Hydrodynamic binary coalescence of droplets under air flow in a hydrophobic microchannel

Based on the volume of fluid(VOF) method, we conduct a numerical simulation to study the hydrodynamic binary coalescence of droplets under air flow in a hydrophobic rectangular microchannel. Two distinct regimes, coalescence followed by sliding motion and that followed by detaching motion, are identified and discussed. Additionally, the detailed hydrodynamic information behind the binary coalescence is provided, based on which a dynamic mechanical analysis is conducted to reveal the hydrodynamic mechanisms underlying these two regimes. The simulation results indicate that the sliding motion of droplets is driven by the drag force and restrained by the adhesion force induced by the interfacial tension along the main flow direction. The detachment(i.e., upward motion) of the droplet is driven by the lift force associated with an aerodynamic lifting pressure difference imposed on the coalescent droplet, and also restrained by the adhesion force perpendicular to the main flow direction. Especially, the lift force is mainly induced by an aerodynamic lifting pressure difference imposed on the coalescent droplet. Two typical regimes can be quantitatively recognized by a regime diagram depending on Re and We. The higher Re and We respectively lead to relatively larger lift forces and smaller adhesion forces acting on the droplet, both of which are helpful to detachment of the coalesced droplet.     

等直径微液滴碰撞过程的改进光滑粒子动力学模拟

运用一种改进光滑粒子动力学(SPH)方法模拟了相溶和不相溶两种情况下的等直径微液滴碰撞动力学过程. 为提高传统SPH方法的数值精度和稳定性, 采用一种不涉及核导数计算的核梯度改进形式; 为处理液滴界面张力采用修正的van der Waals表面张力模型. 通过模拟牛顿液滴碰撞聚并变形过程并与相关文献或试验结果进行对比, 验证了改进SPH 方法模拟微液滴碰撞过程的可靠性. 随后, 研究了基于van der Waals模型相溶聚合物微液滴碰撞聚并变形过程及不相溶微液滴碰撞后的反弹、分离过程, 讨论了碰撞过程中碰撞速度、碰撞角度、密度比等参数对碰撞变形过程的影响, 分析了流体桥、旋转角度等因素的变化情况. 关键词： 光滑粒子动力学 微液滴 聚合物液滴 碰撞     

Binary collision of a burning droplet and a non-burning droplet of xylene: Outcome regimes and flame dynamics

The binary collisions of a burning droplet and a non-burning droplet of xylene are experimentally investigated. The experimental parameters span an extensive range of Weber number and impact parameter, covering the collision outcome regimes of coalescence, reflexive separation, and stretching separation. A high-speed camera captures the temporal details of the collision process, involving flame spread, visible radiation, and flame distributions around droplets. For reflexive separation and stretching separation, the flame from the droplet spreads to the ligament, surrounding it during the interaction process, and then spreads around separated droplets and satellite droplets. Highly-interactive flames are formed in-between the droplets, with very sooty flames generated for most collisions. For the coalescence case, a swirling flame forms around the rotating coalesced droplet. For similar Weber numbers, visible flame radiation is compared for different collision regimes. The visible flame radiation changes more significantly for the reflexive and stretching separation cases than it does for the coalescence case. The change of the averaged visible flame radiation for reflexive separation and stretching separation is more than two times higher than that for coalescence. The map of three different collision regimes is plotted in the Weber number versus impact parameter domain and compared with available theoretical model predictions. Although the different outcomes of collision with the presence of flame can be well predicted by the model, using fluid properties determined by the averaged properties of the two droplets, the dynamics of the detailed processes involved in the collisions are very interesting and have strong implications on overall combustion behavior that go well beyond the mapped regimes.     

溶液液滴在热等离子体射流中的运动和蒸发

为考察溶液注入热等离子体喷涂过程中喷雾参数对涂层质量的影响,本文建立了溶液液滴在热等离子体中运动蒸发的数学模型。模拟了液滴在不同参数下的运动和蒸发的过程,考虑了液滴、热等离子气流及液滴表面气体混合物随温度及组分的物性变化以及斯蒂芬流的影响,得到液滴的运动轨迹,蒸发速率以及半径和表面温度的变化。结果表明在一定范围内增大液...     

