碳纤维悬挂支臂疲劳损伤实验研究

对碳纤维复合材料某型飞机垂直尾翼方向舵悬挂支臂完成了谱载疲劳、冲击损伤、损伤扩展和剩余强度试验，采用超声波检查方法对其全过程的损伤状态进行了跟踪实验研究，其结果与位移等试验一致．     

疲劳损伤临界值分析

通过对疲劳过程和疲劳失效的临界状态的分析，提出疲劳失效判据应与损伤程度和应力水平两个因素有关，并在试验的基础上建立了一个剩余强度退化的对数模型。根据疲劳过程中材料强度退化的事实及其规律。分析了损伤临界值与循环应力水平之间的关系，给出了一般应力水平下疲劳损伤临界值的范围，对于随机疲劳问题，给出了损伤临界值的分布规律。     

Understanding delamination behaviour in a circular laminate

Composite materials are prone to a wide range of defects and damage which may significantly reduce their residual strength. Of the various types of defects possible, interply delaminations arising from in-service damage are probably the most insiduous because of their effects on residual compressive strength and difficulties associated with their detection. In this study, a finite element analysis of the self similar growth of a circular delamination in a compressed laminate is undertaken, and the results are compared with an analytical solution.     

PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE ARREST MECHANISM IN TAILORED LAMINATED PLATES WITH A CUTOUT

This study addresses the effectiveness of a simple stiffness tailoring concept to delay damage initiation, control damage progression, and improve residual strength in tensile-loaded composite plates with a central circular cutout. The tailoring concept is to simply reposit all axially oriented （0°） material into regions near the edge of the plate away from the cutout. This tailoring is done in a way so as not to affect the weight of the plate. This accomplishes several beneficial changes in the way that the plate resists loading with no increases in material cost or weight. Lowering the axial stiffness of the laminate surrounding the cutout lowers the stress concentration. Increasing the axial stiffness near edges of the plate attracts loading away from the vicinity of the cutout to further lower stresses in the critical cutout region. This study focuses on in-plane response including damage progression and residual strength as a function of the degree of tailoring and cutout size. Strength and stiffness properties typical of IM7/8551-7 preperg material were assumed and a modified version of the Hashin failure criteria was used to identify the local damage. Results show that tailoring can significantly increase the damage initiation load and the residual strength. In some cases, observed evidence shows that tailoring performs as a damage arrest mechanism.     

A micromechanical study of residual stress and its effect on transverse failure in polymer–matrix composites

Cure residual stress and its effect on damage in unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer–matrix composites under transverse loading were studied using a micromechanical unit cell model and the finite element method. The overall residual stress introduced from curing was determined by considering two contributions: volume shrinkage of matrix resin from the crosslink polymerization during isothermal curing and thermal contraction of both resin and fibre as a result of cooling from the curing temperature to room temperature. To examine the effect of residual stress on failure, a model based on the Maximum Principal Stress criterion and stiffness degradation technique was used for damage analysis of the unit cell subjected to mechanical loading after curing. Predicted damage initiation and evolution are clearly influenced by the inclusion of residual stress. Residual stress is always detrimental for transverse compressive loading and pure shear loading. For transverse tensile loading, residual stress is detrimental for relatively low resin strength and beneficial for relatively high resin strength. Failure envelopes were obtained for both biaxial normal loading and combined shear and normal loading and the results show that residual stress results in a shifting and contraction of the failure envelopes.     

A DAMAGE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF ROCK WITH CONSIDERATION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH

基于岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布规律,引入损伤变量修正因子,建立了考虑残余强度影响的岩石损伤本构模型.运用多元函数求极值的方法,推导了含修正系数的模型参数\(m\)和\(F_{0}\)的理论表达式;对模型修正因子的选取进行了讨论分析. 结果表明：本文修正模型的实质是增加了一个含有修正系数的线性项;修正系数 \(\delta \)主要反映岩石的残余强度特征,选取合适的 \(\delta \) 值可以提高修正后本构模型的准确性.     

