生物膜滴滤塔的废气净化效率

本文在生物膜滴滤塔废气净化的毛细管模型基础上,研究了气、液两相流量、填料的比表面积、孔隙率、生物膜覆盖率和甲苯进口浓度等参数对生物滴滤塔净化效率的影响。计算结果表明:随着气、液流量的增加,降解效率降低;当孔隙率一定,随着填料的比表面积增大,降解效率升高;当填料比表面积一定时,存在一个对应于最大净化效率的最佳孔隙率;生物膜覆盖率越大,净化效率也越高;随着甲苯进口浓度升高,净化效率降低;填料床越高,净化效率越高。     

厌氧包埋细胞填充床反应器产氢特性实验

采用厌氧包埋细胞填充床反应器制氢技术,对反应器在不同的进口底物浓度与流量下产氢性能和底物降解特性,以及温度和pH值对产氢速率的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:包埋颗粒填充床反应器受到流量和浓度的影响较大.结果表明反应器内最适产氢环境为温度35℃左右,pH为6.0,进口底物浓度为30 g/L.在上述条件下,当流量为0.000336m~3/h时,反应器有最高的产氢速率1.659 mmol/L/h.结果亦表明该产氢菌对以葡萄糖为碳源的底物降解效率较高.     

固定化光合细菌包埋颗粒内底物传输特性

本文分析了在不同操作条件下固定化光合细菌包埋颗粒内的底物传输特性,得到入射光照强度、培养温度和培养基pH值等操作参数对包埋颗粒内底物传输Thiele模数、内扩散有效因子的影响.分析发现Thiele模数随实验参数变化呈先增加后下降变化趋势,内扩散有效因子则呈相反的变化趋势,表明了当操作条件越适于光合细菌生长代谢,内扩散速率对包埋颗粒内底物消耗的限制性影响越明显.较低的Thiele模数表明包埋颗粒内底物消耗主要为反应控制过程.     

底物传输对光纤束生物膜反应器产氢影响

本文以沼泽红假单胞菌为产氢菌种,实验研究了水力停留时间和进口底物浓度对光纤束生物膜反应器产氢特性的影响。实验结果表明,反应器的产氢速率和光能转化效率均随水力停留时间和进口底物浓度的增大而先升后降;葡萄糖降解效率随水力停留时间的增大而递增,随进口底物浓度增加而先增后减。在进口底物浓度为50 mmol/L,水力停留时间为12 h时,反应器最大产氢速率和光能转化效率分别为12.1mmol/(m~2·h)和23.3%,葡萄糖降解效率为80.2%。     

生物膜光生物反应器启动及产氢特性

对光合细菌生物膜制氢反应器的挂膜启动特性以及成膜稳定后的反应器产氢性能进行了实验研究,探讨了光合细菌生物膜制氰反应器挂膜期间产氢及底物降解规律及稳定成膜后底物浓度对反应器产氢性能的影响.实验结果表明:在生物膜光生物反应器挂膜初期,随着微生物浓度的增大使循环液吸光度、底物消耗和反应器氢气产量迅速升高,进入膜生长期后由于主要是可逆吸附,各参数出现波动,最后在膜稳定期各参数趋于稳定.在稳定成膜后,随着底物浓度的增加,生物膜光生物反应器产氢率先增加,然后降低,存在一个最佳产氢率的底物浓度.     

基于时域有限差分法分析等离子波导和介质波导耦合

使用Rsoft软件中的时域有限差分模块Fullwave分析二维介质波导和等离子波导耦合特性,利用软件仿真耦合结构并自动计算出光在介质波导和等离子波导中传输的耦合效率,进而测绘耦合效率随波导尺寸和光波长的变化曲线图,发现MDM导波结构的缝隙宽度和光通信质量密切相关,在确定尺寸下,传输损耗随传输距离成指数衰减.根据分析得到的耦合效率变化规律发现介质波导和等离子波导间距最佳点都应设为15 nm,进而优化波导的几何结构参数后,可以将耦合效率提高到83%.     

固定化光合细菌光生物制氢填充床产氢特性研究

实验研究了凝胶材料制备的光合细菌包埋颗粒构成的光生物制氢填充床在连续操作条件下底物浓度、光照强度以及进口流量等参数影响下的产氢和降解有机物的性能.实验结果表明:填充床产氢速率和底物降解速率随进口葡萄糖浓度的增加而增大,且达到最佳的进口底物浓度后填充床产氢和底物降解速率呈下降趋势,表明光合细菌代谢底物为产氢提供还原力氢;光照强度低于光能饱和度时,随着光照强度的增大,产氢速率和底物降解速率呈递增趋势,光照强度超过光能饱和度则对填充床光合产氢和底物消耗产生明显抑制作用;进口流量较低时,随进口流量的增大,填充床产氢和底物降解速率明显增大,进口流量较高时,填充床产氢和底物降解速率趋于相对稳定.     

