Pitch-variable transmission-type bulk gratings driven by shape memory alloy actuator

This paper describes a novel pitch-variable transmission-type bulk grating fabricated by silicon micromachining technology driven by a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator. The grating is specially designed to change the pitch easily with a small force and assured moderate stress by finite element method. Using deep reactive ion etching (deep-RIE) technology, the grating has a high aspect ratio more than 10. In the diffraction experiment, more than 10% extension ratio has been obtained. The SMA actuator has been installed to the grating. Due to the two-way shape memory effect, the translation mechanism is simple and is easily controlled.     

橡皮筋滞后特性的实验分析

利用约利弹簧秤对橡皮筋的力的滞后特性进行了实验分析，并由此说明了不能用橡皮筋做测力计的物理机理，为检验弹簧的质量提供了一种实验途径及理论依据．     

一种基于矢量变频技术的超导线圈专用恒张力绕线机

为满足绕制超导线圈的工艺要求,设计了一种基于矢量变频技术的恒张力绕线机构。说明了本机构的设计原理,并且具体介绍了恒张力控制系统的软硬件构成和数学模型的建立。此绕线机构完全满足超导线圈的工艺要求,结构简单,控制精度高。     

CRAFT TF导体弯绕成形力学仿真与试验

聚变堆主机关键系统综合研究设施(CRAFT)是为了探索与建设中国聚变工程试验堆(CFETR)关键技术和原型系统的大科学装置.环向场(Toroidal Field, TF)线圈是CRAFT系统的重要组成部分，旨在研制出用于CFETR环向场原型线圈.本文基于弹塑性力学理论，通过建立TF导体连续弯绕成形有限元分析模型，对TF导体弯曲成形过程进行力学仿真，获得了TF导体在成形过程中的应力、应变和成形力等力学参数，预测了TF线圈绕制过程导体截面变形、回弹、应力和应变情况，并采用TF导体开展了弯曲成形验证试验，为TF线圈的精密绕制和成形设备的工程设计提供了可靠的依据.     

Coupling effects on a cantilever subjected to a follower force

In this investigation a solution methodology is presented for studying the stability of a uniform cantilever having a translational and rotational spring at its support, carrying two concentrated masses, one at the support and the other at its tip, and subjected to a follower compressive force at its free end. The analysis is based on Timoshenko's beam theory by considering the cantilever as a continuous elastic system. The coupling effects on the flutter load are fully assessed for a variety of parameters such as translational and rotational springs at the support, translational and rotational inertia of the concentrated masses, and cross-sectional shape, as well as transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia of the mass of the column.     

OHTE: A Helical Pinch with Pitch Reversal

The OHTE configuration is obtained by surrounding a reversed field pinch (RFP) with a stellarator-like helical winding whose pitch is chosen to enhance field line pitch reversal. The helical coil current needed to form a separatrix boundary is calculated analytically for a simple plasma model, which gives results in close agreement with a numerical two-dimensional (2-D) MHD equilibrium code. Basic properties of the field line transform, which is predominantly in the axial or toroidal direction, are investigated. The 2-D equilibrium code is used to investigate the effects of current profiles and high beta, and the OHTE is compared with the RFP. These calculations show that the helical winding can significantly enlarge the parameter space for interchangestable finite-? equilibria with pitch reversal while avoiding axial current reversal.     

往复式空压机填料密封环径向弹簧贴紧力研究

讨论了填料密封环弹簧径向贴紧力的计算方法。根据计算结果,选择了合适的弹簧。通过对密封压力结果的分析,讨论了弹簧产生的贴紧力与总贴紧力之间的关系。结果表明,低压时的弹簧贴紧力不能忽略不计。     

Development of an engineering model for ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

This paper presents a relationship among stress, temperature and magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy. In order to derive an engineering model of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys, we have developed a measuring system of the relationship among stress, temperature and magnetic properties. The samples used in this measurement are Fe68–Ni10–Cr9–Mn7–Si6 wt% ferromagnetic shape memory alloy. They are thin ribbons made by rapid cooling in air. In the measurement, the ribbon sample is inserted into a sample holder winding consisting of the B-coil and compensation coils, and magnetized in an open solenoid coil. The ribbon is stressed with attachment weights and heated with a heating wire. The specific susceptibility was increased by applying tension, and slightly increased by heating below the Curie temperature.     

过热液体中蒸汽泡上升过程的格子Boltzmann三维数值模拟

应用格子Boltzmann相变模型,在三维空间研究蒸汽泡在过热液体中生长、上升和变形等动力学行为.为研究传热传质对蒸汽泡运动的影响,对比模拟相同条件下气泡在等温环境中上升的物理过程.结果表明：蒸汽泡在过热液体中上升发生的变形程度较小,意味着相变对蒸汽泡的影响和表面张力一样使汽泡保持初始的形状.蒸汽泡在过热液体中的上升速度较小,说明随着汽泡生长拖拽力的影响比浮力大.蒸汽泡生长率在初始阶段达到最大值,随后会趋于一个恒定的值.随着汽泡体积增大和上升速度的增加,其对流场的扰动也越来越剧烈.蒸汽泡生长和上升引起的对流运动对温度场的演化造成很大的影响.     