The large amplitude oscillatory strain response of aqueous foam: Strain localization and full stress Fourier spectrum

The stochastic motion of a two-dimensional vesicle in linear shear flow is studied at finite temperature. In the limit of small deformations from a circle, Langevin-type equations of motion are derived, which are highly nonlinear due to the constraint of constant perimeter length. These equations are solved in the low-temperature limit and using a mean-field approach, in which the length constraint is satisfied only on average. The constraint imposes non-trivial correlations between the lowest deformation modes at low temperature. We also simulate a vesicle in a hydrodynamic solvent by using the multi-particle collision dynamics technique, both in the quasi-circular regime and for larger deformations, and compare the stationary deformation correlation functions and the time autocorrelation functions with theoretical predictions. Good agreement between theory and simulations is obtained.     

液态三元Fe-Sn-Si/Ge偏晶合金相分离过程的实验和模拟研究

本文采用自由落体实验技术和格子玻尔兹曼计算方法研究了低重力条件下液态Fe-Sn-Si/Ge合金的相分离过程. 实验发现, 二种合金液滴在自由下落过程中均发生显著的液相分离, 形成了壳核和弥散组织. 当Fe-Sn-Si合金中的Si元素被等量的Ge元素替换后, 壳核组织中富Fe区和富Sn区的分布次序会发生反转. 计算表明, 在液相分离过程中冷却速率、Marangoni对流和表面偏析对壳核构型的选择和弥散组织的形成起决定性作用.     

切向流动对偏晶合金定向生长机理的影响

研究了静态和切向流动作用下对二氯苯-丁二腈(DCB-SCN)偏晶合金的定向凝固过程.实验结果表明,静态条件下,DCB以小平面相方式生长,随着抽拉速度的提高,DCB-SCN偏晶凝固组织形貌发生液/固两相完全分离组织-规则纤维状共生组织-不规则弥散组织转变.施加切向流动作用后,DCB生长晶面出现胞状扰动,并且偏晶共生纤维间距随流速的增高而变大,但对于同一流速,仍然满足λV^0.5=常数.同时,切向流动能够细化弥散偏晶组织中第二相颗粒尺寸,这主要缘于流动引发的固液界面形态变化能     

电场对协流式微流控装置中乳液液滴生成行为的调控机理

建立了直流电场作用下协流式微流控装置中单乳液液滴乳化生成过程的非稳态理论模型,并开展了数值模拟研究,揭示了电场对液滴乳化生成动力学行为的调控机理,阐明了流场/电场参数对液滴乳化生成特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:沿流体流动方向施加静电场可在电物性参数不同的两相流体界面法线方向上产生指向内相流体的电场力,进而强化了内相流体界面的颈缩和断裂,提升了液滴生成速率和形变程度,减小了液滴生成尺寸;在同一毛细数下,随着电毛细数的增大,乳液乳化流型由每周期仅有单一液滴生成的滴式流型转变为每周期有一个主液滴并伴随有卫星液滴生成的滴式流型;随着毛细数和电毛细数的增大,黏性拖曳力以及电场力作用增强,使内相流体颈缩过程后期更容易形成细长型液线,从而有助于诱发液线上产生Rayleigh-Plateau不稳定现象,继而促进卫星液滴的形成.     

激波诱导液滴变形和破碎现象实验研究

本文介绍了用于激波诱导液滴变形和破碎现象研究的实验系统及方法,详细分析了激波与液滴相互作用以及液滴加速、变形和破碎过程,为进一步研究激波诱导的液滴内流场性质及气液相间相互作用对液滴变形和破碎的影响机制提供了基础实验数据。     

基于兰姆波在倾斜镜子基板上的油水微分离实验*

该文提出利用兰姆波在倾斜的镜子基板上推动油水混合液滴,实现油水的微分离。实验主要研究了油水混合液滴在分离过程中的运动位移特性关系。运用Navier-Stokes、声流力等方程进行理论分析,发现混合液滴在分离过程中水滴所受到的驱动力大于油滴。通过对实验多变量的控制、单一变量的研究、建立油水混合液滴在倾斜镜子基板上受力平衡方程,发现激发电压、油水混合比例、基板倾角三个因素对油水微分离位移实验有着重要的影响。结果表明:当基板倾角和油水混合比例一定时,油水分离位移随着激发电压的增大而减小;在激发电压和基板倾角不变时,油水分离位移随着油水混合比例的减小而减小;当激发电压和油水混合比例不变时,油水分离位移随着基板倾角的增大而减小。该油水分离方法可以被应用到其他非压电基板上,为获得其他两种不相溶混合液滴的分离提供技术支持。     

