Elektrophotolumineszenz eines Zink-Cadmium-Sulfid-Phosphors in Abhängigkeit von Anregungswellenlänge und Feldimpulsbreite

Luminescence flashes in an excited ZnCdS (Ag) phosphor occur when electric fields are put on or off. Whether these flashes are positive or negative depends on the length of the field pulse, on the exciting wavelength, and on the polarity of the irradiated electrode. There is a critical duration of the field pulses for which no field-off flash appears. At another but related critical time, the flashes with periodic field applications change sign. These times change with the exciting wavelength. The observations are interpreted as being controlled by the gradual filling of surface traps, which in its turn is influenced by the distribution of electron and hole concentrations produced by the incident radiation and the electric field. The critical time is approximately equal to the time needed for completely filling the surface traps.     

Interwell excitons in a lateral potential well in an inhomogeneous electric field

The luminescence of interwell excitons in double quantum wells based on GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor heterostructures (n-i-n structures) in a lateral trap prepared with the use of an inhomogeneous electric field was studied at helium temperatures. A rather strong and inhomogeneous electric field occurred in the depth of the heterostructure when a current passed through the contact between the conducting tip of a tunneling microscope and the heterostructure surface to the bulk region containing a built-in gate. Because of the Stark shift of energy bands in the electric field, the photoexcited electrons and holes are spatially separated in neighboring quantum wells by a tunnel-transparent barrier and are bound into interwell quasi-two-dimensional excitons. These excitons have a dipole moment even in the ground state. Therefore, electrostatic forces in the inhomogeneous electric field cause the excitons to move in the plane of quantum wells toward the maximum field region and eventually accumulate in the lateral trap artificially prepared in such a way. The maximum trap depth achieved through the inhomogeneous electric field was 13.5 meV, and its lateral size was about 10 μm. It is shown that, in the traps prepared in this way, photoexcited interwell excitons behave with increasing concentration at sufficiently low temperatures (T=2K) in the same fashion as in the lateral traps caused by large-scale fluctuations of the random potential. At concentrations exceeding the percolation threshold, the interwell excitons condense into the lowest energy state in the trap.     

Photodetachment of negative ion in a gradient electric field near a metal surface

Based on closed-orbit theory, the photodetachment of H in a gradient electric field near a metal surface is studied. It is demonstrated that the gradient electric field has a significant influence on the photodetachment of negative ions near a metal surface. With the increase of the gradient of the electric field, the oscillation in the photodetachment cross section becomes strengthened. Besides, in contrast to the photodetachment of H near a metal surface in a uniform electric field, the oscillating amplitude and the oscillating region in the cross section of a gradient electric field also become enlarged. Therefore, we can use the gradient electric field to control the photodetachment of negative ions near a metal surface. We hope that our results will be useful for understanding the photodetachment of negative ions in the vicinity of surfaces, cavities, and ion traps.     

从聚酰亚胺单分子链电荷陷阱特性的改变探讨体材料的沿面放电现象

沿面放电是破坏绝缘系统性能的原因之一.聚酰亚胺常用于高频电力设备的气-固绝缘中,为此利用密度泛函理论,从原子分子层面探讨了在外电场下聚酰亚胺及其受极性基团OH~–影响后的单分子链结构、能级与态密度、静电势、激发态等微观参数对陷阱形成以及沿面放电的影响.结果表明,外电场下,聚酰亚胺分子结构卷曲,偶极矩增加,易于积聚电荷形成空间电荷中心,尤属引入极性基团OH~–后变化较明显;聚酰亚胺分子中,苯环区域形成空穴陷阱,酰亚胺环区域形成电子陷阱,且电子陷阱能级的数量较多,其中空间电荷陷阱深度随外电场的增加逐渐变深;聚酰亚胺分子在引入极性基团OH~–后激发能降低,使得分子内部的电子变得容易被激发;电子与空穴的空间分离度随电场增加而降低,利于空穴与电子的复合而发出光子.     

Local Surface-Plasmons in Nonspherical Metal Nanoparticles

When a small metallic nanoparticle.is irradiated by incident light, the oscillating electric field can cause the conduction electrons to oscillate coherently, which excites the local surface plasmons （LSPs）. As is well known, excited LSPs can gather the energy of incident light to the surface of metallic nanoparticle. Recently, some nonspherical particles, e.g. tetrahedron, are suggested to obtain stronger localized electric field. We employ the discrete dipole approximation method to calculate the optical response of the tetrahedron nanoparticle, including the extinction and distribution of the electric field around the particle. The influences of some parameters, including the nanoparticle size, incident direction and polarization, are investigated to analyse the response modes and to obtain stronger localized electric field.     

