超临界二氧化碳向心涡轮设计及变工况性能预测

本文针对以超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_2)为工质的向心涡轮,在常规一维分析方法的基础上,引入相应的损失模型,开发出适用于真实气体工质物性计算的一维气动设计程序和一维变工况性能预测程序。文中首先利用试验对损失模型的准确性进行了验证,进而针对某S-CO_2向心涡轮,利用所开发程序进行了设计和性能分析,并采用三维CFD方法进行了数值模拟。结果显示,设计方案的气动性能和变工况运行性能良好,并且一维计算结果与三维模拟结果总体吻合,说明一维程序的分析结果精确可靠;但一维预测程序对于堵塞点质量流量计算值偏高,为程序进一步改进指明了方向。     

低展弦比高负荷涡轮气动参数选取准则的分析和研究

本文采用数值模拟方法研究了高负荷涡轮中载荷系数,流量系数、反动度和轴向速比四个参数对涡轮级效率的影响,采用的计算程序以等熵效率公式为基础,并加入了改进的KO损失模型,在一定载荷系数、流量系数、反动度、轴向速比、稠度、轮毂比、展弦比、尾缘厚度/喉部宽度和叶顶间隙/叶高范围内,通过正交实验设计方法分析了各参数对涡轮效率的敏感性,其中稠度、轮毂比、展弦比和尾缘厚度/喉部宽度的敏感性相对较低,可以忽略。与此同时,针对一载荷系数2.6、压比5的高负荷涡轮详细计算分析了载荷系数、流量系数、反动度和轴向速比四个参数对涡轮效率的影响和选取准则,通过综合分析得到了具有一定适用范围的高负荷涡轮气动参数选取参考图。在此基础上,进行了高负荷涡轮气动方案设计,并利用三维数值模拟手段对所设计的气动方案进行了验证,结果表明:三维数值计算结果与一维分析结果偏差较小,采用此准则选取相关气动参数可以设计出满足条件并且性能良好的高负荷跨声速涡轮。     

局部进气涡轮优化设计研究

为了能够有效优化局部进气涡轮性能,通过对现有软件模块进行二次开发,并利用人工神经网络结合粒子群-遗传混合算法,建立了局部进气涡轮气动优化设计平台,分别在全周进气单流道和局部进气环境下对涡轮进行了分步优化。结果表明:在全周进气单流道条件下,通过对各排动静叶进出口几何角、安装角和第一级动叶积叠规律的优化,改善了涡轮内部流动状态,使涡轮总静效率在全周进气单流道条件下累计提升了3.24%;通过对全周进气单流道优化结果进行局部进气构型,并进一步在局部进气环境下对第一级动叶叶型进行优化,消除了第一级动叶排根部因局部进气气动参数周向分布不均匀而导致的流动分离,使优化后的局部进气涡轮总静效率较原型累计提升了3.72%。     

有机工质向心透平气动设计与变工况性能预测

本文按实际气体计算有机工质蒸气物性,编写有机工质向心透平气动设计和变工况性能预测程序,对以R123为工质的向心透平进行气动设计优化、变工况性能预测计算。通过数值实验模拟分析三维流动情况和整机性能,结果显示透平设计和性能预测结果有效、可靠,但气动设计对强激波引起的损失及气流偏转估计不足,需要改进气动设计和性能预测方法,优化叶型。     

7 MW单级跨音离心透平设计与分析

离心透平作为一种结构紧凑、气动效率较高的新型透平类型,在中小型工业汽轮机以及余能利用等场所中具有良好的应用前景。本文借鉴常规透平的气动设计方法,参考某跨音向心透平的初始设计参数,以过热蒸汽为工质,进行了单级跨音离心透平的一维气动设计。利用CFX等工具根据一维设计对透平进行动静叶优化、数值模拟,并对变工况性能进行计算分析。结果显示该单级跨音离心透平具有良好的气动性能和变工况性能,设计工况效率高达87.36%,且变工况范围较宽。     