Nonlinear capillary vibrations of a charged drop placed in a dielectric medium: Single-mode initial deformation of the drop shape

The nonlinear vibrations of the equilibrium spherical shape of a charged drop placed in a perfect incompressible dielectric medium are asymptotically calculated in the second-order approximation in single-mode initial deformation of the drop surface. The drop is assumed to be a perfect incompressible liquid. It is shown that the nonlinear vibration amplitudes, as well as the energy distribution between nonlinearly excited modes, depend significantly on the parameter ρ, where ρ is the ratio of the environmental density to that of the drop. It is also demonstrated that an increase in ρ raises the amplitude of the highest of the vibration modes excited due to second-order nonlinear interaction. In the second order of smallness, the amplitude of the zeroth mode is independent of the density ratio. As ρ grows, the effect of the self-charge of the drop, the interfacial tension, and the permittivity of the environment on the nonlinear oscillations increases.     

Random vibration studies of an SDOF system with shape memory restoring force

Intelligent and adaptive material systems and structures have become very important in engineering applications. The basic characteristic of these systems is the ability to adapt to the environmental conditions. A new class of materials with promising applications in structural and mechanical systems is shape memory alloy (SMA). The mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys in particular shows a strong dependence on temperature. This property provides opportunities for the utilization of SMAs in actuators or energy dissipation devices. However, the behavior of systems containing shape memory components under random excitation has not yet been addressed in the literature. Such a study is important to verify the feasibility of using SMAs in structural systems. In this work a nondeterministic study of the dynamic behavior of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mechanical system, having a Nitinol spring as a restoring force element is presented. The SMA spring is characterized using a one-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model based on the classical Devonshire theory. Response statistics for zero mean random vibration of the SDOF under a wide range of temperature is obtained. Furthermore, nonzero mean analysis of these systems is carried out.     

演示记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的实验设计

设计了测试记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的物理实验.描述了实验装置的设计和结构,给出了实验内容的设计和实验方法,包括观察测试记忆合金弹簧的温度-形变记忆效应实验和电流-形变记忆效应实验.根据测量数据,描绘了用该仪器得到的温度-形变曲线和电流-形变曲线.该实验可作为设计性实验在大学物理实验课中开出.     

Stress pulse dispersion in helical springs

This paper presents the results of investigating the effect of curvature and pitch on stress-wave propagation in helical springs. It supplements a previous paper in which the work carried out on a single spring of fixed curvature and pitch was described and the experimental results compared with theory. A short duration, wide-band pulse technique, described in the first paper, was used to investigate the nature of the propagation. Theoretical dispersion curves, appropriate to the springs used, were computed for comparison with the experimental results which were interpreted according to Kelvin's principle of stationary phase.     

微通道内不混溶气液两相二氧化碳界面动力学行为的格子Boltzmann研究

将高精度的二氧化碳状态方程与气液两相流格子Boltzmann方法中的伪势模型耦合,研究微通道内二氧化碳气液两相流动的界面动力学行为,包括二氧化碳气泡和液滴的分裂、合并、变形,以及气液两相二氧化碳在演化过程中的质量交换.研究发现：当分裂和合并行为达到平衡,并且两相之间不发生质量交换时流动达到稳态.稳态时的流型主要依赖于表面张力,惯性力,管道的润湿性,以及初始体积分数.当表面张力较大时,微通道内形成的二氧化碳气泡或液滴会收缩成圆形,此时二氧化碳气泡或液滴会堵塞微通道,形成段塞流;随着表面张力的减小,形成的气泡或液滴不容易收缩,在微通道内更容易发生变形,出现泡状流或环状流.当壁面润湿性为强疏水性时,二氧化碳在微通道中的流动为环状流,其它润湿性下,流型为段塞流.体积分数较小时,二氧化碳两相流动的流型为段塞流,体积分数较大时,流型为环状流.     

Dislocation generation and motion at the incipient stages of surface plasticity in barite

Force–penetration curves on nanoindented barite (001) surfaces have been recorded and microstructure imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Pop-ins in the penetration curves have been correlated to the appearance of permanent concave traces in the surface and to the emission of specific dislocations, some of which can cross-slip resulting in terraces winding around the nanoindentation contact point. The dislocations identified in barite can be related to special deformation mechanisms previously reported in metals. The effective shear stress, which results in permanent traces associated with plasticity, as obtained from the AFM data, is compared with the theoretical values estimated for a perfect crystal.     