模拟短脉冲激光在介质中传输的扩散综合有限元法

建立有限元模型,通过求解瞬态辐射传输方程模拟短脉冲激光在半透明介质中的传输.针对散射占优性半透明介质内辐射传输求解效率较差的问题,采用扩散综合加速迭代算法,提高计算效率,缩短计算时间.结果表明:采用精确解析式描述脉冲激光散射源项的求解策略可以获得准确的计算结果,精确地模拟快速变化的波前,不会产生数值扩散和数值振荡.此外,扩散综合迭代算法的计算时间仅为源项迭代的50%~60%.     

具有树形流道双孔隙率多孔介质渗流特性研究

设计具有合适孔道结构的吸附剂能有效提高吸附过程的效率。本文根据构形理论将树形流道嵌入到多孔介质基质中,构建了高渗透率的双孔隙率多孔介质。计算了树形流道内的无量纲压降分布、流道体积分数和渗透率随分叉级数的变化趋势。并利用双孔隙率多孔介质渗流模型计算了该多孔介质的有效渗透率。与并列直管道相比,树形流道在较大的分叉级数下具有更小的压降;树形流道的嵌入能够有效提高多孔介质的有效渗透率。     

一维漂移空间内强流电子束的稳态传输特性

在计算了一维平板和同轴结构漂移空间的空间电荷限制流的基础上,对其中超过空间电荷限制流状态下强流电子束的稳态传输特性进行了理论分析.分析给出了确定束流稳定传输时形成虚阴极的位置和虚阴极处电子束透过率的表达式,求解了束流电子在漂移空间内的渡越时间,平板结构漂移空间内得到了通用的解析结果,同轴结构漂移空间内得到了适合一定结构参数条件下的近似结果. 关键词： 强流电子束 虚阴极 一维漂移空间 传输特性     

微流燃料电池空气阴极物质传输孔隙尺度模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了微流燃料电池空气阴极多孔扩散层内多组分物质传输特性。随机重构了扩散层,获得渗透率及有效扩散系数。建立了耦合边界电化学反应的二维模型,研究了过电位、孔隙率对氧气、水蒸气浓度分布及局部反应速率的影响。结果表明,常用的Bruggeman经验关联式会高估氧气有效扩散系数;扩散层孔隙结构对物质传输有重要影响,孔隙率减小使得传质阻力增大,导致局部氧气浓度降低,局部反应速率降低,而水蒸气浓度增大,当孔隙率从0.83降至0.7,催化界面平均氧气浓度从8.472降至8.466 mol·m^-3。     

Assessment by MRI of local porosity in dough during proving. theoretical considerations and experimental validation using a spin-echo sequence

Proving is a key stage in the development of the final structure of bread, as invasive measurements may provoke dough collapse. Therefore, better understanding and better control of the nucleation and the growth of bubbles require the development of non-invasive methods of measurement. In the present work, a non-invasive method is presented for the measurement of local dough porosity from MR image analysis. For this, a direct relation between the gray level of a voxel and its gas fraction was established in the absence of heat and mass transfer. At whole dough scale for a one-dimensional expansion, the porosity estimated from the gray level was compared with the porosity estimated from total dough volume measurements in a range of [0.10, 0.74 m(3) of gas/m(3) of dough]. For short proving times (<30 min), MR image analysis underestimated porosity by a maximum of 0.03 m(3) of gas/m(3) of dough, but otherwise the difference between the two means of measurement was within the standard error of total dough measurements (+/-0.01 m(3) of gas/m(3) of dough). Maps of local porosity in dough during proving are also presented and discussed.     

Computational modeling of cerebral diffusion-application to stroke imaging

Water diffusion within the structure of a brain extracellular space is analyzed numerically for various diffusion parameters of brain tissue namely extracellular space porosity and tortuosity. An algorithm for predicting diffusion pattern of water molecules within human brain considering the mechanics of water diffusion within porous media is developed. The extracellular space is modeled as a homogeneous porous medium with uniform porosity and permeability. Discretization of the fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transport equations is achieved using a finite element scheme based on the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. Concentration maps are developed in this study for various clinical conditions. The effect of the space porosity and the turtousity on the heat and mass transport within the extracellular space are found to be significant. The results presented in this work play an important role in producing more effective imaging techniques for brain injury based on the apparent diffusion coefficient.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of double diffusive natural convection in heterogeneously porous media of a fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity

Double diffusive natural convection inside a porous cavity with non-uniform porosity has been numerically studied. The cavity was filled with two parallel porous layers with different porosity. Considering the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity, simulations have been done via the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) at representative elementary volume (REV) scale. In this study, the effect of porosity, buoyancy ratio, the viscosity-variation number and thermal Rayleigh number on heat and mass transfer rates was investigated. The streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations, average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number curves of different parameters were discussed in detail. It was observed that the governing parameters has significant impact on the fluid flow, temperature and concentration distributions. In addition, the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are increase with an reduce in the viscosity-variation number. Further, as the absolute value of buoyancy ratio and thermal Rayleigh number increases, the effect of porosity and viscosity changes on the heat and mass transfer enhancement was augmented.     

