The design and simulation of a titanium oxide memristor-based programmable analog filter in a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis

In many communication and signal routing applications, it is desirable to have a programmable analog filter. According to this practical demand, we consider the titanium oxide memristor, which is a kind of nano-scale electron device with low power dissipation and nonvolatile memory. Such characteristics could be suitable for designing the desired filter. However, both the non-analytical relation between the memristance and the charges that pass through it, and the changeable V-I characteristics in physical tests make it difficult to accurately set the memristance to the target value. In this paper, the conductive mechanism of the memristor is analyzed, a method of continuously programming the memristance is proposed and simulated in a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis, and its feasibility and compatibility, both in simu- lations and physical realizations, are demonstrated. This method is then utilized in a first-order active filter as an example to show its applications in programmable filters. This work also provides a practical tool for utilizing memristors as resistance programmable devices.     

Rapid Measurement and Control of Nitrogen-Vacancy Center-Axial Orientation in Diamond Particles

Determination and control of nitrogen-vacancy(NV) centers play an important role in sensing the vector field by using their quantum information.To measure orientation of NV centers in a diamond particle attached to a tapered fiber rapidly,we propose a new method to establish the direction cosine matrix between the lab frame and the NV body frame.In this method,only four groups of the ODMR spectrum peaks shift data need to be collected,and the magnetic field along ±Z and ±Y in the lab frame is applied in the meantime.We can also control any NV axis to rotate to the X,Y,Z axes in the lab frame according to the elements of this matrix.The demonstration of the DC and microwave magnetic field vector sensing is presented.Finally,the proposed method can help us to perform vector magnetic field sensing more conveniently and rapidly.     

A NEW METHOD OF ADAPTIVE ARRAY PROCESSING FOR SIGNALS OF UNKNOWN CHARACTERISTICS

This paper describes a new method of adaptive array processing for signals of unknown frequencycharacteristics.Under practical circumstances,it is easier to obtain the estimation of the power spec-trum in the observed direction than to obtain that of the frequency characteristics.Thus the maximumentropy spectral analysis can be used to incorporate with the adaptive array processing. In this paper the autocorrelation function is calculated from the power spectrum and the predictedcoefficients of MEM(maximum entropy method)can be obtained by solving the normal equation of thecorrelation matrix,and the predicted coefficients are used as the constrained conditions of the algorithmfor adaptive array processing. The above method is further extended and an adaptive array processor is presented for the moregeneral cases,in which the signal characteristics in the observed direction are completely unknown.Firstly the space filtering of the adaptive array is performed by the all-pass constrained conditions inthe fr     

Ultrasonic focusing and scanning with multiple waves

This paper presents a new focusing and scanning method which focuses multiple waves on a target. The key of the method is to control excitation pulses for each element of the transducer array. The excitation pulse on each array element is obtained by time reversing the signal received by the same element, which is generated by an imaginary source at the target. The excitation pulses from all array elements are transmitted and arrive at the target simultaneously, and focusing is achieved. The performance of the two methods is compared in numerical examples, and it is demonstrated that the proposed method achieves a satisfactory focusing and a good signal-to-noise ratio no matter where the target location is.     

Secondary electron yield suppression using millimeter-scale pillar array and explanation of the abnormal yield–energy curve

The phenomenon of secondary electron emission is of considerable interest in areas such as particle accelerators and on-board radio frequency(RF) components.Total secondary electron yield(TSEY) is a parameter that is frequently used to describe the secondary electron emission capability of a material.It has been widely recognized that the TSEY vs.primary electron energy curve has a single-hump shape.However, the TSEY–energy curve with a double-hump shape was also observed experimentally—this anomaly still lacks explanation.In this work, we explain this anomaly with the help of a millimetre-scale(mm-scale) silver pillar array fabricated by three-dimensional(3 D) printing technology.The TSEY–energy curve of this pillar array as well as its flat counterpart is obtained using sample current method.The measurement results show that for the considered primary electron energy(40–1500 eV), the pillar array can obviously suppress TSEY,and its TSEY–energy curve has an obvious double-hump shape.Through Monte Carlo simulations and electron beam spot size measurements, we successfully attribute the double-hump effect to the dependence of electron beam spot size on the primary electron energy.The observations of this work may be of help in determining the TSEY of roughened surface with characteristic surface structures comparable to electron beam spot size.It also experimentally confirms the TSEY suppression effect of pillar arrays.     

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a bearing-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz–360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The bearing-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally,the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.     

A unified algorithm for target detection and tracing based on data of array sensors

A unified method for target detection and tracing based on data from sensors of array is presented in order to improve detection and tracking abilities of the weak targets with low signal-to-noise ratio. Assuming that the multiple targets are uncorrelated each other and the number of the targets is known a priori, the status of the targets can be estimated with the maximum a-posteriori （MAP） method directly through the sensors data. The proposed method is different from the classical method, by which it can detect and track targets simultaneously by adding the target＇s signal energy information besides its direction of arrivM（DOA） information. Simulated and sea trial data results show that the detection and tracing capabilities of weak targets can be improved and wrong tracing and missing tracing problems, which exist in the classical tracing method when it is faced with the crossing targets, can be resolved by the proposed method.     

