烷烃同分异构体沸点经验计算式

饱和烃沸点可用公式(1)精确计算: log(1078-b.p)=3.0319-0.04999N~(2/3) (1)其中b.p为沸点(热力学温度),N为碳原子数目。(1)式仅适合正烷烃与未取代的环烷烃,用于计算烷烃同分异构体的沸点误差较大。对饱和烃同分异构体的沸点未见较好的经验计算公式,为此在(1)式基础上加     

一个球棍模型串起一节课——谈教案设计的创新性

高二化学教材“烷烃的同系物 同分异构体” 一节中, 有甲 基、乙基、 烷基、烃基、同分异构体、 同分异构体的书写、烷烃的命名等众多知识点。     

一个球棍模型串起一节课——谈教案设计的创新性

高二化学教材“烷烃的同系物同分异构体“一节中,有甲基、乙基、烷基、烃基、同分异构体、同分异构体的书写、烷烃的命名等众多知识点.在设计这一节课教案时,我反复钻研教材,仔细理清各知识点的内在联系,最后确定把甲烷的球棍模型作为本节课的切人点,并在一节课中始终以球棍模型这一教具为核心,展开各个知识点,脉络非常清晰,颇有特色.……     

一个球棍模型串起一节课--谈教案设计的创新性

高二化学教材"烷烃的同系物同分异构体"一节中,有甲基、乙基、烷基、烃基、同分异构体、同分异构体的书写、烷烃的命名等众多知识点.在设计这一节课教案时,我反复钻研教材,仔细理清各知识点的内在联系,最后确定把甲烷的球棍模型作为本节课的切人点,并在一节课中始终以球棍模型这一教具为核心,展开各个知识点,脉络非常清晰,颇有特色.     

再生纸与原纸中矿物油成分的LC-GC-MS检测及鉴别

利用在线液相色谱-气相色谱-质谱法(LC-GC-MS)检测再生纸和原纸中的矿物油成分,结合多元统计分析,研究了再生纸和原纸的差异性并进行鉴别。利用正己烷-乙醇(1∶1)溶液提取纸样中矿物油成分,通过在线液相色谱-气相色谱-质谱法分析提取物,并对色谱图进行解卷积和保留时间对齐处理,结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)方法筛选再生纸和原纸的差异性物质,并对两种纸样进行鉴别。结果表明,基于纸张中矿物油成分,使用多元统计分析可以清楚地区分再生纸和原纸。再生纸与原纸中的差异性物质有:芳香烃矿物油(MOAH)馏分中的二异丙基萘同分异构体、四甲基联苯同分异构体、二甲基联苯同分异构体、异丙基联苯同分异构体,饱和烃矿物油(MOSH)馏分中碳原子数为25～33的正构烷烃。     

饱和链烃沸点的通用经验计算公式

众多计算正烷烃(直链饱和烃)沸点的经验公式中,大概要数公式(1)最为令人满意了:(1)它的确适用范围宽且又精确度高,这可从文献[1]所列表中清楚地看出,N 即使取到100,计算值与实测值仍相当符合,然而,美中不足的是该式对带支链的饱和烃却不能适用。有人发表了含拓扑指数的公式(2):     

一氯代烃只有一种结构的必要条件

在中学有机化学中 ,对于甲烷和乙烷等简单的烃 ,判断其一氯代物同分异构体种数是非常简单的问题 ,若问你烷烃C4 85H972 和单烯烃C4 86H972 以及稠环节芳烃C2 4 H12 等 ,是否存在一氯代物只有一种的可能性呢 ?本文就中学化学中遇到的一些烃 ,对其是否存在一氯代物只有一种结构的可能性 ,做简单的一些规律性探讨。1　烷烃的一氯代物只有一种的问题　　 ( 1)甲烷的一氯代物只有一种是我们非常熟悉的 ,若以甲烷为母体 ,我们每次以甲基取代其中的全部氢原子 ,并依次取代 ,会得到以下一系列的对称结构 :a1 a2 a3 …an结构式CHHHH CCH3CH3C…     

烷烃Wiener指数的简便计算法

本文总结了烷烃Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数的计算方法，提出了一个计算支链烷烃系列Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数的简便方法，并给出了３３个支链烷烃系列Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数的计算公式。应用这些公式，可由碳原子数直接算得支链烷烃的Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数。     

