Fields of a radially polarized Gaussian laser beam beyond the paraxial approximation

Analytic expressions for the fields of a tightly focused radially polarized Gaussian laser beam are derived, accurate to epsilon5, where epsilon is the associated diffraction angle. The fields satisfy Maxwell's equations, and the calculated beam power based on them is significantly different from that of the paraxial-approximation fields.     

Optical time-domain reflectometry for distributed sensing of the structural strain and deformation

A unique structure of microbend optical fiber sensor (MOFS) for measuring tensile and compressive strain is described in this paper. The average measuring sensitivity for tensile strain is 35μ using 3 MOFS arrays. The repeatability and stability of MFOS are better than 18μ. The loss sensitivity of single-mode (SM) fiber and multi-mode (MM) fiber used in MOFS, as well as the relationship between the pulse width of diode laser and loss sensitivity are also studied in this paper. From these studies, some conclusions have been obtained. They are (1) the loss sensitivity and repeatability of SM fiber are better when compared to MM fiber in MOFS, and (2) the variation of pulse width of laser would only influent the signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, but has no contribution to loss sensitivity. Experimental results also show that loss of SM fiber highly depends on the wavelength of laser, but MM fiber has no such property. The loss of SM fiber between the wavelength of 1550 and 1310 nm is about the ratio of 6.5. Therefore, the experiments reported in this paper used a wavelength of 1310 nm to measure tensile strain and 1550 nm to measure compressive strain based on the above property of SM fiber, without changing the configuration of MOFS.     

Wavelength and temperature dependence properties of human blood-serum

For biological importance and general scientific interest, the present paper studies the physical properties dependent on wavelength and temperature, for six different samples of human blood-serum, at two different laser wavelengths (514.5 and 632.8 nm). The properties are described in terms of scalar quantities, viz. refractive index or optical permittivity, optical and dielectric dispersion. A modified and high accurate laser Mach–Zehnder interferometric technique is used for measurement of the refractive index (n) and its gradient with temperature (dn/dT). The values of n and dn/dT are applied to calculate the optical permittivity () and its gradient with temperature d/dT. The refractive properties such as the variation of n, , −dn/dT and, −d/dT as a functions of wavelengths are determined. On the other hand, the optical properties such as reflectance, transmittance and absorptance as a function of light incident angle, temperature and wavelength are studied. Additionally the following dielectric parameters are calculated: specific refractivity, specific dispersivity, polarizability per unit volume, wave impedance, volume expansion coefficient and the electric susceptibility.     

Solid state solvation in amorphous organic thin films

The photoluminescence (PL) of the red laser dye DCM2, doped into blended thin films of polystyrene (PS) and the polar small molecule camphoric anhydride (CA), redshifts as the CA concentration increases. The DCM2 PL peaks at 2.20 eV (lambda=563 nm) for pure PS films and shifts to 2.05 eV (lambda=605 nm) for films with 24.5% CA (by mass). The capacitively measured electronic permittivity also increases from epsilon=2.4 to epsilon=5.6 with CA concentration. These results are consistent with the theory of solvatochromism developed for organic molecules in liquid solvents. To our knowledge, this work is the first application of a quantitative theory of solvation to organic molecules in amorphous thin films with continuously controllable permittivity, and demonstrates that "solid state solvation" can be used to predictably tune exciton energies in organic thin film structures.     

Electronic and nuclear responses of fixed-in-space H2S to ultrashort intense laser fields

The Coulomb explosion dynamics of H2S, H2S3+-->H+ +S+ + H+, in ultrashort intense laser fields (12 fs, approximately 2 x 10(14) W/cm2) is studied by the coincidence momentum imaging of the three fragment ions. Different electronic and nuclear responses are identified depending on the direction of laser polarization epsilon in the molecular frame. The dependence can be interpreted in terms of the electronic and bonding characters of charge transfer states of H2S coupled to the electronic ground state.     

Secondary instabilities of hexagonal patterns in a Bénard-Marangoni convection experiment

We have identified experimentally secondary instability mechanisms that restrict the stable band of wave numbers for ideal hexagons in Bénard-Marangoni convection. We use "thermal laser writing" to impose long wave perturbations of ideal hexagonal patterns as initial conditions and measure the growth rates of the perturbations. For epsilon=0.46 our results suggest a longitudinal phase instability limits stable hexagons at a high wave number while a transverse phase instability limits low wave number hexagons.     

Multichannel mueller matrix ellipsometry for simultaneous real-time measurement of bulk isotropic and surface anisotropic complex dielectric functions of semiconductors

We have applied a dual rotating-compensator multichannel ellipsometer to acquire spectra ( approximately 2.0-4.6 eV) in all 16 elements of the Mueller matrix associated with a specularly reflecting surface, in a minimum time of 0.25 s. In this initial study, such results have been collected for the (110) silicon surface at an incidence angle of approximately 70 degrees and have been used to derive spectra in the bulk isotropic dielectric function epsilon (b)= epsilon (1b)-i epsilon (2b) and the surface-induced dielectric function anisotropy Delta epsilon =Delta epsilon (1)-iDelta epsilon (2). Thus, this instrument shows promise for simultaneous real-time measurement of epsilon (b) and Delta epsilon spectra in oblique reflection during the fabrication of semiconductor structures having bulk isotropic components.     