On direct optimization in mode space for robust supergain beamforming of circular array mounted on a cylinder

A direct robust supergain method in mode space for the circular array mounted on an infinite rigid cylinder was proposed,and then it was also applied to the circular array mounted on a finite rigid cylinder which is more practical.According to the concept of phase modes,the beam pattern is expanded into a series of eigen-beams multiplying by modal coefficients. The modal noise cross spectral matrix is calculated from sound scattering theory.In the original modal robust supergain method,the coefficient vector in mode space is transformed indirectly from the weighting vector in sensor space.The method presented here gives the most suitable modal coefficient vector directly under the related constraint conditions based on the second-order cone programming.The results of simulation show that the direct modal robust supergain method can not only improve robustness using the white noise gain constraint, but also change the mode orders to provide compromise between array gain and robustness in low frequencies.Beam performance measures such as sidelobe level can be optimized as well as array gain,so this method can give more effective schemes for designing practical robust supergain beamformers.     

Measurment of the energy spectrum of an electron beam extracted from an accelerator

The electron energy spectrum is one of the most important characteristics of an electron beam that is extracted from a linear accelerator. The most direct way to determine an electron spectrum would be to use a magnetic spectrometer and this method could also give results with high precision and effectiveness. In this article we describe our design of a new multilayer absorption method, which is based on the depth-dose curves method that can be used in most irradiation accelerators,and adds the Monte Carlo simulation and iterative algorithm in order to reconstruct the electron energy spectrum. In this article the energy spectrum was measured using these two methods, and good results were acquired. These results could be crosschecked, which made the results more reliable.     

The application of compressed sensing in synthetic transmit aperture medical ultrasound imaging

In synthetic transmit aperture medical ultrasound imaging field,a compressed sensing ultrasound imaging method based on the sparsity in frequency domain is presented in order to reduce huge amount of data and large numbers of receiving channels.First,the sparsity in frequency domain is verified.Then the echo signal is compressively sampled in time-spatial domain based on compressed sensing and the echo signal is reconstructed by solving an optimization problem.Finally the image is made by using the synthetic transmit aperture approach.The experiments based on point target and fetus target are used to verify the proposed method.The MSE,resolution and image quality of reconstructed image and those of original image are compared and analyzed.The results show that only 30%amount of data and 50%of receiving channels were used to implement ultrasound imaging without reducing the quality of image in experiment.The amount of data and the complexity of system are reduced greatly by the proposed method based on compressed sensing.     

位相差值法测量大气湍流格林伍德频率

为了利用位相差值法实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量, 研究了位相差值法的有效性、哈特曼探测器采样点数和采样频率的选取方法。首先给出了位相差值法的基本原理和测量噪声去除方法, 然后分析了哈特曼探测器采样点数和格林伍德频率的统计平均次数对测量精度的影响, 结果显示, 当采样点数大于400、统计平均次数大于400时, 可以实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量。研究了测量噪声的影响, 结果表明:去除噪声后, 测量值的偏离误差从30%降低到0.6%。研究了算法的重复性精度, 得到测量值偏离量的RMS值为1.9 Hz, 占理论值的3%, 说明测量方法非常稳定。依据上述结果, 对8~108 Hz的湍流进行测量和分析, 结果显示, 当不考虑空气扰动时, 测量值与理论值基本一致。最后, 研究了哈特曼探测器采样频率和格林伍德频率之间的关系:哈特曼探测器的采样频率越高, 能够准确测量的格林伍德频率也越高, 并得到了定量的经验公式。上述结果表明, 在满足采样点数、采样频率以及统计平均次数等条件下, 位相差值法可以实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量。该研究工作为大气湍流的格林伍德频率测量提供了应用依据。     

电子倍增CCD(EMCCD)的噪声特性分析

介绍了EMCCD的结构原理,详细分析了EMCCD的噪声来源。利用在EMCCD芯片内嵌入独特的全固态电子倍增结构,实现放大信号,抑制噪声的功能。通过对几种主要噪声的数学模型进行分析,总结出EMCCD噪声的3点特性：EM增益有效抑制了读出噪声;EM增益过程产生的噪声因子对倍增结构之前的噪声有放大作用;时钟感生电荷（CIC）的影响在EMCCD中变得重要。提高增益、深度制冷、时钟波形优化等方法可有效抑制噪声。     

电子倍增电荷耦合器件的调制传递函数测量

基于傅里叶功率谱理论,提出应用随机白噪声图案透射靶标的测量方法分析倍增过程对系统调制传递函数的影响.通过建立系统综合模型,给出了倍增调制传递函数的分析方法,并利用实验测量获得了不同倍增增益时的倍增调制传递函数.实验结果表明,与无倍增时相比,倍增对系统调制传递函数的影响很大,尤其是在高倍增增益时,在Nyquist频率处,调制传递函数平均下降达30%.对实验中辅助成像光学系统的调制传递函数、混叠噪声和对焦判断的方法等也进行了讨论.     