Effects of aggregation of squaryl dye on photogeneration of charges in amorphous molecular semiconductors based on poly-N-epoxypropyl carbazole

Peculiarities of photoconductivity, photoabsorption, and photoluminescence of poly-N-epoxypropyl carbazole films doped with an intraionic dye are investigated. The anomalous temperature dependences of the photoconductivity of the films in the dye absorption region are explained by studying the effect of the dye concentration, temperature, and external electric field on the liberation of captured charges from the traps formed in the films as a result of doping. It is concluded that an increase in the dye concentration enhances its aggregation, intensifies the photogeneration of triplet electron-hole pairs, and narrows the spatial distribution of traps for holes in the vicinity of the dye. The hole charges captured in such traps are connected through the Coulomb interaction with negatively charged fragments of dye molecules. The traps are destroyed through thermal activation.     

电场辅助溶解法实现玻璃表面金纳米粒子的形貌控制

贵金属纳米粒子由于其非常独特的光学特性和表面活性, 在光子学、 催化和生物标识等方面都有非常重要的应用. 采用离子溅射和后续热处理相结合的方法在玻璃表面形成了尺寸大约为60-80 nm的单分散的球形金纳米粒子. 在适当的温度条件下, 采用步进式增加的强直流电场, 实现了金纳米粒子的电场辅助溶解过程. 在玻璃表面的不同颜色区域, 初始球形的金纳米粒子溶解成月蚀状形貌. 结合不同颜色区域内金纳米粒子的表面等离子体共振吸收性质和扫描电镜照片, 研究了实验条件对金纳米粒子性质的影响. 结合电场辅助溶解实验过程中的电流-电压特性, 分析了金纳米粒子在强直流电场辅助下溶解的物理过程: 金粒子中动出的电子向阳极的隧穿过程作为开始, 随后是金阳离子向玻璃基体中的传输过程和阴极提供的电子与带有正电荷的金粒子相结合的过程. 详细讨论了电场辅助溶解法实现金纳米粒子形貌控制的物理机制.     

Local electric field and configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on a nanostructured surface with nanocones

Based on the nanostructured surface model that the (platinum, Pt) nanocones grow out symmetrically from a plane substrate, the local electric field near the conical nanoparticle surface is computed and discussed. On the basis of these results, the adsorbed CO molecules are modelled as dipoles, and three kinds of interactions, i.e. interactions between dipoles and local electric field, between dipoles and dipoles, as well as between dipoles and nanostructured substrate, are taken into account. The spatial configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on the nanocone surface is then given by Monte-Carlo simulation. Our results show that the CO molecules adsorbed on the nanocone surface cause local agglomeration under the action of an external electric field, and this agglomeration becomes more compact with decreasing conical angle, which results in a stronger interaction among molecules. These results serve as a basis for explaining abnormal phenomena such as the abnormal infrared effect (AIRE), which was found when CO molecules were adsorbed on the nanostructured transition-metal surface.     

On the surface trapping parameters of polytetrafluoroethylene block

Surface flashover phenomena under high electric field are closely related to the surface characteristics of a solid insulating material between energized electrodes. Based on measuring the surface potential decaying curve of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) block charged by a needle-plane corona discharge, its surface trapping parameters are calculated with the isothermal current theory, and the correlative curve between the surface trap density and its energy level is obtained. The maximum density of electron traps and hole traps in the surface layer of PTFE presents a similar value of ∼2.7 × 10¹⁷ eV⁻¹ m⁻³, and the energy level of its electron and hole traps is of about 0.85-1.0 eV and 0.80-0.90 eV, respectively. Via the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique, the F, C, K and O elements are detected on the surface of PTFE samples, and F shows a remarkable atom proportion of ∼73.3%, quite different from the intrinsic distribution corresponding to its chemical formula. The electron traps are attributed to quantities of F atoms existing on the surface of PTFE due to its molecular chain with C atoms surrounded by F atoms spirally. It is considered that the distortions of chemical and electronic structure on solid surface are responsible for the flashover phenomena occurring at a low applied voltage.     