Renormalization of pinned elastic systems: how does it work beyond one loop?

We study the field theories for pinned elastic systems at equilibrium and at depinning. Their beta functions differ to two loops by novel "anomalous" terms. At equilibrium we find a roughness zeta = 0.208 298 04 epsilon + 0.006 858 epsilon(2) (random bond), zeta = epsilon/3 (random field). At depinning we prove two-loop renormalizability and that random field attracts shorter range disorder. We find zeta = epsilon/3(1 + 0.143 31 epsilon), epsilon = 4 - d, in violation of the conjecture zeta = epsilon/3, solving the discrepancy with simulations. For long range elasticity zeta = epsilon/3(1 + 0.397 35 epsilon), epsilon = 2 - d, much closer to the experimental value (approximately 0.5 both for liquid helium contact line depinning and slow crack fronts) than the standard prediction 1/3.     

Experimental determination of the nu5 cis-bending vibrational frequency and Renner-Teller structure in ground state (X2Piu) C2H2+ using laser induced reactions

The spectrum of the nu(5) cis-bending vibration of ground state (X(2)Pi(u)) C(2)H(2)(+) has been recorded applying the method of laser induced reactions in a low-temperature 22-pole ion trap. It is obtained by counting the number of products of the reaction C(2)H(2)(+) (v(5) = 1) + H(2)--> C(2)H(3)(+) + H as a function of the laser wavelength. The vibronic transitions Delta-Pi and Sigma-Pi with their corresponding spin-orbit and Renner-Teller substructure have been observed. Using a perturbative analysis, the vibrational frequency has been determined to omega(5) = (710 +/- 4) cm(-1) and the Renner-Teller parameter epsilon(5) is on the order of 3 x 10(-2).     

Dynamics of fluctuations below a stationary bifurcation to electroconvection in the planar nematic liquid crystal N4

We fitted C(k,tau,epsilon) proportional to exp([-sigma(k,epsilon)tau] to time-correlation functions C(k,tau,epsilon) of structure factors S(k,t,epsilon) of shadowgraph images of fluctuations below a supercritical bifurcation at V(0)=V(c) to electroconvection of a planar nematic liquid crystal in the presence of a voltage V=sqrt[2]V(0)cos((2pift) [k=(p,q) is the wave vector and epsilon identical with V(2)(0)/V(2)(c)-1]. There were stationary oblique (normal) rolls at small (large) f. Fits of a modified Swift-Hohenberg form to sigma(k,epsilon) gave f-dependent critical behavior for the minimum decay rates sigma(0)(epsilon) and the correlation lengths xi(p,q)(epsilon).     

Time scale for energy equipartition in a two-dimensional FPU model

The FPU problem, i.e., the problem of energy equipartition among normal modes in a weakly nonlinear lattice, is here studied in dimension two, more precisely in a model with triangular cell and nearest-neighbors Lennard-Jones interaction. The number n of degrees of freedom ranges from 182 to 6338. Energy is initially equidistributed among a small number n(0) of low frequency modes, with n(0) proportional to n. We study numerically the time evolution of the so-called spectral entropy and the related "effective number" n(eff) of degrees of freedom involved in the dynamics; in this (rather typical) way we can estimate, for each n and each specific energy (energy per degree of freedom) epsilon, the time scale T(n)(epsilon) for energy equipartition. Numerical results indicate that in the thermodynamic limit the equipartition times are short: more precisely, for large n at fixed epsilon we find a limit curve T(infinity)(epsilon), and T(infinity) grows only as epsilon(-1) for small epsilon. Larger equipartition times are obtained by lowering epsilon, at fixed n, below a crossover value epsilon(c)(n). However, epsilon(c) appears to vanish by increasing n (faster than 1n), and the total energy E=nepsilon, rather than epsilon, appears to be the relevant variable when n is large and epsilon相似文献   

Random roughness enhances lift in supersonic flow

We study the scattering of shock waves by a rough wedge using second-order perturbation analysis and stochastic simulations employed synergistically to cover a large range in correlation length A and amplitude epsilon of the profile roughness (with length d). For small epsilon and A/d<1, the mean of the perturbed pressure scales alpha epsilon2 and alpha (A/d)(-2), while the corresponding variance scales alpha epsilon and alpha (A/d)(-1). However, for large epsilon, the mean pressure scales approximately alpha epsilon, while for A/d>1 it is independent of A. Our results are useful in evaluating the effects of roughness in high-speed flight but also in designing novel enhanced-lift aerodynamic surfaces using rough skin concepts.     