Compact multireference wavefront sensor design

We present a compact optical design for a multireference Shack-Hartmann-based wavefront sensor (WFS) for multiconjugate adaptive optical systems. The key component of this WFS design is a field lenslet array that separates the exit pupil images in the sensing plane for all reference sources. An analytical method for WFS optical design is presented, and the optimal strategy for selecting optical components from a discrete set is outlined. The feasibility of the WFS design has been demonstrated for a prototype WFS system in a laboratory setup with five reference sources and two deformable mirrors representing a wavefront-distorting medium.     

EMCCD集成偏振-微光一体化成像技术研究

单一探测器实现多维度信息获取是光电探测未来的发展方向。针对目标探测中能量和偏振信息不能兼顾的问题,提出了一种同时具有偏振-微光功能的像元阵列结构。通过引入白光通道和精简偏振通道,可在EMCCD器件上实现偏振和微光探测的一体化集成。实验结果表明,在微光条件下,探测器高灵敏性能被保持,低照度下的成像质量几乎不衰减;偏振模式下,白光通道和两个偏振角度使探测器能够获得足够的偏振信息,实现对目标的偏振探测。该方法实现了高灵敏度成像探测和偏振信息探测的同步获取,是一种通过算法处理就能够实现探测模式可重构的新方法。     

Graphical thresholding procedure and optimal light level estimation for spatially resolved photon counting with EMCCDs

Thanks to the electron multiplying function that can effectively convert the weak incident photon signal to amplified electron output, electron multiplying charged-coupled devices (EMCCDs) are becoming useful and popular detectors in photon counting regimes necessitating also spatial resolution. A multi-imaging strategy has been already proposed and experimentally tested to improve the accuracy of photon counting with an EMCCD, by taking into account the random nature of its on-chip gain and the possibility of multiple photodetection events on 1 pixel. In this paper, referring to the thresholding procedure developed for photon counting, we present a clear graphical method for the threshold and the optimal light level estimations. Thanks to the graphical visualization of the probabilities involved in the detection errors on 1 pixel, we are able to derive in a straightforward way and for any EMCCD, the threshold level and thus the best mean level of illumination to be used in order to minimize the false detection probabilities that might ruin the image statistics, especially in cases where quantum spatial effects might be observed.     

电子倍增CCD倍增要件研究

讨论了信号载流子倍增寄存器（CCM）结构及其工作原理,在此基础上建立了电子倍增CCD的碰撞电离模型.通过对CCM倍增结构的研究发现实现倍增的三个必要条件：适中的倍增级电场、适当的浅掺杂浓度以及与电子碰撞平均自由程相当的倍增距离.通过建模研究均匀场强中增益情况表明增益因子为0.01时对应的偏置电压接近EMCCD所用倍增电压.     

基于电子倍增电荷耦合器件的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器质心探测误差分析

哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack,H-S)波前传感器的探测误差是自适应光学系统中的一个主要误差源.本文分析了电子倍增电荷耦合器件(electron multiplying charge-coupled devices,EMCCD)的各种噪声源对H-S波前传感器质心探测误差的影响,推导了基于EMCCD的H-S波前传感器的质心探测误差的数学表达式,并进行了数值仿真和实验研究.结果表明,基于EMCCD的H-S波前传感器的质心探测误差与增益直接相关,在增益小于P_max/(Q·N_mean)时质心探测误差随着增益的增大而减小,在增益大于P_max/(Q·N_mean)时质心探测误差随着增益的增大而增大,其中P_max是EMCCD的峰值电荷,Q是量子效率,N_mean是平均入射光强. 关键词： 自适应光学 电子倍增电荷耦合器件 波前传感器 质心探测误差     

电子倍增CCD倍增要件研究

讨论了信号栽流子倍增寄存器(CCM)结构及其工作原理,在此基础上建立了电子倍增CCD的碰撞电离模型.通过对CCM倍增结构的研究发现实现倍增的三个必要条件:适中的倍增级电场、适当的浅掺杂浓度以及与电子碰撞平均自由程相当的倍增距离.通过建模研究均匀场强中增益情况表明增益因子为0.01时对应的偏置电压接近EMCCD所用倍增电压.     

三种光电器件用于天体光度测量时的性能比较

从天体光度测量原理出发推导出光电倍增管、普通CCD和电子倍增CCD在天体光度测量中的信噪比公式,从理论上比较了三种器件在天体光度测量中的性能,并给出了实验结果。结果表明,电子倍增CCD的性能最好;在光辐射度较小的条件下,读出噪声严重地影响了普通CCD的信噪比,光电倍增管的性能较普通CCD的好;而在光辐射度较大的条件下,量子效率成为信噪比的决定因素,普通CCD的性能较光电倍增管的好。最后从误差平方和与信噪比两个方面对理论推导进行了实验验证,结果表明实验结果和理论计算吻合得很好。