Droplet transient migration and dynamic force balance mechanism on vibration-controlled micro-texture surfaces

In this paper, forced vibration was used to regulate the droplet migration, fully recording the transient migration of droplets on a micro-textured substrate under the resonance frequency by a high-speed camera. The influence of resonance frequency and dynamic migration characteristics of droplets on the solid micro-texture surface under lateral vibration were researched. The experiment demonstrates that the driving force is caused by the difference between the left and right contact angles made the droplet oscillate and migrate, and as time t increases, the left and right contact points are periodically shifted and the amplitude of migration increases. Therefore, based on the droplet migration behavior and its force balance mechanism, a spring vibration model of migration behavior of the vibrating droplet micro unit was set up to predict the complete trajectory of its migration on a solid surface. The calculation results show that the theoretical displacement is less than the experimental displacement, and the longer the time, the larger the difference. Affected by the vibration, part of the droplet permeates through the micro-texture, resulting in the droplet losing height and the contact angle becoming smaller as well. While the other part of droplet overcomes the internal surface tension to migrate.     

The physics of 2D microfluidic droplet ensembles

We review non-equilibrium many-body phenomena in ensembles of 2D microfluidic droplets. The system comprises of continuous two-phase flow with disc-shaped droplets driven in a channel, at low Reynolds number of 10⁻⁴–10⁻³$10^{-4}–10^{-3}$. The basic physics is that of an effective potential flow, governed by the 2D Laplace equation, with multiple, static and dynamic, boundaries of the droplets and the walls. The motion of the droplets induces dipolar flow fields, which mediate 1/r²$1/r^2$ hydrodynamic interaction between the droplets. Summation of these long-range 2D forces over droplet ensembles converges, in contrast to the divergence of the hydrodynamic forces in 3D. In analogy to electrostatics, the strong effect of boundaries on the equations of motion is calculated by means of image dipoles. We first consider the dynamics of droplets flowing in a 1D crystal, which exhibits unique phonon-like excitations, and a variety of nonlinear instabilities—all stemming from the hydrodynamic interactions. Narrowing the channel results in hydrodynamic screening of the dipolar interactions, which changes salient features of the phonon spectra. Shifting from a 1D ordered crystal to 2D disordered ensemble, the hydrodynamic interactions induce collective density waves and shocks, which are superposed on single-droplet randomized motion and dynamic clustering. These collective modes originate from density–velocity coupling, whose outcome is a 1D Burgers equation. The rich observational phenomenology and the tractable theory render 2D droplet ensembles a suitable table-top system for studying non-equilibrium many-body physics with long-range interactions.     

Phase-field modeling droplet dynamics with soluble surfactants

Using lattice Boltzmann approach, a phase-field model is proposed for simulating droplet motion with soluble surfactants. The model can recover the Langmuir and Frumkin adsorption isotherms in equilibrium. From the equilibrium equation of state, we can determine the interfacial tension lowering scale according to the interface surfactant concentration. The model is able to capture short-time and long-time adsorption dynamics of surfactants. We apply the model to examine the effect of soluble surfactants on droplet deformation, breakup and coalescence. The increase of surfactant concentration and attractive lateral interaction can enhance droplet deformation, promote droplet breakup, and inhibit droplet coalescence. We also demonstrate that the Marangoni stresses can reduce the interface mobility and slow down the film drainage process, thus acting as an additional repulsive force to prevent the droplet coalescence.     

Close-coupled nozzle atomization integral simulation and powder preparation using vacuum induction gas atomization technology

We simulate the gas-atomization process of a close-coupled annular nozzle for vacuum induction gas atomization at a three-dimensional scale.Moreover,the relationship between the simulated droplet type and experimentally metallic powder is established by comparing the morphology of droplets with powders.Herein,the primary atomization process is described by the volume-of-fluid(VOF)approach,whereas the prediction of powder diameter after secondary atomization is realized by the VOF-Lagrangian method.In addition,to completely reflect the breaking and deformation process of the metallic flow,we employ the VOF model to simulate the secondary atomization process of a single ellipsoidal droplet.The results show that the primary atomization process includes the formation of surface liquid film,appearance of serrated ligaments,and shredding of ligaments.Further,gas recirculation zone plays an important role in formation of the umbrella-shaped liquid film.The secondary atomization process is divided into droplet convergence and dispersion stages,and the predicted powder diameter is basically consistent with the experiment.In general,the four main powder shapes are formed by the interaction of five different typical droplets.     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