Active width at a slanted active boundary in directed percolation

The width W of the active region around an active moving wall in a directed percolation process diverges at the percolation threshold p(c) as W approximately Aepsilon(-nu( parallel)) ln(epsilon(0)/epsilon), with epsilon=p(c)-p, epsilon(0) a constant, and nu( parallel)=1.734 the critical exponent of the characteristic time needed to reach the stationary state xi( parallel) approximately epsilon(-nu(parallel)). The logarithmic factor arises from screening the statistically independent needle shaped subclusters in the active region. Numerical data confirm this scaling behavior.     

Identification of epsilon martensite in a Fe-based shape memory alloy by means of EBSD

Ferrous shape memory alloys (SMAs) are often thought to become a new, important group of SMAs. The shape memory effect in these alloys is based on the reversible, stress-induced martensitic transformation of austenite to epsilon martensite. The identification and quantification of epsilon martensite is crucial when evaluating the shape memory behaviour of this material. Previous work displayed that promising results were obtained when studying the evolution of the amount of epsilon martensite after different processing steps with Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). The present work will discuss in detail, on the one hand, the challenges and opportunities arising during the identification of epsilon martensite by means of EBSD and, on the other hand, the possible interpretations that might be given to these findings. It will be illustrated that although the specific nature of the austenite to epsilon martensite transformation can still cause some points of discussion, EBSD has a high potential for identifying epsilon martensite.     

Quantum wire hybridized with a single-level impurity

We have studied low-temperature properties of interacting electrons in a one-dimensional quantum wire (Luttinger liquid) side-hybridized with a single-level impurity. The hybridization induces a backscattering of electrons in the wire which strongly affects its low-energy properties. Using a one-loop renormalization group approach valid for a weak electron-electron interaction, we have calculated a transmission coefficient through the wire, T(epsilon), and a local density of states, nu(epsilon) at low energies epsilon. In particular, we have found that the antiresonance in T(epsilon) has a generalized Breit-Wigner shape with the effective width Gamma(epsilon) which diverges at the Fermi level.     

Optimized structures for photonic quasicrystals

A photonic quasicrystal consists of two or more dielectric materials arranged in a quasiperiodic pattern with noncrystallographic symmetry that has a photonic band gap. We use a novel method to find the pattern with the widest TM-polarized gap for two-component materials. Patterns are obtained by computing a finite sum of density waves, assigning regions where the sum exceeds a threshold to a material with one dielectric constant, epsilon1, and all other regions to another, epsilon0. Compared to optimized crystals, optimized quasicrystals have larger gaps at low constrasts epsilon1/epsilon0 and have gaps that are much more isotropic for all contrasts. For high contrasts, optimized hexagonal crystals have the largest gaps.     

Polarizability of helium and gas metrology

Using a quasispherical, microwave cavity resonator, we measured the refractive index of helium to deduce its molar polarizability A(epsilon) in the limit of zero density. We obtained (A(epsilon,meas) - A(epsilon,theory))/A(epsilon) = (-1.8 +/- 9.1) x 10(-6), where the standard uncertainty (9.1 ppm) is a factor of 3.3 smaller than that of the best previous measurement. If the theoretical value of A(epsilon) is accepted, these data determine a value for the Boltzmann constant that is only 1.8 +/- 9.1 ppm larger than the accepted value. Our techniques will enable a helium-based pressure standard and measurements of thermodynamic temperatures.     

Zero-field satellites of a zero-bias anomaly

Spin-orbit (SO) splitting, +/-omega(SO), of the electron Fermi surface in two-dimensional systems manifests itself in the interaction-induced corrections to the tunneling density of states, nu(epsilon). Namely, in the case of a smooth disorder, it gives rise to the satellites of a zero-bias anomaly at energies epsilon = +/-2 omega(SO). Zeeman splitting, +/-omega(Z), in a weak parallel magnetic field causes a narrow plateau of a width delta epsilon = 2 omega(Z) at the top of each sharp satellite peak. As omega(Z) exceeds omega(SO), the SO satellites cross over to the conventional narrow maxima at epsilon = +/-2 omega(Z) with SO-induced plateaus delta epsilon = 2 omega(SO) at the tops.     

On resolving the refractive index and the wave vector

The identification of the refractive index and the wave vector for general (possibly active) linear, isotropic, homogeneous, and nonspatially dispersive media is discussed. Correct conditions for negative refraction necessarily include the global properties of the permittivity and permeability functions epsilon=epsilon(omega) and mu=mu(omega). On the other hand, a necessary and sufficient condition for left handedness can be identified at a single frequency (Re epsilon/|epsilon|+Re mu/|mu|<0). At oblique incidence to semi-infinite, active media, it is explained that the wave vector generally loses its usual interpretation for real frequencies.