Joint passive-phase conjugation with adaptive multichannel combining for coherent underwater acoustic communications

This paper presents a receiver structure which exploits spatial diversity by adaptive multichannel combining, which improves the performance of passive time reversal communications realized by passive-phase conjugation (PPC). PPC processing achieves pulse compression for the time delayed arrivals at the receiver, and this property is used for coherent communications to reduce the computational load. The presented structure takes advantage of pulse compression and performs adaptive multichannel combining, where the number of taps for adaptive multichannel processing is significantly reduced in order to decrease the computational load. With a previous output mean square error (MSE), the adaptive combining minimizes current output MSE, where spatial diversity is exploited by the adaptive combining. This structure improves performance of the passive time reversal approach, even though the taps for combining span one symbol interval. The performance improvement is demonstrated by a set of real data collected in a recent sea experiment, which was conducted in a range dependent acoustic channel over a range of 4 km.     

Coherent underwater communication using passive time reversal over multipath channels

Passive time reversal exploits underwater acoustic channels’ spatial and temporal diversity. It can refocus multipath propagated signal at the receiver and can be realized simply by the passive phase conjugation (PPC) method. By the temporal focusing, time delay spread caused by multipath propagation is mitigated for spectral efficient coherent communications. However, the PPC method is unable to eliminate multipath and is limited by channel variations. An adaptive equalizer is therefore needed to compensate residual multipath after refocusing and to track channel temporal variations. Spatial diversity is obtained by using a vertical receiving array. In this paper we used 4-hydrophone array and demonstrated that the adaptive decision feedback equalization in conjunction with PPC significantly decreased the bit error rate.     

基于扩频码的单载波迭代频域均衡水声通信

单载波时域均衡在长时延扩展水声信道中计算量大,并对接收机参数的选择较为敏感,可靠性低,而正交频分复用信号峰均功率比高、对频率偏移敏感. 针对这些问题,提出基于扩频码的单载波块传输高速率水声通信方法和基于T/4分数间隔迭代频域均衡的接收机算法. 该接收机利用已知扩频码进行信道估计以及对由多普勒偏移引起的旋转相位进行估计,并通过一种低复杂度迭代频域均衡算法改善系统性能. 开展了湖上实验研究,结果表明在浅水1.8 km距离且复杂多径干扰条件下,利用BPSK/QPSK调制可实现10^-2–10^-4的误码率并达到1500–3000 bit/s的有效数据率. 关键词： 水声通信 单载波 频域均衡 迭代处理     

基于重复编码的海上可见光通信大气信道建模

可见光通信作为一种新型无线通信技术,在海上舰船场景中的应用吸引了广泛的关注.海上可见光通信系统受多种因素的影响,包括海浪随机起伏和大气湍流,大气湍流将导致可见光信号的强度随机波动,降低可见光通信系统在大气中的链路质量.本文基于对数正态衰减分布,建立了采用重复编码的海上可见光通信的链路评估模型.在此基础上,根据Pierson-Moskowitz海谱,分析了海上风速、大气折射率结构常数、能见度、重复编码分集度以及接收器孔径对可见光通信系统平均误码率的影响.本文提出的海上大气链路评估模型可为海上可见光通信网络的搭建提供重要参考.     

一种光正交频分复用系统的联合相位均衡方法

正交频分复用（OFDM）技术加相干接收与数字信号处理法(DSP)的组合是超长距离光通信的理想模型。光OFDM系统对相位噪声十分敏感,必须对相位噪声进行补偿。提出一种基于正交小波基变换的光OFDM系统的联合相位均衡方案。该方案将块状导频周期性地插入OFDM信号,在接收端利用导频信息首先消除各个子载波的公共相位误差,然后采用自适应均衡方式消除每个子载波自身相位误差。仿真结果表明,对于二进制正交振幅键控(4QAM)调制信号,在采用常规的G.652光纤、100 Gb/s的相干光OFDM系统中,该联合相位补偿方法可使信号在满足传输系统的误码性能要求下,传输距离达到1000 km。     

A Signal processing method of OFDM communication receiver based on CNN

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) the signal processing is a key issue in wireless communication research. The multipath effect and Doppler shift of wireless communication channels can lead to distortion of the transmitted signal, which poses a considerable challenge to the information recovery of communication receivers. This paper presents the signal processing method of OFDM communication based on convolutional neural network (CNN). The method replaces all signal processing modules of the OFDM communication receiver with CNN, and the information is recovered by the CNN. In order to adapt to the processing of communication signals, we designed a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CONV-CNN) model as the neural network structures by this method. Simulation results indicate that the signal processing method effectively reduces the bit error rate (BER) and improves its performance compared with the conventional reception method under different channel conditions.     

