Almost maximal spaces

A topological space X is called almost maximal if it is without isolated points and for every x∈X, there are only finitely many ultrafilters on X converging to x. We associate with every countable regular homogeneous almost maximal space X a finite semigroup Ult(X) so that if X and Y are homeomorphic, Ult(X) and Ult(Y) are isomorphic. Semigroups Ult(X) are projectives in the category F of finite semigroups. These are bands decomposing into a certain chain of rectangular components. Under MA, for each projective S in F, there is a countable almost maximal topological group G with Ult(G) isomorphic to S. The existence of a countable almost maximal topological group cannot be established in ZFC. However, there are in ZFC countable regular homogeneous almost maximal spaces X with Ult(X) being a chain of idempotents.     

Local compactness and Hewitt realcompactifications of products II

We generalize and refine results from the author's paper [18]. For a completely regular Hausdorff space X, υX denotes the Hewitt realcompactification of X. It is proved that if υ(X×Y)=υX×υY for any metacompact subparacompact (or m-paracompact) space Y, then X is locally compact. A P(n)-space is a space in which every intersection of less than n open sets is open. A characterization of those spaces X such that υ (X×Y = υX×υY for any (metacompact) P(n)-space Y is also obtained.     

Coincidence of the Isbell and fine Isbell topologies

Let C(X,Y) be the set of all continuous functions from a topological space X into a topological space Y. We find conditions on X that make the Isbell and fine Isbell topologies on C(X,Y) equal for all Y. For zero-dimensional spaces X, we show there is a space Z such that the coincidence of the Isbell and fine Isbell topologies on C(X,Z) implies the coincidence on C(X,Y) for all Y. We then consider the question of when the Isbell and fine Isbell topologies coincide on the set of continuous real-valued functions. Our results are similar to results established for consonant spaces.     

Generalized perfect spaces

Given two Banach function spaces X and Y related to a measure μ, the Y-dual space X^Y of X is defined as the space of the multipliers from X to Y. The space X^Y is a generalization of the classical Köthe dual space of X, which is obtained by taking Y = L^t(μ). Under minimal conditions, we can consider the Y-bidual space X^YY of X (i.e. the Y-dual of X^Y). As in the classical case, the containment X ⊂ X^YY always holds. We give conditions guaranteeing that X coincides with X^YY, in which case X is said to be Y-perfect. We also study when X is isometrically embedded in X^YY. Properties involving p-convexity, p-concavity and the order of X and Y, will have a special relevance.     

Some upper bounds for density of function spaces

Let Cα(X,Y) be the set of all continuous functions from X to Y endowed with the set-open topology where α is a hereditarily closed, compact network on X which is closed under finite unions. We proved that the density of the space Cα(X,Y) is at most iw(X)⋅d(Y) where iw(X) denotes the i-weight of the Tychonoff space X, and d(Y) denotes the density of the space Y when Y is an equiconnected space with equiconnecting function Ψ, and Y has a base consists of Ψ-convex subsets of Y. We also prove that the equiconnectedness of the space Y cannot be replaced with pathwise connectedness of Y. In fact, it is shown that for each infinite cardinal κ, there is a pathwise connected space Y such that π-weight of Y is κ, but Souslin number of the space Ck([0,1],Y) is κ².     

The weak metric approximation property and ideals of operators

We study the weak metric approximation property introduced by Lima and Oja. We show that a Banach space X has the weak metric approximation property if and only if F(Y,X), the space of finite rank operators, is an ideal in W(Y,X∗∗), the space of weakly compact operators for all Banach spaces Y.     

On the density of the space of continuous and uniformly continuous functions

For X a metrizable space and (Y,ρ) a metric space, with Y pathwise connected, we compute the density of (C(X,(Y,ρ)),σ)—the space of all continuous functions from X to (Y,ρ), endowed with the supremum metric σ. Also, for (X,d) a metric space and (Y,‖⋅‖) a normed space, we compute the density of (UC((X,d),(Y,ρ)),σ) (the space of all uniformly continuous functions from (X,d) to (Y,ρ), where ρ is the metric induced on Y by ‖⋅‖). We also prove that the latter result extends only partially to the case where (Y,ρ) is an arbitrary pathwise connected metric space.To carry such an investigation out, the notions of generalized compact and generalized totally bounded metric space, introduced by the author and A. Barbati in a former paper, turn out to play a crucial rôle. Moreover, we show that the first-mentioned concept provides a precise characterization of those metrizable spaces which attain their extent.     

