大气层外核爆炸X射线辐射场特性研究

 X射线被认为是大气层外反导栏截武器的主要破坏因素。在航天器结构材料的辐射损伤计算中，需要核爆炸X射线辐射场的数学模式。从Planck黑体谱出发，提出按温度梯度分层的归一化黑体谱组合模式，给出X射线的释放能量及辐射脉冲，从而建立了大气层外核栏截X射线辐射场特性的数学模式。     

吸积盘的X射线辐射对周围星际物质的离化研究

利用辐射流体力学程序对三倍频纳秒激光与靶物质相互作用进行了模拟研究，得到了可以产生黑体辐射谱分布的激光等离子体X射线辐射靶的最佳厚度；数值模拟研究了黑体谱分布的X射线辐射场对等离子体系统平均离化度分布的影响，它有助于深入理解天体物理中吸积盘对它周围星际物质的离化影响. 关键词： 辐射流体力学 激光等离子体 X射线辐射 吸积盘 离化     

HL－1装置放电中限制器上的硬X射线发射

观察了在ＨＬ－１装置放电电流上升段、坪区和下降部分由逃逸电子引起的硬Ｘ射线发射模式；硬Ｘ射线发射与破裂、ｍ＝２，３扰动、环电压尖峰、ＩＯＣ放电和超热电子辐射等的关系。给出了３００－３０８ｍｓ间硬Ｘ射线的闪烁脉冲幅度谱，最大能量为６．６ＭｅＶ．     

HL—1装置放电中限制器上的硬X射线发射

观察了在ＨＬ－１装置放电电流上升段、坪区和下降部分由逃逸电子引起的硬Ｘ射线发射模式；硬Ｘ射线发射与破裂、ｍ＝２，３扰动、环电压尖峰、ＩＯＣ放电和超热电子辐射等的关系。给出了３００－３０８ｍｓ间硬Ｘ射线的闪烁脉冲幅度谱，最大能量为６．６ＭｅＶ。     

Ar中抖动现象观察

本文叙述了利用准分于紫外激光打靶产生的软Ｘ射线激励（ＬＰＸ）所观察到的Ａｒ中抖动（Ｓｈａｋｅ－ｕｐ）现象．对Ａｒ＋３ｐ４４ｐ与下能态跃迁产生的６８条谱线进行了识别，标定，除两条谱线没观察到外，其余所有可能产生的跃迁谱线都已被观察到．     

透射光栅测量的解谱方法

对透射光栅谱仪配Ｘ射线ＣＣＤ的软Ｘ射线谱测量系统ＴＧ－ＸＣＣＤ进行了简要描述,提出了正交函数展开法用于透射光栅谱仪配Ｘ射线ＣＣＤ测量的谱回推。将正交展开法用于激光打击金盘靶的软Ｘ射线谱回推,并与迭代法的解谱结果进行了比较。结果基本一致,不对此测量系统进行了误差分析。     

普朗克谱分布的辐射场对束缚电子布居的影响

研究了外加普朗克辐射场对不同温度和密度下的等离子体的主量子壳层束缚电子的布居数的分布以及随时间的演化规律的调制作用.结果表明：当具有普朗克谱分布的辐射场的辐射温度接近于等离子体的电子温度,且辐射场的强度等于等效温度下的黑体谱辐射强度时,随着等离子体的时间演化,等离子体中主壳层束缚电子布居数分布由non-LTE分布过渡到LTE分布. 关键词： 流体动力学 激光等离子体 布居数 普朗克辐射场     

用叠层式探测器测量快中子堆γ谱实验

在快中子堆堆外场点的光子注量或照射量的实验测量研究过程中，热释光探测器被用于该辐射场混合场的区分测量，获得了辐射场γ射线在热释光探测器中产生的吸收剂量；但要获得辐射场的光子注量，就必须知道辐射场的丫谱数据。为此，叠层式探测器被用于快堆的γ谱的测量工作。     

用网格衰减膜相对标定SIOFM—5FW软X光底片

点降焦激光等离子体发出的Ｘ射线经晶体色散形成均匀的单色Ｘ射线源，在此基础上，用单层网格作为衰减膜，得到未经衰减和经过衰减的Ｘ射线谱，对无保护膜的ＳＩＯＦ－Ｍ５ＦＷ软Ｘ光底片作了试验性的相对标定，得到了０．９１ｎｍ波长的特性曲线。     

汉阳陵陶俑彩绘的光谱分析

本文采用Ｘ－射线衍射、发射光谱、红外光谱、Ｘ－射线荧光、光导纤维反射光谱分析等对汉阳陵陶俑彩绘进行分析鉴定。结果得出,彩绘的显色成分分别为朱砂、土红和无定形炭黑,且朱砂为人造颜料。     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

Measurement of angular distribution of soft X‐ray radiation from thin targets in the tabletop storage ring MIRRORCLE‐20SX

The only available tabletop electron storage rings are the machines from the MIRRORCLE series. The electrons are accelerated in a microtron and injected into the storage ring. During its circulation, each electron passes through a tiny target many times, emitting a photon beam. Both the spectrum and the angular distribution of the radiation depend on the material, the thickness and the shape of the target. In this paper measured angular distributions of the radiation from several different targets in the magnetic field of the 20 MeV storage ring MIRRORCLE‐20SX are presented. The detector comprises a 3 mm × 3 mm × 8.5 µm plastic scintillator (PS) coupled to a photomultiplier by a bundle of optical fibers. The output of the photomultiplier is digitized by an IF converter. This detector is sensitive mostly to soft X‐ray radiation, and its PS is moved by a mechanical system in a plane perpendicular to the radiation axis. The measured angular distributions for Mo and Sn targets contain an annulus which is attributed to transition radiation. The angular distributions for Al, carbon nanotube and diamond‐like carbon (DLC) targets show some suppression of the radiation along the magnetic field. This is the first evidence of observation of the angular distribution of synchrotron Cherenkov radiation, which represents Cherenkov radiation in a magnetic field. The power radiated from the DLC target is estimated.     