混沌与湍流大气中的光通信

目前, 光无线通信的质量主要受到大气信道环境的制约, 大气信道中混沌介质与湍流的强烈扰动使得通信质量很差, 甚至通信中断. 提出了一种面到点的光无线通信机理: 利用面阵各单元的光信号在混沌介质中传输通道的空间非相干性, 通过桶探测器收集通过混沌介质的光信号的能量和, 平均各传输通道的交叉干扰, 降低混沌介质对光无线通信的影响; 利用随机噪声与随机编码的空间非相干性, 经过二阶相关运算, 构建新的信号传输方程, 减弱大气湍流及背景光对信号解码的干扰, 使得接收端并不需要窄带光学滤波器. 数值仿真和演示实验表明, 该光无线通信机理在混沌与湍流大气中的误码率为10^-4-10^-2, 能够实现复杂大气环境中的光通信, 在军事、抢险救援等方面具有重要应用价值.     

On the use of wavelength and time diversity in optical wireless communication systems over gamma–gamma turbulence channels

Optical wireless communication or free space optical systems have gained significant research and commercial attention in recent years due to their cost-effective and license-free high bandwidth access characteristics. However, by using the atmosphere as transmission media, the performance of such a system depends on the atmospheric conditions that exist between transmitter and receiver. Indeed, for an outdoor optical channel link, the existence of atmospheric turbulence may significantly degrade the performance of the associated communication system over distances longer than 1 or even 0.5 km. In order to anticipate this, particular attention has been given to diversity methods. In this work, we consider the use of wavelength and time diversity in wireless optical communication systems that operate under weak to strong atmospheric turbulence conditions modeled by the gamma–gamma distribution, and we derive closed form mathematical expressions for estimating the system's achievable outage probability and average bit error rate. Finally, numerical results referred to common practical cases are also obtained in order to show that wavelength and time diversity schemes enhances considerably these systems’ availability and performance.     

Widely linear equalization for IQ imbalance contaminated multicarrier systems

In a multicarrier modulated (MCM) wireless communication system, the received bandpass signal is downconverted to the baseband signal for ease of receive processing. During downconversion, a slight mismatch in the amplitude and phase of locally generated sinusoidal signal in the In-Phase and Quadrature (IQ) branches of downconverter results in IQ imbalance of the baseband signal. The IQ imbalance leads to mirror interference between subcarriers of an MCM system and degrades the performance. To compensate for the effects of IQ imbalance, this paper presents widely linear minimum mean square error (WL-MMSE) based equalization technique and compares it with the traditionally used linear minimum mean square error (L-MMSE) based equalization technique. A performance comparison between WL-MMSE and L-MMSE based estimation techniques in terms of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) suggests that the former outperforms the latter in the presence of IQ imbalance.     

Comparative study of classifiers to mitigate intersymbol interference in diffuse indoor optical wireless communication links

The maximum data rate that can be achieved in diffuse indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) is limited due to the effect of intersymbol interference (ISI). The adverse effect of ISI on the system performance can be minimised using a channel equaliser at the receiver. In this study, digital signal detection is formulated as a classification problem and hence a classifier is adopted at the receiver. The bit error performance of classifiers with non-linear decision boundary including a multilayer perceptron (MLP), a support vector machine (SVM), the radial basis function (RBF), and the Bayesian classifier is studied along with traditional equaliser and reported here. The MLP offers the best performance; however there is trade-off between the performance and complexity especially at highly diffuse channel.     

