中国第一组超导电缆并网运行试验

中国第一组超导电缆于2004年4月19日在昆明普吉220kV变电站并网成功,并开始向用户供电.本文详细地描述了该电缆并网前后部分试验,如:超导电缆直流电阻测量、超导电缆通流试验、温度、压力和流量的在线监测、绝缘电阻和介损损耗测试等.所有试验结果均显示该电缆技术指标达到实际并网运行要求.超导电缆并网运行成功,标志着我国已经掌握了超导电缆开发能力.本文所提出的超导电缆并网运行试验方法和试验结果为我国进一步开发超导电缆提供了宝贵的经验.     

多层导体超导电缆的交流输电特性

在完成设计和制造我国第一组并网运行的超导电缆系统的工作中，我们对不同结构的超导电缆短样样品的交流载流特性进行了系统的研究，内容包括层电流均流特性、电缆失超特性、失超恢复特性、电缆载流能力和抗短路冲击能力等．结果表明，对多层螺旋导体结构的超导电缆，影响其输运电流在各导体层分布的主要因素是邻近效应．由于其零电阻特性，在相同的结构中，超导体表现出比常规导体大得多的临近效应．显著的邻近效应使多层导体结构的超导电缆的均流问题变得更加复杂．此类超导电缆有很强的抗短路电流冲击能力，能够承受高于额定电流20倍以上的短路电流，并且有很好的超导性能恢复能力．由于交流超导电缆的电压与电流相位差对电阻的变化非常敏感，所以可以被用作判断失超的预警参数用来避免热溃式失超的发生．     

10kA高温超导直流电缆在线监控系统及其试验研究

10kA高温超导直流输电电缆于2012年9月26日投入示范运行,用于给电解铝车间供电10000A.本文介绍了10kA高温超导电缆在线监控系统的设计及其实现,10kA超导电缆并网运行前临界电流试验及数据分析,10kA超导电缆并网运行后各个参数的监测.通过精确测量超导电缆进出口温度计算10kA超导电缆系统的损耗,分析了超导电缆运行电流对超导电缆系统损耗的影响.     

BESⅢ超导电缆极端弯曲下载流能力试验及氦弧焊焊接接头低温电阻测量

北京谱仪（BESⅢ）超导磁体是为北京正负电子对撞机二期改造工程（BEPCⅡ）制造的超导探测器磁体．它采用了国际上先进的两相氮问接冷却方式及线圈内绕技术．其超导线为铝稳定体NbTi／Cu超导电缆．由于生产工艺上长度的限制，BESⅢ超导电缆由三段电缆焊接而成．焊接匝电阻必须限制在一定范围内，以免产生过大的焦耳热，影响磁体的正常运行．超导电缆由支撑筒内部引出到颈管及阀箱部分时，有一定角度的平弯及侧弯，这部分弯曲电缆的载流能力也是必须要考虑的问题．为此，我们进行了两次超导电缆性能测试实验，对超导电缆弯曲前后的载流能力进行了测试，并且测量了超导电缆低温下的焊接电阻．本文提供了这两次实验的实验结果及分析．     

75米高温超导电缆完成实用化研究

从甘肃长通电缆科技股份有限公司获悉，由我国自主研制的三相交流高温超导电缆——75米长10．5kV／1．5kA三相交流高温超导电缆，已投入配电网试验运行达7000小时，获得超导电缆试验运行大量实时数据，积累了运行经验，为今后更长距离更大容量高温超导电缆的研究开发打下坚实基础。     

电力故障运行下磁偏置超导限流器超导限流单元的电-热特性分析与验证

本文的磁偏置高温超导故障限流器(SFCL)是一种新型超导限流器,在系统出现短路故障时,发生失超现象,产生高阻抗限制短路电流,达到一定时间后断开超导单元,再由双分裂电抗器二次限流.当短路电流消失后,自动快速恢复到无阻特性,然后重新合闸投入系统运行.在SFCL并网运行前,要对并网运行中出现相间短路等故障的暂态运行特性进行分析,了解并网运行时的状况.本文利用Matlab/Simulink构建了SFCL的仿真分析模型,包含超导限流单元的等效电路模型和热模型.该模型被接入一个由Matlab/Simulink构建的10kV电力系统模型中,用来仿真SFCL的并网运行特性.仿真结果表明了SFCL在并网运行中的效果,以及相间短路故障下失超电阻、通过电流和超导限流单元温度的变化.同时,在中国国网辽宁电力虎石台对SFCL进行了并网运行试验,得到了相间短路故障下的暂态运行特性和失超恢复时间.本文的仿真分析和试验结果,证明了该SFCL样机具备10kV 并网能力,以及快速响应、逐级限流和快速恢复能力     

高温超导电缆测试平台的设计与实现

超导电缆与常规电缆在电磁特性上有很大的差异。因此,并网运行前需要对其各方面性能进行试验测试,确保能够在电网中安全稳定运行。文中介绍了基于LabVIEW的高温超导电缆性能测试平台的实现方法,主要完成超导电缆的交直流性能测试试验和交流损耗测量试验。     

高温超导电缆测试平台的设计与实现北大核心

超导电缆与常规电缆在电磁特性上有很大的差异。因此,并网运行前需要对其各方面性能进行试验测试,确保能够在电网中安全稳定运行。文中介绍了基于LabVIEW的高温超导电缆性能测试平台的实现方法,主要完成超导电缆的交直流性能测试试验和交流损耗测量试验。     

多层导体超导电缆的交流输电特性

在完成设计和制造我国第一组并网运行的超导电缆系统的工作中,我们对不同结构的超导电缆短样样品的交流载流特性进行了系统的研究,内容包括层电流均流特性、电缆失超特性、失超恢复特性、电缆载流能力和抗短路冲击能力等.结果表明,对多层螺旋导体结构的超导电缆,影响其输运电流在各导体层分布的主要因素是邻近效应.由于其零电阻特性,在相同的结构中,超导体表现出比常规导体大得多的临近效应.显著的邻近效应使多层导体结构的超导电缆的均流问题变得更加复杂.此类超导电缆有很强的抗短路电流冲击能力,能够承受高于额定电流20倍以上的短路电流,并且有很好的超导性能恢复能力.由于交流超导电缆的电压与电流相位差对电阻的变化非常敏感,所以可以被用作判断失超的预警参数用来避免热溃式失超的发生.     

基于超导磁体和电力电子的新型桥路超导限流器

基于超导磁体和电力电子技术，提出了一种新型的超导限流器．它具有响应速度和恢复速度快的优点，且能够有效地降低运行损耗、提高短路电流缩减率．这种新型超导限流器可能是实用化超导限流器的发展方向之一．本文介绍了这种新型超导限流器的原理试验结果，并介绍了10．5kV/1．5kA三相高温超导限流器并网示范样机的阶段进展．     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.