Structure of resonances and formation of stationary points in symmetrical chains of bilinear oscillators

Dynamics of strongly nonlinear systems can in many cases be modelled by bilinear oscillators, which are the oscillators whose springs have different stiffnesses in compression and tension. This underpins the analysis of a wide range of phenomena, from oscillations of fragmented structures, connections and mooring lines to deformation of geological media. Single bilinear oscillators were studied previously and the presence of multiple resonances both super- and sub-harmonic was found. Less attention was paid to systems of multiple bilinear oscillators that describe many natural and engineering processes such as for example the behaviour of fragmented solids. Here we fill this gap concentrating on the simplest case – 1D symmetrical chains of bilinear oscillators. We show that the presence and structure of resonances in a symmetric chain of bilinear oscillators with fixed ends depends upon the number of oscillating masses. Two elementary chains act as the basic ones: a single mass bilinear chain (a mass connected to the fixed points by two bilinear springs) that behaves as a linear oscillator with a single resonance and a two mass chain that is a coupled bilinear oscillator (two masses connected by three bilinear springs). The latter has multiple resonances. We demonstrate that longer chains either do not have resonances or get decomposed, in the resonance, into either the single mass or two mass elementary chains with stationary masses in between. The resonance frequencies are inherited from the basic chains of decomposition. We show that if the number of masses is odd the chain can be decomposed into the single mass bilinear chains separated by stationary masses. It then inherits the resonances of the single mass bilinear chain. The chains with the number of masses minus 2 divisible by 3 can be decomposed into the two mass bilinear chains separated by stationary masses and inherit the resonances of the two mass chains. The chains whose lengths satisfy both criteria (such as chains with 5, 11, 17 … masses) allow both types of resonances.     

Stretching instability of helical springs

We show that when a gradually increasing tensile force is applied to the ends of a helical spring with sufficiently large ratios of radius to pitch and twist to bending rigidity, the end-to-end distance undergoes a sequence of discontinuous stretching transitions. Subsequent decrease of the force leads to steplike contraction, and hysteresis is observed. For finite helices, the number of these transitions increases with the number of helical turns but only one stretching and one contraction instability survive in the limit of an infinite helix. We calculate the critical line that separates the region of parameters in which the deformation is continuous from that in which stretching instabilities occur.     

光纤光栅对线圈绕组内部温度测量研究

将刻有温敏光栅的光纤缠入线圈绕组内,实现对线圈绕组内部温度的直接测量。采用特殊的封装和安装技术,消除了因线圈绕组铜质漆包线的热胀冷缩所造成的温度与应变交叉敏感。实验结果表明安装在线圈绕组内部的光纤光栅与自由状态的光纤光栅具有相同的温度特性,并且显示出良好的重复性和稳定性,完全可以用于大型电力设备中线圈绕组的内部温度直接测量。     

HL-2M 极向场线圈支撑结构分析评估

基于二维轴对称模型分析了极向场(TF)线圈在单零(SN)、双零(DN)、雪花(SF)和鼎位形下的电磁响 应,并评估了 4 种位形极限工况下支撑的力学性能。分析表明,PF6 线圈在放电初始时刻所受垂直电磁力最大, 可达到 1.9MN。在放电平顶结束时 PF5 线圈所受电磁力最大。在鼎位形下,PF5L 电磁力可达 2.6MN;雪花和双 零位形下,可达到 2.06MN。在这样极端的运行工况下,结构力学计算结果表明 PF 线圈支撑结构出现了局部塑性 变形。采用 ASMEVIII.2 作为评判准则,对局部高应力区进行评估,评估表明结构不存在塑性塌陷和局部失效。 而在上端主辐梁内侧支撑墩位置,螺栓所受轴力最大,需施加大于 50kN 的预紧力。     

Vibration modelling of helical springs with non-uniform ends

Helical springs constitute an integral part of many mechanical systems. Usually, a helical spring is modelled as a massless, frequency independent stiffness element. For a typical suspension spring, these assumptions are only valid in the quasi-static case or at low frequencies. At higher frequencies, the influence of the internal resonances of the spring grows and thus a detailed model is required. In some cases, such as when the spring is uniform, analytical models can be developed. However, in typical springs, only the central turns are uniform; the ends are often not (for example, having a varying helix angle or cross-section). Thus, obtaining analytical models in this case can be very difficult if at all possible. In this paper, the modelling of such non-uniform springs are considered. The uniform (central) part of helical springs is modelled using the wave and finite element (WFE) method since a helical spring can be regarded as a curved waveguide. The WFE model is obtained by post-processing the finite element (FE) model of a single straight or curved beam element using periodic structure theory. This yields the wave characteristics which can be used to find the dynamic stiffness matrix of the central turns of the spring. As for the non-uniform ends, they are modelled using the standard finite element (FE) method. The dynamic stiffness matrices of the ends and the central turns can be assembled as in standard FE yielding a FE/WFE model whose size is much smaller than a full FE model of the spring. This can be used to predict the stiffness of the spring and the force transmissibility. Numerical examples are presented.