Transient convective burning of interactive fuel droplets in single-layer arrays

The transient convective burning of n-octane droplets interacting within single-layer arrays in a hot gas flow perpendicular to the layer is studied numerically, with considerations of droplet surface regression, deceleration due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature and surface tension. Infinite periodic arrays, semi-infinite periodic arrays with one row of droplets (linear array) or two rows of droplets, and finite arrays with nine droplets with centers in a plane are investigated. All arrays are aligned orthogonal to the free stream direction. This paper compares the behavior of semi-infinite periodic arrays and finite arrays with the behavior of previously studied infinite periodic arrays. Furthermore, it identifies the critical values of the initial Damköhler number for bifurcations in flame behavior at various initial droplet spacing for all these arrays. The initial flame shape is either an envelope flame or a wake flame as determined by the initial Damköhler number, the array configuration and the initial droplet spacing. The critical initial Damköhler number separating initial wake flames from initial envelope flames decreases with increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing (when the number of rows in the array increases or the initial droplet spacing decreases for a specific number of rows in the array). In the transient process, an initial wake flame has a tendency to develop from a wake flame to an envelope flame, with the moment of wake-to-envelope transition advanced for the increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing. For the array with nine droplets with centers in a plane, the droplets at different types of positions have different critical initial Damköhler number and different wake-to-envelope transition time for initial wake flame.     

Self-propelled droplets

Self-propelled droplets are a special kind of self-propelled matter that are easily fabricated by standard microfluidic tools and locomote for a certain time without external sources of energy. The typical driving mechanism is a Marangoni flow due to gradients in the interfacial energy on the droplet interface. In this article we review the hydrodynamic prerequisites for self-sustained locomotion and present two examples to realize those conditions for emulsion droplets, i.e. droplets stabilized by a surfactant layer in a surrounding immiscible liquid. One possibility to achieve self-propelled motion relies on chemical reactions affecting the surface active properties of the surfactant molecules. The other relies on micellar solubilization of the droplet phase into the surrounding liquid phase. Remarkable cruising ranges can be achieved in both cases and the relative insensitivity to their own ‘exhausts’ allows to additionally study collective phenomena.     

Anisotropic flow and jet quenching in ultrarelativistic U+U collisions

Full-overlap U+U collisions provide significantly larger initial energy densities at comparable spatial deformation, and significantly larger deformation and volume at comparable energy density, than semi-central Au+Au collisions. We show quantitatively that this provides a long lever arm for studying the hydrodynamic behavior of elliptic flow in much larger and denser collision systems and the predicted nonlinear path-length dependence of radiative parton energy loss.     

Dynamics of a bouncing droplet onto a vertically vibrated interface

Low viscosity (<100 cSt) silicon oil droplets are placed on a high viscosity (1000 cSt) oil bath that vibrates vertically. The viscosity difference ensures that the droplet is more deformed than the bath interface. Droplets bounce periodically on the bath when the acceleration of its sinusoidal motion is larger than a threshold value. The threshold is minimum for a particular frequency of excitation: droplet and bath motions are in resonance. The bouncing droplet has been modeled by considering the deformation of the droplet and the lubrication force exerted by the air layer between the droplet and the bath. Threshold values are predicted and found to be in good agreement with our measurements.     

Visualization of two phase flow inside an effervescent atomizer

Effervescent atomization is one of the twin-fluid atomization methods while it has better performance in terms of smaller drop sizes and/or lower injection pressures. In order to investigate the effects of the internal flow patterns on droplet characteristics, a new kind of effervescent atomizer was designed and manufactured. The bubble forming process was visualized with a high-speed camera, while the droplet size was characterized with a LDV/PDA system. The experimental results show that there are three regimes of the two-phase flows inside the discharge orifice, one is bubbly flow, another is annular flow while the other is the intermittent flow. The flow patterns transfered from bubbly flow to intermittent flow and then to annular flow with decreasing of the water flow rate. In addition, with increasing of the working pressure or decreasing of the water flow rate, the SMD (Sauter mean diameter) of the droplets decreased and the axial mean velocity increased.