A note on realizing homomorphisms of category algebras

The complete Boolean homomorphisms from the category algebra $\text{C}$(X) of a complete matrix space X to the category algebra $\text{C}$(Y) of a Baire topological space Y are characterized as those σ-homomorphisms which are induced by continuous maps from dense G₈-subsets of Y into X. This result is used to deduce a series of related results in topology and measure theory (some of which are well-known). Finally a similar result for the complete Boolean homomorphisms from the category algebra $\text{C}$(X) of a compact Hausdorff space X tothe category algebra $\text{C}$(Y) of a Baire topological space Y is proved.     

On products of k-spaces

As is well known, k-spaces are characterized as quotient spaces of locally compact spaces. For a certain k-space X, we give characterizations on X for X×Y to be a k-space for every space Y in some class of k-spaces. Also, for certation k-spaces X and Y, we give characterizations on X and Y for X×Y to be a k-space.     

Normal covers of various products

Throughout this paper, we consider the following two problems: (A) When does a rectangular normal cover of a product X×Y (or an infinite product _∏λ∈ΛXλ) have a σ-locally finite rectangular cozero refinement? (B) What kind of a refinement makes a rectangular open cover of a product X×Y (or an infinite product _∏λ∈ΛXλ) be normal? We shall discuss these problems on various products listed below.     

A wage-type example with a pseudocompact factor

The following example is constructed without any set-theoretic assumptions beyond ZFC: There exist a hereditarily separable hereditarily Lindelöf space X and a first-countable locally compact separable pseudocompact space Y such that dim X = dimY = 0, while dim(X × Y)>0.     

Cocycles,extensions of group actions,and bundle representations

Let Y be an ergodic Borel G space. Conditions are determined in order for an extension X of Y to be a skew product extension of Y. These conditions depend on the behavior of the unitary bundle representation of the G space Y induced by the extension and on the existence of extensions of the G space X with certain appropriate properties.     

Summability Properties for Multiplication Operators on Banach Function Spaces

Consider a couple of Banach function spaces X and Y over the same measure space and the space X ^Y of multiplication operators from X into Y. In this paper we develop the setting for characterizing certain summability properties satisfied by the elements of X ^Y . At this end, using the “generalized Köthe duality” for Banach function spaces, we introduce a new class of norms for spaces consisting of infinite sums of products of the type xy with ${x \in X}Consider a couple of Banach function spaces X and Y over the same measure space and the space X ^Y of multiplication operators from X into Y. In this paper we develop the setting for characterizing certain summability properties satisfied by the elements of X ^Y . At this end, using the “generalized K?the duality” for Banach function spaces, we introduce a new class of norms for spaces consisting of infinite sums of products of the type xy with x ? X{x \in X} and y ? Y{y \in Y} .     

Isometric embeddings of compact spaces into Banach spaces

We show the existence of a compact metric space K such that whenever K embeds isometrically into a Banach space Y, then any separable Banach space is linearly isometric to a subspace of Y. We also address the following related question: if a Banach space Y contains an isometric copy of the unit ball or of some special compact subset of a separable Banach space X, does it necessarily contain a subspace isometric to X? We answer positively this question when X is a polyhedral finite-dimensional space, c₀ or ?₁.     

Hereditary order convexity inL(X,Y)

LetX be a topological vector space,Y an ordered topological vector space andL(X,Y) the space of all linear and continuous mappings fromX intoY. The hereditary order-convex cover [K] ^h of a subsetK ofL(X,Y) is defined by [K] ^h ={A∈L(X,Y):Ax∈[Kx] for allx∈X}, where[Kx] is the order-convex ofKx. In this paper we study the hereditary order-convex cover of a subset ofL(X,Y). We show how this cover can be constructed in specific cases and investigate its structural and topological properties. Our results extend to the spaceL(X,Y) some of the known properties of the convex hull of subsets ofX ^*.     