半腔靶辐射场研究中M带X光角分布测量

 在“神光Ⅱ”实验条件下，通过在半腔靶底部开大约200μm的小孔来模拟测量内爆靶丸附近的M带X光发射的角分布。介绍了实验中采用的诊断方法和实验方法，并给出了典型的实验结果。实验结果表明从半腔靶漏口所开200μm的小孔出射的M带X光不遵从cosθ分布。实验结果有助于对黑腔物理图像的理解，并为内爆实验设计提供实验依据。     

Hard X‐ray‐induced damage on carbon–binder matrix for in situ synchrotron transmission X‐ray microscopy tomography of Li‐ion batteries

The electrode of Li‐ion batteries is required to be chemically and mechanically stable in the electrolyte environment for in situ monitoring by transmission X‐ray microscopy (TXM). Evidence has shown that continuous irradiation has an impact on the microstructure and the electrochemical performance of the electrode. To identify the root cause of the radiation damage, a wire‐shaped electrode is soaked in an electrolyte in a quartz capillary and monitored using TXM under hard X‐ray illumination. The results show that expansion of the carbon–binder matrix by the accumulated X‐ray dose is the key factor of radiation damage. For in situ TXM tomography, intermittent X‐ray exposure during image capturing can be used to avoid the morphology change caused by radiation damage on the carbon–binder matrix.     

Can soaked‐in scavengers protect metalloprotein active sites from reduction during data collection?

One of the first events taking place when a crystal of a metalloprotein is exposed to X‐ray radiation is photoreduction of the metal centres. The oxidation state of a metal cannot always be determined from routine X‐ray diffraction experiments alone, but it may have a crucial impact on the metal's environment and on the analysis of the structural data when considering the functional mechanism of a metalloenzyme. Here, UV–Vis microspectrophotometry is used to test the efficacy of selected scavengers in reducing the undesirable photoreduction of the iron and copper centres in myoglobin and azurin, respectively, and X‐ray crystallography to assess their capacity of mitigating global and specific radiation damage effects. UV–Vis absorption spectra of native crystals, as well as those soaked in 18 different radioprotectants, show dramatic metal reduction occurring in the first 60 s of irradiation with an X‐ray beam from a third‐generation synchrotron source. Among the tested radioprotectants only potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) seems to be capable of partially mitigating the rate of metal photoreduction at the concentrations used, but not to a sufficient extent that would allow a complete data set to be recorded from a fully oxidized crystal. On the other hand, analysis of the X‐ray crystallographic data confirms ascorbate as an efficient protecting agent against radiation damage, other than metal centre reduction, and suggests further testing of HEPES and 2,3‐dichloro‐1,4‐naphtoquinone as potential scavengers.     

超高温FTIR光谱发射率测量系统的线性度分析

为研究航天领域特种材料高温区域的光谱辐射特性,建立了基于傅里叶光谱仪的超高温光谱发射率测量系统。系统线性度是发射率测量精度的保证,通过测量多温度点黑体辐射的光谱信号,采用多温度点线性拟合方法求得每个光谱点的光谱信号值与黑体光谱辐射亮度的函数关系式,并结合仪器线性度测量理论,建立了光谱发射率测量系统的线性度测量方法。实验测量了黑体温度范围1 000～2 000℃和光谱范围3～20μm的光谱辐射信号,求得波长λ=4μm的理论直线与测量光谱值的线性关系。实验表明,仪器在4～18μm光谱范围响应较好,除CO2强吸收光谱区域,仪器的光谱线性度均优于1%。当测量系统线性度一定时,温度越高,光谱误差对发射率的影响越小。评定光谱发射率测量系统的线性度有利于剔除个别温度点光谱扰动带来的误差。     

宇宙幼年的照片——2006年度诺贝尔物理学奖

讨论了诺贝尔物理学奖与天体物理的关系，指出2006年度诺贝尔物理学奖已经是第8个年度、第11个天体物理项目、第14、15个天体物理学家获得诺贝尔物理学奖（见正文表1）．这个奖授予宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体谱形和各向异性的发现，强有力地支持了大爆炸宇宙学．文章也讨论了这个领域近年来的重大成就．     

Thermal shield effect with uniaxial crystals

A model describing radiative transfers inside uniaxial anisotropic media is presented. The transport equations for each electromagnetic mode supported by these media are derived in the limit of geometrical optics and an analytical solution is obtained from a ray tracing method. The temperature field inside such a medium illuminated on both sides by a blackbody radiation is calculated and compared to the temperature field of an isotropic medium submitted to the same conditions. We show that the temperature field in the anisotropic medium is drastically smaller than its counterpart, even for weak anisotropy.