多孔介质中盐指现象的数值模拟

运用基于杂交网格的高精度数值方法研究了多孔介质中的盐指现象.该算法将基于边界拟合坐标下的高精度有限差分法和高精度的泊松方程快速求解器有效地结合在一起,从而达到提高整体的计算精度、计算效率和稳定性的目的.通过比较不同孔隙率的多孔介质对盐指对流的传热传质效应的影响,发现在标准孔隙率较低的多孔介质中,盐度扩散的速度明显比热扩散的速度快,盐指很快触及上下壁面,使得上下层的盐度梯度迅速减小,这是与非多孔介质具有明显差异之处. 关键词： 多孔介质 双扩散对流 盐指     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation on thermal performance of composite phase change material based on Voronoi models

Phase change materials(PCMs) are important for sustaining energy development. For the thermal performance enhancement, the composite PCM with metal foam reconstructed by the Voronoi method is investigated in this work. The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) is used to analyze the melting process on a pore scale. The melting interface evolution and temperature contour of the composite PCM are explored and compared with those of pure PCM. Moreover, structure parameters including the pore density, porosity and irregularity are investigated comprehensively, indicating that the additive of metal foam strengthens the melting performance of PCM obviously. Compared with pure PCM, the composite PCM has quick rates of the melting front evolution and heat transfer. The heat conduction plays a great role in the whole melting process since the convection is weakened for the composite PCM. To improve the melting efficiency, a larger pore density and smaller irregularity are recommended in general. More significantly, a suitable porosity is determined based on the requirement for the balance between the melting rate and heat storage capacity in practical engineering.     

管道中CaO颗粒吸收CO2的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法对多孔CaO颗粒与CO₂之间的气固反应过程进行模拟.主要研究在二维矩形截面管道中雷诺数(Re)和孔隙率对单个CaO颗粒吸收CO₂效率的影响.结果表明:增大Re会相应提高CaO颗粒吸收CO₂气体的效率.同时对于同一Re,CaO颗粒吸收CO₂气体的效率随其孔隙率呈非线性变化,这是由于不同孔隙率颗粒固体量和渗透率存在差别因而影响化学反应的速率.     

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of nano-TiO2 particles on synthetic biofilm

Understanding the environmental behavior of nanoparticles includes their interaction with biofilms, which is a covering on the surface of a living or nonliving substrate composed of microorganisms. This study focuses on nano-TiO₂ sorption mechanism by synthetic biofilm that was prepared as superporous spherical beads from agarose, using batch stirred flasks kept at room temperature. The pH plays an important part in these phenomena, by its influence on the nanoparticles and biofilm chemistry, where the biofilm nanoTiO₂ uptake at neutral pH was enhanced over acidic conditions. Hydroxylation of TiO₂ nanoparticles, dependent on pH and the salinity of the solution, influences the stability of colloids, the sorption kinetics via the nature of limiting phases: diffusion through the boundary layer or intrabiofilm mass transfer and the sorption mechanism. The sorption follows pseudo first-order adsorption kinetics with estimated average rate constants of 2.2 (min^? 1). Equilibrium isotherms were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to obtain the maximum uptake at different solution pH and the free energy of the adsorption. The adsorption is apparently irreversible because biofilm limits diffusion of particles out of the pores and the complexation active binding sites on the surface hydrated biofilm to the hydrophilic TiO₂ nanoparticles.     

Connection of Gibbs layer gatherings with rate of mass transfer upon deposition of thin films with presence of impurity

The Gibbs layer gatherings on the condensation front of silver vapor in the presence of water vapor are analyzed. The front of condensation for analyzing the Gibbs concentration excess is calculated with the use of the modified Langmuir’s model of sorption. At a fixed flow of silver vapor and temperature of the substrate, the water-vapor pressure varies. Calculations have shown that the change of the water-vapor pressure changes the structure of the silver condensate, the structure of Gibbs layers, and microroughness on the condensation front. As a consequence, the efficiency of mass transfer varies. With growth of the water-vapor pressure, the condensation efficiency of both vapor components decreases. For obtaining the most equal surface of condensed silver film there is an optimum water-vapor pressure. The results allow the influence of noncondensed gas impurity on growth of thin films to be understood in greater detail and help to choose optimum modes for vacuum deposition. A general conclusion regarding the connection of the Gibbs layers and microroughness of the condensation surface with the intensity of mass transfer, leaving a framework of vacuum deposition processes, is drawn.