Effect of dielectric interface on vector field mapping using gold nanoparticles as a local probe: Theory and experiment

We investigate the influence of an air–dielectric interface on evanescent field vector detections using a gold nanoparticle as a local probe. In particular, we are interested in how the reflected field from the interface modifies the scattered signal, both in its strength and polarization direction depending on the detection angle. Dielectric–air or dielectric–water interface is a most widely used platform to perform single molecule spectroscopy. Knowing the electric field direction that the single molecule experiences is prerequisite for obtaining precise information on that molecule. The far-field scattered signal is derived by solving self-consistently the polarization induced on the gold nanoparticle by the local field and its radiated field in the Green function formalism. The scattered light intensity for each detector polarization direction is obtained by varying the dielectric constant, the distance from the gold nanoparticle to the interface, and the detection angle. The gold nanoparticle is modeled by a single dipole and coupled dipoles, respectively, and comparisons are given. Detection angle dependent far-field measurements are compared with theory, and they are in good agreements. Our study shows that for vector-field mapping on dielectric-interface, an ideal detector angle exists whereby the horizontal and vertical field components can be readily deduced without further correction. For any other detector angles, a correction factor should be taken into consideration to determine local field polarization direction.     

阶梯AlGaN外延新型Al_(0.25)Ga_(0.75)N/GaNHEMTs击穿特性分析

为了优化AlGaN/GaN HEMTs器件表面电场,提高击穿电压,本文首次提出了一种新型阶梯AlGaN/GaN HEMTs结构.新结构利用AlGaN/GaN异质结形成的2DEG浓度随外延AlGaN层厚度降低而减小的规律,通过减薄靠近栅边缘外延的AlGaN层,使沟道2DEG浓度分区,形成栅边缘低浓度2DEG区,低的2DEG使阶梯AlGaN交界出现新的电场峰,新电场峰的出现有效降低了栅边缘的高峰电场,优化了AlGaN/GaN HEMTs器件的表面电场分布,使器件击穿电压从传统结构的446 V,提高到新结构的640 V.为了获得与实际测试结果一致的击穿曲线,本文在GaN缓冲层中设定了一定浓度的受主型缺陷,通过仿真分析验证了国际上外延GaN缓冲层时掺入受主型离子的原因,并通过仿真分析获得了与实际测试结果一致的击穿曲线.     

Electric potential distribution near nanocone arrays on metal substrates

Based on the nanostructured surface model,where conical nanoparticle arrays grow out symmetrically from a plane metal substrate,a theoretical model of the local electric potential near nanocones is built when a uniform external electric field is applied.In terms of this model,the electric potential distribution near the nanocone arrays is obtained and given by a curved surface using a numerical computation method.The computational results show that the electric potential distribution near the nanocone arrays exhibit an obvious geometrical symmetry.These results could serve as a basis for explaining many abnormal phenomena,such as the abnormal infrared effects(AIREs) which are found on nanostructured metal surfaces,as well as a reference for investigating the applications of nanomaterials,such as nanoelectrodes and nanosensors.     

Negative space charge and electric field intensity in polymeric insulators at low temperatures

The effect of negative space charge accumulation due to injection of electrons from cathode microprotrusions on the steady-state and transient electric field distributions in polymer dielectrics is discussed. An isolated microprotrusion is modeled by a spherical capacitor in which an electrode of smaller radius is the cathode. The calculations include the fact that the distribution of negative space charge depends on the rate of capture and liberation of electrons by traps, while the activation energy of this process depends on the electric field intensity. An exponential energy distribution is proposed for the traps. It is shown that significant electrical overvoltages can only appear near the cathode microtips immediately after switching on the voltage. In the course of 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁵ s, the coefficient of electrical overvoltage drops to a few units and approaches its steady-state value. The region of significant electrical overvoltage is localized, and is the same order as the dimensions of the microtip. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1167–1172 (June 1998)     

基于有限元方法的离子俘获装置模拟计算

利用有限元程序ANSYS,开展潘宁离子俘获装置的电场模拟计算。基于电场数据,结合Runge_Kutta_Fehlberg方法进行潘宁装置在多种模式下的离子俘获过程模拟工作,得到了准确的离子俘获结果。并对实际条件下具有偏离理想情况电极分布的俘获装置进行了优化计算及电场分析,同样实现了离子俘获过程的准确模拟。有限元方法用于离子俘获装置的电场计算以及后续离子俘获过程模拟流程的建立,为类似的电势阱离子俘获装置建造运行提供有效的技术支持。     

Local field distribution and configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on the nanostructure platinum surface

This paper shows that the local electric field distribution near the nanostructure metallic surface is obtained by solving the Laplace equation, and furthermore, the configuration of CO molecules adsorbed on a Pt nanoparticle surface is obtained by using Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the uneven local electric field distribution induced by the nanostructure surface can influence the configuration of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules by a force, which drags the adsorbates to the poles of the nanoparticles. This result, together with our results obtained before, may explain the experimental results that the nanostructure metallic surface can lead to abnormal phenomena such as anti-absorption infrared effects.     