复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤及其剩余压缩强度研究

本文采用理论和实验方法研究了复合材料层合板的低速冲地及其剩余压缩强度。文中利用有限元方法和能量转换原理计算了层合板受到低速冲击的受载最危险状态，以及此时的应力分布；并用Ｔｓａｉ－Ｗｕ张量准则判断损伤情况，对产生损伤的单元进行相应的刚度折减，且作重复计算直至不产生新的损伤为止；最后，对受冲击的层合板还进行剩余压缩强度计算。在实验中，采用激光全息无损检测法测量了层合板的冲击损伤，并对受冲击的层合板进行     

极端环境下连续碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料的力学行为

连续纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(以下简称C/SiC),作为超高速飞行器热结构使用时,有可能在高温环境下受到高速撞击的作用,因此,掌握其在极端环境(高温、高应变率)下的力学性能是进行结构安全设计的基础。本文采用具有高温实验能力的分离式Hopkinson杆,在293~1273K温度范围内进行了动态压缩力学性能测试,研究了环境温度和加载速率对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的高温压缩力学性能主要受应力氧化损伤和残余应力的共同影响。实验温度低于873K时,应力氧化损伤的影响很小,而由于增强纤维和基体界面残余应力的释放使界面结合强度增大,复合材料的压缩强度随温度的升高而增大;当实验温度高于873K时,应力氧化损伤加剧,其对压缩强度的削弱超过残余应力释放对强度的贡献,材料的压缩强度随温度的升高逐渐降低。由于应力氧化损伤受应变率的影响很大,当温度由873K升高至1273K时,高应变率下压缩强度降低的程度要比应变率为0.0001/s时低得多。     

薄壁圆管空间结构的热疲劳可靠性分析

针对薄壁圆管的空间结构,分析其在交变热载荷下的疲劳可靠性问题。为同时考虑由截面平均温度和截面温差造成的疲劳损伤,提出了综合利用剩余强度和疲劳累积损伤模型的分析方法。首先根据疲劳累积损伤相等原理,将截面温差造成的多级扰动应力载荷作用频次等效为平均温度下的常幅应力载荷作用次数,从而将两者产生的热应力载荷统一为一常幅载荷,再利用剩余强度模型基于动态应力-强度干涉理论对疲劳可靠度进行分析,得到了结构在综合考虑两种热疲劳状态下的动态可靠度。本方法可避免直接利用疲劳累积损伤理论临界损伤值难以确定的问题,且能体现金属疲劳损伤的真实情况。最后以哈勃望远镜为例,分析了其主梁随疲劳热载荷循环作用下的动态可靠度,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

铝面板厚度对Nomex蜂窝夹层结构冲击后弯曲性能影响的试验研究

通过低速冲击试验和四点弯曲试验,研究了铝面板厚度对Nomex蜂窝夹层结构抗冲击能力和剩余强度的影响。结果表明:在冲击荷载作用下,面板发生变形的区域大小随面板厚度增加而变大,当面板厚度大于0.5mm时,变形区域直径趋于稳定;无论试件是否受到过冲击,在弯曲载荷作用下,0.2mm厚面板发生芯格内屈曲失稳,而其他厚度面板均发生格间失稳;对无冲击损伤的结构,0.2mm厚面板弯曲强度显著低于其他厚度面板;对含冲击损伤的结构,0.2mm厚面板的剩余强度百分比最高。     

Vibration based damage detection in a uniform strength beam using genetic algorithm

Cantilever steel beams of uniform strength are having various industrial applications. In particular when it is used as leaf spring it undergoes very large deflection in comparison to beam of uniform cross section. The damage occurs in these beams mainly due to fatigue loading. Early detection of damage in such type of beams is very essential to avoid a major failure or accident. In this paper, firstly formulation of an objective function for the genetic search optimization procedure along with the residual force method are presented for the identification of macroscopic structural damage in an uniform strength beam. Two cases have been investigated here. In the first case the width is varied keeping the strength of beam uniform throughout and in the second case both width and depth are varied to represent a special case of uniform strength beam. The developed model require experimentally determined data as input and detect the location and extent of the damage in the beam. Here, experimental data are simulated numerically by using finite element models of structures with inclusion of random noise on the vibration characteristics. It has been shown that the damage may be identified for the said problems with a good accuracy.     