Signal processing for high speed underwater acoustic transmission of image

A signal processing method for high-speed underwater acoustic transmission of image is presented. It has two parts. Part 1 introduces signal processing for underwater acoustic coherent communication. Part 1 includes 3 technical points. （1） Doppler shift compensation. Chirp signals are inserted between data packages. A correlation process between two copy correlation functions gives more accurate estimation of the mean Doppler shift. Then it could be compensated by resampling the data. In adaptive decision feedback equalizer （DFE） an adaptive phase compensator with fast self-optimized least mean square （FOLMS） adaptation algorithm is utilized resulting in better motion tolerance than compensators with 2nd order Phase-Lock Loop algorithm. The performance of the combination of mean Doppler shift compensation and adaptive phase compensator is quite good. （2） A diversity combiner （DC） used in advance of equalizer. Both combiner and adaptive DFE are based on FOLMS adaptation algorithm. This results in reduced computation complexity and better performance. （3） Cascaded equalizer and Turbo-Trellis Coded Modulation （TCM） decoder and the iteration algorithm. A new bitsymbol converter based on Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm （SOVA） is studied. Comparing with the traditional decision, coding and mapping algorithm, the new converter can reduce Bit Error Rate（BER） by nearly 2 orders. Part 2 is mainly around a robust image compression algorithm. Based on Discrete wavelet transform and fixed length coding, a robust compression algorithm for acoustic image is studied. The algorithm includes 4 technical points. （1） Utilizes CDF9/7 wavelet bases to transform the images. （2） Analyses the energy distribution of subband coefficients. Suitable transformation layer number is 3. （3） Applies different quantization steps to different subbands in accordance with their energy distribution. （4） Uses fixed length coding to prevent error propagation. The results show the algorithm achieves a balance among image quality, compression rate, and most important, robustness to BER. The compressed bit rate of gray scale acoustic image is 0.85 bit/pixel. Image quality remains good when BER is lower than 10^-3. There are some small dirty points when BER rises to 10^-2. Based on the signal processing techniques above mentioned, an underwater acoustic commumcation system is built. Its operational frequency band is （7.5-12.5） kHz. Its receiving array is an 8 elements uniform linear array. QPSK and 8PSK modulation and iteration algorithm for cascaded equalizer and 1-Turbo-TCM decoder based on hard SOVA are used. The system has been tested in Qiandao Lake. Low BER is achieved in 5.5 km range when data rate is 10 kbps. One gray scale image can be transmitted in 7 s. The product of its communication distance and data rate is 55 km kbps.     

基于高阶累计量的大气光通信自适应信号处理

针对强湍流信道下信号衰落的特点,分析了对数正态分布模型与K分布模型的适用范围.基于K分布模型建立大气光通信接收信号模型,并给出了自适应最优门限检测方法.采用四阶和六阶累计量对强湍流信道参量进行估计,采用二阶累计量对其它高斯噪音进行估计,得到K分布参量及高斯噪音统计量的预测值,实现自适应门限更新.基于Monte Calro算法进行仿真,给出了门限更新算法对通信系统误码率的影响,同时分析了信号采样率对估计参量偏差的影响.计算表明,在强湍流情况下,大气光通信系统的误码率性能得到极大的改善,优于基于MLSD检测的接收机.     

An efficient spread spectrum pulse position modulation scheme for point-to-point underwater acoustic communication

The underwater acoustic channel is a complicated and time-varying multipath channel, and many equalization algorithms have been researched and developed to overcome the difficulties for underwater acoustic communication. Unfortunately, many algorithms are computational intensive and prone to lose convergence due to their sensitiveness to different channel configurations. In this paper, a pulse position modulation (PPM) scheme is proposed, and it uses two M-sequences of low cross-correlation to transfer information, which are modulated on two orthogonal carriers. One is used as a reference sequence, and the other is shifted relative to the reference. Information is carried by the starting time difference between the two sequences in each symbol. Comparing with conventional direct-sequence spread spectrum technique, the proposed scheme is more spectral efficient. Two receiver designs are given, one takes advantages of M-sequences’ auto-correlation properties, and the other is motivated by passive phase conjugation (PPC) to take advantages of the channel. Combined with M-sequence, PPC performance is augmented without a receiving array to cover the water column, and it is far less complex than adaptive equalizers for receivers. Results from lake field trials are analyzed, and they verify potential applications of this PPM scheme.     

室内可见光通信复合光学接收端设计与分析

本文提出了一种适用于室内可见光通信的新型光学接收端的设计.根据复合抛物面聚光器的聚光特性,将光电探测器与复合抛物面聚光器耦合作为接收子单元,并将这些接收子单元按照特定的几何关系嵌入一个半球面中,得到角度分集型的复合光学接收端,达到水平方向360°,垂直方向180°的大视场.对每个接收单元接收到的光能量,低传输数据时进行相加求和作为最终的接收功率,高数据速率时取各个子单元的最大值作为接收功率.在一个5 m×5 m×3 m的空旷房间中,通过MATLAB对室内可见光通信系统建模仿真.计算结果表明,采用这种复合型光学接收端后,两种不同处理算法下的接收功率相对于直接接收分别提高了11.85和7.47 dB,增益分别为15.31和5.98.信噪比较高,两种情况下的平均值分别为79.17和72.26 dB,且接收信噪比分布平缓,波动较小.这说明采用本文设计的光学接收端,不仅能够得到较大的接收端视场角,同时获得较高的增益和接收功率,以及稳定的接收信噪比,避免了室内可见光通信系统中通信盲区的存在,保证了室内通信性能的稳定性.     