取代烷烃极性交替规律的进一步探讨

运用 Ｇ９４Ｗ量子化学程序包,在 ＨＦ／６－３１＋ Ｇ基组和全几何优化的水平上,对一系列烷烃及其取代烷烃分子进行从头计算．通过比较母体烷烃及取代烷烃中原子的电荷,进一步证实并具体阐述取代烷烃有如共轭体系那样也存在极性交替规律．并着重提出了诱导极性有向叠加的观点,探讨其在定性分析键型相同的同分异构体稳定性等方面的应用．     

计算多氯代烷烃异构体生成焓的新方法

在我们提出诱导极性叠加原理并用以解释同分异构体稳定性及设计烷烃异构体标准生成焓计算新方法的基础上,进一步设计了含多个杂原子体系的取代烷烃——氯代烷烃异构体生成焓的五参数的新方法.与目前应用较广的九参数的基团加和法相比,计算精度高、预报性好,其预报的均方根误差、平均误差比实验数据的相应偏差还要小.而且,特别重要的是,由于所用的参数少,它在理论上可以推广到含各种杂原子或基团以及多种杂原子或基团共存的化合物生成焓的计算.     

The numbers of chiral and achiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes

Whereas the theory for the enumeration of the optical isomers of the lakyl radicals and the alkanes has long been understood, this is not the case for the corresponding archiral isomers. We present for the first time recurrence formulae for counting the number of archiral isomers of the alkyl radicals and the alkanes. For chiral and archiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes, numerical results up to C₁₄ are tabulated.After presenting the history of the problem and the necessary definitions, we proceed to derive functional equations on the various generating functions, which readily yield the more explicit recurrence formulae usefule for numerical calculations. In the process, we first re-derive Pólya's expression for planted steric trees using his classical enumeration theorem. This result is then extended to the enumeration of free steric trees using the now standard tree-counting method due to Otter and known as a dissimilarity characteristic equation.By definition, a steric tree is a quartic tree (all points having degree 1 or 4) in which the four neighbors of every carbon point are given a tetrahedral configuration. Building on the methods of the first two authors for counting chiral and archiral trees in the plane, we obtain the formula for counting achiral steric trees, thus setting a problem first enunciated by van't Hoff and Le Bel in 1874.     

Upgrading Octane Number of Naphtha by a Robust and Easily Attainable Metal-Organic Framework through Selective Molecular Sieving of Alkane Isomers

The separation of alkanes, particularly monobranched and dibranched isomers, is of paramount importance in the petrochemical industry for optimizing the feedstock of ethylene production as well as for upgrading the octane number of gasoline. Here, we report the full separation of linear/monobranched alkanes from their dibranched isomers by a robust and easily scalable metal-organic framework material, Co₃(HCOO)₆. The compound completely excludes dibranched alkanes but adsorbs their linear and monobranched isomers, as evidenced by single-component and multicomponent adsorption measurements. More importantly, the material exhibits excellent performance in separating naphtha and is capable of providing high quality feedstock for the production of ethylene and gasoline components with high octane number, making it a promising candidate for naphtha separation in petrochemical industry.     

Reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculation of the Soret coefficient in liquid heptane/benzene mixtures

We studied the thermal diffusion behavior of mixtures of benzene and heptane isomers by reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. For n-heptane/benzene mixtures, we investigated the concentration dependence of the Soret coefficient. The Soret coefficient for equimolar mixtures of the three heptane isomers 3-methylhexane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, and 2,4-dimethylpentane in benzene has been calculated. Compared to the experimental data, the simulation results show the same trend in dependence of the mole fraction and degree of branching. The negative Soret coefficient indicates the enrichment of alkanes in the warm side. In the case of the heptane isomers in benzene, we could study the influence of the difference in shape and size on the thermal diffusion behavior at constant mass. In the simulation as well as in the experiment, we found that the Soret coefficients become higher with increasing degree of branching. Such behavior cannot be explained only by mass and size effects. The effect of the molecular shape needs to be considered additionally.     

Exploration of the accessible chemical space of acyclic alkanes

Saturated acyclic alkanes show steric strain if they are highly branched and, in extreme cases, fall apart rapidly at room temperature. Consequently, attempts to count the number of isomeric forms for a given molecular formula that neglect this physical consideration will inevitably overestimate the size of the available chemical space. Here we derive iterative equations to enumerate the number of isomers (both structural and optical are considered separately) for the alkane series that take into account the inherent instability of certain carbon skeletons. These function by filtering out certain substructures from the graph representation of the molecule which have been found to be thermodynamically unstable. We use these relations to report new estimates of the size of physically accessible chemical space for acyclic alkanes and show that for large molecules there are more isomers that are structurally disallowed than there are allowed.     

Catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons promoted by coordination unsaturated Zr and Ti compounds: A density functional theory study

The paper is a review of a series of publications devoted to a number of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions, their mechanisms, and energy characteristics. These reactions are promoted by coordination unsaturated compounds of Ti and Zr and proceed with cleavage and/or formation of C-C and C-H bonds in the hydrocarbon chain (polymerization reaction of ethylene, styrene, and butadiene-1,3, hydrogenolysis and hydroisomerization of linear and branched alkanes, and H/D isotope exchange in alkanes). A high-level quantum chemical method (DFT, PBE functional, gauss type TZ2p basis sets, the original PRIRODA program) was applied for the catalytic systems under the study. The nature and the structure of the active center, detailed mechanisms, and energy profile of the reaction of the substrate with a catalytic particle are considered. We compare our data with the results of both experimental and theoretical contributions from other authors.     

Experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of xylenes

This paper describes an experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of the three isomers of xylene (ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐xylenes). For each compound, ignition delay times of hydrocarbon–oxygen–argon mixtures with fuel equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2 were measured behind reflected shock waves for temperatures from 1330 to 1800 K and pressures from 6.7 to 9 bar. The results show a similar reactivity for the three isomers. A detailed kinetic mechanism has been proposed, which reproduces our experimental results, as well as some literature data obtained in a plug flow reactor at 1155 K showing a clear difference of reactivity between the three isomers of xylene. The main reaction paths have been determined by sensitivity and flux analyses and have allowed the differences of reactivity to be explained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 284–302, 2006     

Series analysis methods in enumeration of chemical isomers

Summary Methods of series analysis are used to interpret the results of a computer enumeration of chemical isomers. It is demonstrated how a typical asymptotic behavior that controls the number of isomers arises from singular points of the generating function. The approach is tested on the examples of the isomers of alkanes, alkenes, alkyl radicals and polyenes.     

Thermodynamic investigation of the adsorption of amides on graphite from their liquids and binary mixtures

We report a thermodynamic investigation of the adsorption of saturated and unsaturated (cis- and trans-) alkyl amides onto the surface of graphite from their pure liquids and from binary mixtures. We identify the formation of solid monolayers of the amides at temperatures when the bulk materials are liquid. The extent of this presolidification is much more extensive than other related materials, indicating that these amide layers are significantly more stable. The monolayer stability is found to be greatest for saturated amides. In addition, the stability of unsaturated amides is extremely sensitive to the location of the double bonds in the alkyl chain of the molecules, and trans isomers are found to be more stable than cis. We also address the preferential adsorption and mixing behavior of amide mixtures and amides mixed with other species coadsorbed onto graphite from binary solution. The results indicate that the amide molecules appear to be adsorbed with their principal axis parallel to the graphite surface and that amides are found to be strongly preferentially adsorbed with respect to alkanes. Interestingly the amides appear to mix rather better than might have been expected. There is also evidence of a number of other transitions in the adsorbates.     

Predicting hydrophobic solvation by molecular simulation: 1. Testing united‐atom alkane models

We present a systematic test of the performance of three popular united‐atom force fields—OPLS‐UA, GROMOS and TraPPE—at predicting hydrophobic solvation, more precisely at describing the solvation of alkanes in alkanes. Gibbs free energies of solvation were calculated for 52 solute/solvent pairs from Molecular Dynamics simulations and thermodynamic integration making use of the IBERCIVIS volunteer computing platform. Our results show that all force fields yield good predictions when both solute and solvent are small linear or branched alkanes (up to pentane). However, as the size of the alkanes increases, all models tend to increasingly deviate from experimental data in a systematic fashion. Furthermore, our results confirm that specific interaction parameters for cyclic alkanes in the united‐atom representation are required to account for the additional excluded volume within the ring. Overall, the TraPPE model performs best for all alkanes, but systematically underpredicts the magnitude of solvation free energies by about 6% (RMSD of 1.2 kJ/mol). Conversely, both GROMOS and OPLS‐UA systematically overpredict solvation free energies (by ∼13% and 15%, respectively). The systematic trends suggest that all models can be improved by a slight adjustment of their Lennard‐Jones parameters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.