金属材料的非线性疲劳累积损伤模型及强度衰减分析

用连续介质损伤力学的方法推导得到了一个非线性的损伤发展方程，该方程计及了加载过程应力与损伤的完全耦合效应；又由损伤发展方程得到了一个计及加载循环周内和循环周间损伤积累非线性效应的完全非线性疲劳累积损伤模型，已有的部分非线性疲劳累积损伤模型成为它的特例。由损伤发展方程确定了材料剩余强度随损伤发展的衰减规律和临界损伤值。     

Fatigue damage of APC-2 composite assessed from material degradation and non-destructive evaluation data

Quasi-isotropic 45° APC-2 specimens are fatigued under constant amplitude stress reversal load condition. Fatigue induced degradation of the mechanical properties is correlated to data obtained from non-destructive evaluation. C-scan readings were used to define a generic damage severity factor D. It refers to the current fatigue damage state and accounts for the varying severity of damage at the different specimen locations. Analytical expressions are developed to relate D to the axial stiffness, residual strength and interlaminar shear strength. An indication of damage tolerance can thus be made for evaluating the integrity of structural components.     

ON RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PREDICTION OF COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANELS AFTER LOW-VELOCITY IMPACT DAMAGE

This paper introduces a nonlinear finite element analysis on damage propagation behavior of composite sandwich panels under in-plane uniaxial quasi-static compression after a low velocity impact. The major damage modes due to the impact, including the residual indentation on the impacted facesheet, the initially crushed core under the impacted area, and the delamination are incorporated into the model. A consequential core crushing mechanism is incorporated into the analysis by using an element deactivation technique. Damage propagation behavior, which corresponds to those observed in sandwich compression after impact (SCAI) tests, has been successfully captured in the numerical simulation. The critical far field stress corresponding to the onset of damage propagation at specified critical locations near the damage zone are captured successfully. They show a good correlation with experimental data. These values can be used to effectively predict the residual compressive strength of low-velocity impact damaged composite sandwich panels.     

基于损伤分布模型的震损RC框架力学性能分析与实证研究

震损结构的剩余荷载位移响应分析十分重要,是准确评估震后钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构剩余性能的基础,然而震损结构损伤的不均匀分布为其荷载位移响应的定量分析带来了困难。本文基于纤维梁柱模型提出了一种能够考虑地震损伤不均匀分布的震损RC框架数值模型。基于震损RC框架的损伤现象对其损伤分布进行了量化,考虑了材料损伤沿柱高度与截面深度的分布;基于量化结果分别确定了RC框架中各纤维梁柱单元中不同位置处纤维的损伤本构关系,并对其剩余荷载位移响应进行了定量分析;以一个一榀三层四跨的RC框架试验为算例,对模型进行了验证。结果表明,本文模型能够较为准确地模拟震损RC框架的剩余荷载位移响应,其中最大剩余承载力、刚度和屈服强度等各项指标计算误差均值均在10%以下,因此本文模型能够为震后RC结构的评估工作提供一种新的思路。     

弹体贯穿混凝土数值模拟的改进材料模型

研究混凝土结构在冲击载荷下的力学特性对武器以及防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义,而合适的材料模型可以更准确地预测混凝土结构的力学行为和破坏模式。因此,本文中提出了一种改进的混凝土塑性损伤材料模型来描述其在冲击载荷下的力学响应。该改进模型考虑了压力-体积应变关系、应变率效应、洛德角效应和塑性损伤累积对混凝土材料力学特性的影响,并引入了一个与损伤相关的硬化/软化函数来描述压缩状态下的应变硬化和软化行为。随后,通过对3个独立的强度面进行线性插值得到了该改进模型的破坏强度面,并采用部分关联流动法则考虑了混凝土材料的体积膨胀特性。最后,开展了单个单元在不同加载条件下和弹体贯穿钢筋混凝土靶的数值模拟,验证了该改进模型的可行性、准确性以及预测性能提升。     