Semigroups and abstract Gevrey spaces

Conditions are found under which a closed linear operator A in a Banach space X generates a continuous semigroup in a linear topological space Y which is dense in X. The space Y is an abstract Gevrey space associated with the operator A. This is an abstract setting for some results for hyperbolic systems with data in spaces of Gevrey functions.     

The partially ordered set of one-point extensions

A space Y is called an extension of a space X if Y contains X as a dense subspace. Two extensions of X are said to be equivalent if there is a homeomorphism between them which fixes X point-wise. For two (equivalence classes of) extensions Y and Y^′ of X let Y?Y^′ if there is a continuous function of Y^′ into Y which fixes X point-wise. An extension Y of X is called a one-point extension of X if Y?X is a singleton. Let P be a topological property. An extension Y of X is called a P-extension of X if it has P.One-point P-extensions comprise the subject matter of this article. Here P is subject to some mild requirements. We define an anti-order-isomorphism between the set of one-point Tychonoff extensions of a (Tychonoff) space X (partially ordered by ?) and the set of compact non-empty subsets of its outgrowth βX?X (partially ordered by ⊆). This enables us to study the order-structure of various sets of one-point extensions of the space X by relating them to the topologies of certain subspaces of its outgrowth. We conclude the article with the following conjecture. For a Tychonoff spaces X denote by U(X) the set of all zero-sets of βX which miss X.

Conjecture. For locally compact spaces X and Y the partially ordered sets(U(X),⊆)and(U(Y),⊆)are order-isomorphic if and only if the spacesclβX(βX?υX)andclβY(βY?υY)are homeomorphic.     

Normality in products with a countable factor

The class of normal spaces that have normal product with every countable space is considered. A countably compact normal space X and a countable Y such that X×Y is not normal is constructed assuming CH. Also, ? is used to construct a perfectly normal countably compact X and a countable Y such that X×Y is not normal. The question whether a Dowker space can have normal product with itself is considered. It is shown that if X is Dowker and contains any countable non-discrete subspace, then X² is not normal. It follows that a product of a Dowker space and a countable space is normal if and only if the countable space is discrete. If X is Rudin's ZFC Dowker space, then X² is normal. An example of a Dowker space of cardinality ℵ₂ with normal square is constructed assuming .     

Banach spaces in various positions

We formulate a general theory of positions for subspaces of a Banach space: we define equivalent and isomorphic positions, study the automorphy index a(Y,X) that measures how many non-equivalent positions Y admits in X, and obtain estimates of a(Y,X) for X a classical Banach space such as ?p,Lp,L₁,C(ωω) or C[0,1]. Then, we study different aspects of the automorphic space problem posed by Lindenstrauss and Rosenthal; namely, does there exist a separable automorphic space different from c₀ or ?₂? Recall that a Banach space X is said to be automorphic if every subspace Y admits only one position in X; i.e., a(Y,X)=1 for every subspace Y of X. We study the notion of extensible space and uniformly finitely extensible space (UFO), which are relevant since every automorphic space is extensible and every extensible space is UFO. We obtain a dichotomy theorem: Every UFO must be either an L_∞-space or a weak type 2 near-Hilbert space with the Maurey projection property. We show that a Banach space all of whose subspaces are UFO (called hereditarily UFO spaces) must be asymptotically Hilbertian; while a Banach space for which both X and X^∗ are UFO must be weak Hilbert. We then refine the dichotomy theorem for Banach spaces with some additional structure. In particular, we show that an UFO with unconditional basis must be either c₀ or a superreflexive weak type 2 space; that a hereditarily UFO Köthe function space must be Hilbert; and that a rearrangement invariant space UFO must be either L_∞ or a superreflexive type 2 Banach lattice.     

Fixed point theorems for multifunctions having KKM property on almost convex sets

In this paper, for two nonempty subsets X and Y of a linear space E, we define the class KKM(X,Y) and investigate the fixed point problem for T∈KKM(X,X) with X an almost convex subset of a locally convex space. Our fixed point theorem contains Lassonde fixed point theorem for Kakutani factorizable multifunctions as special case.