每批工件只能在固定的几个配送时刻出发,不同的配送时刻对应着不同的配送费用.我们的目标是找到生产与配送的协同排序,极小化排序的时间费用与配送费用的加权和.研究了排序理论中主要的四个目标函数,构建了单机情况下的具体模型,分析了问题的复杂性,对于配送费用单调非增的情况给出了它们的最优算法.     

Order acceptance and scheduling with machine availability constraints

We consider an order acceptance and scheduling model with machine availability constraints. The manufacturer (machine) is assumed to be available to process orders only within a number of discontinuous time intervals. To capture the real-life behavior of a typical manufacturer who has restrictions of time availability to process orders, our model allows the manufacturer to reject or outsource some of the orders. When an order is rejected or outsourced, an order-dependent cost of penalty will occur. The objective is to minimize the makespan of all accepted orders plus the total penalty of all rejected/outsourced orders. We study the approximability of the model and some of its important special cases.     

基于多客户的工件可转包排序问题(英文)

In this paper, we study a new scheduling and outsourcing model with multiple customers in which jobs can be processed by either in-house machine or outsourcing machine.All processed jobs have to be delivered in batches to their respective customers and each shipment incurs a delivery cost as well as a fixed amount of time. We discuss three commonly used objective functions, analyze their complexity and solve them by dynamic programming algorithms.     

Outsourcing and scheduling for two-machine ordered flow shop scheduling problems

This paper considers a two-machine ordered flow shop problem, where each job is processed through the in-house system or outsourced to a subcontractor. For in-house jobs, a schedule is constructed and its performance is measured by the makespan. Jobs processed by subcontractors require paying an outsourcing cost. The objective is to minimize the sum of the makespan and the total outsourcing cost. Since this problem is NP-hard, we present an approximation algorithm. Furthermore, we consider three special cases in which job j has a processing time requirement p_j, and machine i a characteristic q_i. The first case assumes the time job j occupies machine i is equal to the processing requirement divided by a characteristic value of machine i, that is, p_j/q_i. The second (third) case assumes that the time job j occupies machine i is equal to the maximum (minimum) of its processing requirement and a characteristic value of the machine, that is, max{p_j, q_i} (min{p_j, q_i}). We show that the first and the second cases are NP-hard and the third case is polynomially solvable.     

Two-stage production scheduling with an outsourcing option

This paper considers a two-stage production scheduling problem in which each activity requires two operations to be processed in stages 1 and 2, respectively. There are two options for processing each operation: the first is to produce it by utilizing in-house resources, while the second is to outsource it to a subcontractor. For in-house operations, a schedule is constructed and its performance is measured by the makespan, that is, the latest completion time of operations processed in-house. Operations by subcontractors are instantaneous but require outsourcing cost. The objective is to minimize the weighted sum of the makespan and the total outsourcing cost. This paper analyzes how the model’s computational complexity changes according to unit outsourcing costs in both stages and describes the boundary between NP-hard and polynomially solvable cases. Finally, this paper presents an approximation algorithm for one NP-hard case.     

Minimizing due date related measures for a single machine scheduling problem with outsourcing allowed

This paper considers two single-machine scheduling problems with outsourcing allowed where each job can be either processed on an in-house single-machine or outsourced. They include the problem of minimizing maximum lateness and outsourcing costs, and that of minimizing total tardiness and outsourcing costs. Outsourcing is commonly required as a way to improve productivity in various companies including electronics industries and motor industries. The objective is to minimize the weighted sum of the outsourcing cost and the scheduling measure represented by either one of maximum lateness and total tardiness, subject to outsourcing budget. It is proved that the problem is NP-hard. Some solution properties are characterized to derive heuristic algorithms, and also a branch-and-bound algorithm. Numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate performance of the derived algorithms.     

Strategic interactions between channel structure and demand enhancing services

In this paper, we investigate how opportunities to invest in demand enhancing services for a product line affect the interactions between a manufacturer and her dealer. Many demand enhancing services, e.g. after sales support, warranty repair etc. can be provided either by the manufacturer or they can be delegated to the dealer. We first show that when a manufacturer retains control of such services, the dealer will have an incentive to choose a decentralized organizational structure as a means of committing to non-product line pricing since this will encourage the manufacturer to invest more in demand enhancing services. We then consider a game that is played between the manufacturer and the dealer in which the dealer chooses between centralized (product line pricing) or decentralized (non-product line pricing) operations, and the manufacturer chooses between insourcing the services, i.e. providing them herself, or outsourcing them to the dealer. We find that the equilibrium depends on which, if any, channel partner has the ability to act as a Stackelberg leader. If the dealer can move first, then the equilibrium will always be outsourced services and centralized dealer operations. However, if either the manufacturer moves first or if neither partner can move first, then the equilibrium can be either insourced services and decentralized dealer operations or outsourced service and centralized dealer operations.