工艺过程对固体氧化物燃料电池材料力学性能的影响

固体氧化物燃料电池在生产过程中采用不同的加工手段,加工过程会产生一定的损伤,同时材料烧结过程产生比较大的残余应力,这些因素都会影响电池的使用寿命和完整性.本文通过实验测试,研究了不同加工过程对材料性能的影响,其中包括直接冲剪,激光切割以及切割后研磨等方法,并测试了这些加工手段对应的试件的强度.结果显示,直接冲剪法造成性能的分散性比较大,激光切割的性能较好,而研磨加工法对材料的性能影响最小;受残余应力或各层有效应力的作用,单层阳极材料的强度要高于双层电池结构材料的强度;利用弯曲法测试了半电池结构中的残余应力和不同薄膜对应的厚度残余应力,测试的结果和热弹性力学计算结果进行了对比.由于在高温时阳极材料有应力松弛现象,计算得出的残余应力高于实验测试结果.     

Delamination of an elastic film from an elastic–plastic substrate during adhesive contact loading and unloading

Adhesive contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic film on an elastic–perfectly plastic substrate was examined in the context of finite element simulation results. Surface adhesion was modeled by nonlinear springs obeying a force-displacement relationship governed by the Lennard–Jones potential. A bilinear cohesive zone law with prescribed cohesive strength and work of adhesion was used to simulate crack initiation and growth at the film/substrate interface. It is shown that the unloading response consists of five sequential stages: elastic recovery, interface damage (crack) initiation, damage evolution (delamination), film elastic bending, and abrupt surface separation (jump-out), with plastic deformation in the substrate occurring only during damage initiation. Substrate plasticity produces partial closure of the cohesive zone upon full unloading (jump-out), residual tensile stresses at the front of the crack tip, and irreversible downward bending of the elastic film. Finite element simulations illustrate the effects of minimum surface separation (i.e., maximum compressive surface force), work of adhesion and cohesive strength of the film/substrate interface, substrate yield strength, and initial crack size on the evolution of the surface force, residual deflection of the elastic film, film-substrate separation (debonding), crack-tip opening displacement, and contact instabilities (jump-in and jump-out) during a full load–unload cycle. The results of this study provide insight into the interdependence of contact instabilities and interfacial damage (cracking) encountered in layered media during adhesive contact loading and unloading.     

泥岩损伤特性试验研究

以南京长江三桥地基中的泥岩为对象,对泥岩进行三轴试验。试验结果表明：随着侧压的增大,破坏荷载增大,塑性变形明显增大,岩石破坏后,残余强度随侧压增大而提高。在此基础上研究分析了泥岩微元强度服从Weibull分布,泥岩微元体破坏服从莫尔-库仑岩石强度判据时的损伤软化参数与围压的关系特征。结合岩石破裂过程应力 应变全过程曲线,讨论了初始损伤特性,分析结果表明：泥岩初始损伤时的主应力差对数随围压增大而增大,两者呈线性关系; 分析了泥岩损伤变量随主应力差变化关系,结果表明泥岩损伤变量与主应力差呈双曲线数学关系,通过对双曲线模型作线性化处理,结合试验数据采用回归分析法确定模型参数,分析结果发现F 0随围压的增大而增大,而m则随压的增大而减小,反映泥岩随围压的增大,脆性度降低。     

Progressive failure analysis of tow-placed, variable-stiffness composite panels

The past developments on tow-placement technology led to the production of machines capable of controlling fibre tows individually and placing them onto the surface of a laminate with curvilinear topology. Due to the variation of properties along their surface, such structures are termed variable-stiffness composite panels.In previous experimental research tow-steered panels have shown increased buckling load capacity as compared with traditional straight-fibre laminates. Also, numerical analyses by the authors showed that first-ply failure occurs at a significant higher load level. The focus of this paper is to extend those analyses into the postbuckling progressive damage behaviour and final structural failure due to accumulation of fibre and matrix damage. A user-developed continuum damage model implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS^® is employed in the simulation of damage initiation and material stiffness degradation.In order to correctly predict the buckling loads of tow-steered panels under compression, it is of crucial importance to take into account the residual thermal stresses resulting from the curing process. Final failure of tow-steered panels in postbuckling is predicted to within 10% difference of the experimental results. Curvilinear-fibre panels have up to 56% higher strength than straight-fibre laminates and damage initiation is also remarkably postponed. Tow-steered designs also show more tolerance to central holes than traditional laminates.