单/双向进气再入式涡轮内部流动特性研究

利用三维数值计算方法,得到了单/双向进气再入式涡轮总体性能参数,并对其内部流动进行了详细研究。通过对数值模拟结果的分析表明:单向进气再入式涡轮尺寸较大、结构复杂的再入管道,使得流经其中的燃气总压损失大于双向进气结构型式,且单向进气再入涡轮第二级动叶进口负冲角更大,造成更高的进气损失,因而其总静效率较双向进气结构型式低2.37%。单向进气再入涡轮动叶排两侧压力沿周向分布不均匀性参数分别为1.0472和1.6530,双向进气结构型式为1.8497和1.1233,双向进气结构型式压力沿周向不均匀性更大,导致轴向间隙内的燃气沿周向窜流的程度更大,且双向进气结构型式的第一级进气扇区与出口段布置在同侧,使得沿周向窜动的燃气更易直接流出涡轮,降低了再入管道对前面级燃气的收集能力。     

涡轮叶顶泄漏控制研究进展

通过归纳国内外涡轮叶顶泄漏控制研究,总结了轴流、向心涡轮采用的叶顶泄漏控制方法及取得的研究进展,分析了不同控制方法的特点和不足,最后对涡轮叶顶泄漏控制方法的发展趋势进行了展望。目前,带冠轴流涡轮叶顶泄漏控制方法除了传统的迷宫密封,还有蜂窝密封、干气密封等;不带冠轴流涡轮控制方法种类较多,可细分为主动控制方法和被动控制方法;开式和半开式向心涡轮控制方法目前仅有叶型优化和机匣开槽;闭式向心涡轮控制方法较为单一,以迷宫密封为主。轴流涡轮中多种泄漏控制方法耦合具有较好的应用前景;开式和半开式向心涡轮中综合有效的叶顶泄漏控制方法,以及闭式向心涡轮轮盖空腔非设计工况和非定常工况下的泄漏特性有待进一步研究。     

离心式涡轮增压器透平的设计与分析

离心式涡轮增压器透平具有与传统透平不一样的结构,本文对某一小流量、高转速、小轮径的离心式透平进行一维气动设计、三维流场模拟与优化以及变工况性能研究。首先,对流体工质以及流动过程进行简化处理,获得一维气动设计的结果;接着,采用计算流体力学软件对离心透平级进行数值模拟,通过改变叶片数目、叶片厚度、中弧线形状等进行叶型优化,获得更合理的流场;最后,分析不同转速、不同流量(背压)下离心式透平的变工况性能。     

半开式向心涡轮多物理场耦合优化设计

本文引入叶片几何参数化模型、单向流固耦合算法和均匀试验设计法建立了向心涡轮叶片优化平台。通过对某向心涡轮内三维转捩流场、温度场和叶片固体域的求解,完成了该涡轮的流-热-固多物理场耦合优化设计,获得了最优子午面型线、叶片安装角分布和厚度分布,使其效率有所提高.结果表明:向心涡轮的等熵效率由89.2%提高到89.9%,叶片尾缘泄漏流损失明显降低,最大等效应力和最大径向变形量满足材料拉伸屈服强度和叶顶间隙尺寸要求。     

风向对侧向进气装置外流场影响的数值研究

采用三维数值模拟方法及Polyhedra多面体网格重组技术研究了船舶侧向进气装置在不同风向下的气动性能,计算结果表明多面体网格在保证计算精度情况下可有效提高计算效率3倍左右,同时给出两侧百叶窗关键气动参数的分布规律,并对比分析了不同风向下外流场结构的变化情况.得出侧向进气两侧气动参数差异较大,在保证两侧百叶窗进气流量相仿时易会导致燃气轮机进气畸变的产生的结论,为船用进气装置布置形式的设计提供一定的参考数据.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.