Local electrical overstressing in polymer dielectrics

Using a spherical concentric capacitor as a microspike model, the electric field distribution in a polymer dielectric material with shallow and deep electron traps is investigated. It is established that in the course of field emission from microspikes on the electrode and space charge accumulation on the traps, the values of coefficient of electric overstresses depend on temperature, injection barrier height, and trap concentration and depth in the polymer material. The behavior of this coefficient is characterized as a function of the mean field strength. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 3–9, December, 2008.     

A wire trap for neutral atoms

We present new ways of trapping a neutral atom with static electric and magnetic fields. We discuss the interaction of a neutral atom with the magnetic field of a current carrying wire and the electric field of a charged wire. Atoms can be trapped by the 1/r magnetic field of a current-carrying wire in a two-dimensional trap. The atoms move in Kepler-like orbits around the wire and angular momentum prevents them from being absorbed at the wire. Trapping was demonstrated in an experiment by guiding atoms along a 1 m long current-carrying wire. Stable traps using the interaction of a polarizable atom with the electric field of a charged wire alone are not possible because of the 1/r ² form of the interaction potential. Nevertheless, we show that one can build a microscopic trap with a combination of a magnetic field generated by a current in a straight wire and the static electric field generated by a concentric charged ring which provides the longitudinal confinement. In all of these traps, the neutral atoms are trapped in a region of maximal field, in theirhigh-field seeking state.Dedicated to H. Walther on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Light focusing in linear arranged symmetric nanoparticle trimer on metal film system

Benefiting from the induced image charge on film surface,the nanoparticle aggregating on metal exhibits interesting optical properties.In this work,a linear metal nanoparticle trimer on metal film system has been investigated to explore the novel optical phenomenon.Both the electric field and surface charge distributions demonstrate the light is focused on film greatly by the nanoparticles at two sides,which could be strongly modulated by the wavelength of incident light.And the influence of nanoparticle in middle on this light focusing ability has also been studied here,which is explained by the plasmon hybridization theory.Our finding about light focusing in nanoparticle aggregating on metal film not only enlarges the novel phenomenon of surface plasmon but also has great application prospect in the field of surface-enhanced spectra,surface catalysis,solar cells,water splitting,etc.     

Effects of thickness & shape on localized surface plasmon resonance of sexfoil nanoparticles

Localized surface plasmon(LSPR) resonance and sensing properties of a novel nanostructure(sexfoil nanoparticle)are studied using the finite-difference time-domain method. For the sandwich sexfoil nanoparticle, the calculated extinction spectrum shows that with the thickness of the dielectric layer increasing, long-wavelength peaks blueshift, while shortwavelength peaks redshift. Strong near-field coupling of the upper and lower metal layers leads to electric and magnetic field resonances; as the thickness increases, the electric field resonance gradually increases, while the magnetic field resonance decreases. The obtained refractive index sensitivity and figure of merit are 332 nm/RIU and 3.91 RIU~(-1), respectively. In order to obtain better sensing ability, we further research the LSPR character of monolayer Ag sexfoil nanoparticle. After a series of trials to optimize the thickness and shape, the refractive index sensitivity approximates 668 nm/RIU, and the greatest figure of merit value comes to 14.8 RIU~(-1).     

熔融TiAl合金纳米粒子在TiAl(001)基底表面凝结过程中微观结构演变的原子尺度模拟

采用基于嵌入原子方法的分子动力学方法模拟了附着于TiAl合金(001)面的TiAl合金纳米粒子在不同温度下的原子堆积结构演变. 在模拟中, 熔融态(1500 K)的纳米粒子先被放置在温度分别为1100, 1000, 900, …, 200和100 K的基体(001)面, 随后急冷降温至基体温度. 通过逐层分析粒子内和基体表面的原子排列情况, 发现温度主要影响粒子内的原子堆积结构. 当基体温度很高时, 粒子内除了靠近基体的几个原子层外, 其他区域内均未形成有序的原子堆积结构. 随基体温度降低, 粒子内大部分原子逐渐形成了有序的原子堆积结构, 且粒子内出现了一个以基体(001)晶面为底面、以基体[101], [101], [011], [011]晶向为轴的近四棱锥形内区域, 此区域内外的原子均呈有序排列, 但原子面的取向不同, 因而形成了明显的界面. 随基体温度进一步降低, 这个内区域仍然存在但其体积不断减小, 同时在纳米粒子顶部有越来越多的原子再次呈现无序排列, 使此内区域愈加难以辨别.