Design of adaptive dispersion compensation and demodulation system for 40 Gbps RZ-DQPSK optical fiber communication receivers

An adaptive terminal dispersion compensation and demodulation scheme based on dual-feedback strategy for 40 Gbps return-to-zero differential quaternary phase shift keying (RZ-DQPSK) fiber communication receivers is proposed to achieve high reliability receiving performances. In the receiving system introduced in this paper we utilize both the balanced receiver feedback and framer error rate to achieve accurate RZ-DQPSK optical signal demodulation and adaptive dispersion compensation. Compared to traditional RZ-DQPSK receivers, the proposed design combines the chromatic dispersion (CD) compensation and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) adjusting and automatically estimates the dispersion compensation parameters without human intervention. And another improvement is introducing the framer error rate as feedback quantity to ensure the accuracy of CD and MZI adjusting. Finally, we present the performance of the designed receiver by showing the simulations and experiment results in actual telecommunication engineering projects.     

Comparison between direct-sequence and multicarrier spread-spectrum acoustic communications in time-varying channels

Underwater communication experiments have been conducted in the Norwegian Oslofjord. Two modulation schemes are compared in a 7-kHz frequency band on a 14-kHz center frequency. The first scheme is direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), using a 7-chip spreading code to achieve a raw data rate of 1000 bps on a single carrier. The second scheme is multicarrier spread spectrum (MCSS) and accomplishes spreading by using seven subbands. The DSSS receiver equalizes on the chips prior to explicit symbol despreading, whereas MCSS features joint multiband equalization and despreading. Four channels are examined, from nearly static to overspread. In slowly varying channels, MCSS offers the best performance. DSSS has the best tracking potential for rapidly varying channels, where the challenge is to obtain reliable chip decisions before symbol despreading. The tracking potential can be realized to some extent by hypothesis-feedback equalization. It is further shown that adaptive equalizers are capable of code conversion, i.e., the DSSS receiver can demodulate the MCSS waveform, and vice versa. Neither receiver requires knowledge of the spreading code in order to despread the data.     

一种基于DFT时域插值的OFDM水声信道估计改进方法

信道估计作为OFDM通信系统中的重要部分,其性能关系到整个系统的误比特率。本文提出了一种基于DFT时域插值的信道估计改进方法,用于OFDM水声通信系统。该方法利用噪声门限抑制多径之间的信道估计噪声,计算简单,达到较好的信道估计效果。对该方法进行了理论分析,仿真实验以及海试。在海试中得到传输距离2km,有效数据率2.8kbit/s,证明该方法可以用于中短程浅海水声通信。     

车辆间大气激光移动通信调制方式研究

对大气激光移动通信的调制方式进行了研究,介绍了OOK、PPM、DPPM、DPIM及DH-PIM调制方式并分析了其各项性能指标,提出一种H-PPM调制方式并与其它调制方式进行了比较.该方式在继承标准PPM优良误码特性的同时,在接收端解调时不需要符号同步,简化了接收机的设计,降低了系统实现的难度.理论分析和仿真结果表明,此H-PPM调制方式可以满足移动车辆间短距离、高可靠性、小数据容量激光通信的需要.     

Multi-array iterative receiver for underwater acoustic OFDM communications with EXIT chart evaluation

In this paper, a multi-array iterative receiver based on log-likelihood ratio (LLR)-combining detection involving joint sparse channel estimation and decoding is proposed for underwater acoustic OFDM communication. First, Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis is applied to evaluate the convergence behavior of the iterative receiver using the real data collected from the Kauai Acomms MURI 2011 (KAM11) experiment. This experiment was conducted in about 106 m-depth shallow water west of Kauai, HI, in June 2011, with a 20 kHz bandwidth (12–32 kHz) at range up to 3 km. It helps to explain the impact of different data configurations, detectors, and the diversity combinations in a highly inhomogeneous underwater environment and to predict the bit-error rate (BER) performance of the proposed receiver. Then the BERs as a function of the number of combined elements are illustrated to verify the prediction and analysis via the EXIT chart. Data transmission using 16QAM modulation achieves a BER of 10⁻⁴ at a data rate of 21 kb/s. The results provide guidance for the design of system parameters including the data configurations, the number of iterations for both iterative processing and low density parity check (LDPC) decoding, which are beneficial to achieve a good efficiency-performance tradeoff.     

一种递归神经网络空间分集均衡器

水声信道中的衰变多途特性常引起难以克服的码间干扰(ISI)。为了降低误码率、改善系统性能,本文提出了一种递归神经网络空间分集均衡器。它在传统的空间分集结构中融入了多层感知器,该结构能够充分利用训练信号的信息,在可调权数较少的情况下,能够得到较好的均衡效果;针对该结构,采取了初始设定权值的办法,从而使该均衡器的收敛速度得到大大提高。仿真与湖试试验结果表明,该均衡器结构合理,对空间分集均衡性能有一定的改善。