竖直环形通道内液氮流动沸腾的MUSIG模型分析 Part 1:轴向气泡直径和界面面积浓度的预测

近年来群体平衡模型受到了极大的关注。MUSIG模型(多尺寸组模型),为群体平衡模型和双流体模型的结合提供了一个框架。文中介绍了MUSIG模型,并采用MUSIG模型分析了环形通道中的液氮流动沸腾。详细分析了不同壁面热流量、液体入口速度和过冷度时通道内气泡相界面面积、当地气泡直径、空泡系数等参数沿轴向的分布。     

两种气液两相流模型的应用和比较

本文应用MUSIG模型[1]和均一直径模型对某溶液堆台架模型堆芯内气液流动传热进行了数值模拟.在MUSIG模型中堆芯内离散相气泡被分为5组不同直径的气泡,用于分析堆芯内气泡的流动变化和大小分布,采用Luo and Svendsen[2]和Prince and Blanch[3]模型描述不同直径气泡组间的破裂和聚合.在均一直径模型中,堆芯内的气体被考虑为同一直径的组分,并且不考虑其破裂与聚合现象.计算得到采用两个模型的模拟结果并且对其进行了对比研究.结果显示应用MUSIG模型的计算结果与台架实验结果吻合更好.     

竖直矩形通道内液体流动

通过对沸腾气泡在液体中的受力分析,建立了沸腾气泡长大过程的动力学方程;进而获得了沸腾气泡的生长速率与脱离直径的计算方法.采用图象捕集与处理系统,对竖直矩形通道内液体流动沸腾气泡长大与脱离行为进行实验测定,结合模型求解,获得了气泡生长速率、气泡脱离直径、气泡与加热壁面的接触角等参数随操作条件的变化;由模型计算所得的气泡脱离直径与实测值较为符合.     

包膜黏弹特性及声驱动参数对相互作用微泡动力学行为的影响

关于多气泡相互作用的理论研究对于深入理解超声造影剂在医疗领域中的应用机理具有重要意义。本工作建立了一个2维轴对称有限元模型来研究流体环境中超声造影剂双气泡相互作用,讨论了驱动超声频率和气泡尺寸对气泡之间吸引和排斥趋势的影响,得到了气泡半径与气泡之间距离随时间变化的曲线,以及气泡周围流体速度场的细节,并且研究了气泡包膜参数(即表面张力系数和粘度系数)对气泡相互作用的影响.结果表明,相互作用中的气泡对整体的相对运动趋势由驱动频率和共振频率之间的关系决定;在超声参数固定时,气泡包膜的粘弹特性可用来调控气泡间相互作用强度。结果对实验中观察到的气泡聚集现象进行了合理解释,并为超声造影剂在医疗实践中的应用提供了基础理论支撑.      

流体黏性及表面张力对气泡运动特性的影响

基于气泡边界层理论,引入黏性修正,采用边界积分法,考虑黏性效应和表面张力在单气泡以及双气泡耦合作用过程中的影响.首先将建立的数值模型与Rayleigh-Plesset的解析解进行对比,发现二者符合良好,验证了数值模型的有效性;在此基础上,建立考虑流体弱黏性效应的双气泡耦合模型,研究流体黏性和表面张力作用下,气泡表面变形、射流速度、流场能量转换等物理量的变化规律;最后研究雷诺数和韦伯数对于气泡脉动特性的影响规律.结果表明,流体黏性会抑制气泡脉动和气泡射流发展,降低气泡半径和射流速度;表面张力不改变气泡脉动幅值,但缩短了脉动周期,提升气泡势能.     

气泡成核过程的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

利用精确差分格子Boltzmann模型探讨水在特定温度下的亚稳态及不稳定平衡态, 获得等温相变过程中形成气泡和液滴的条件, 模型预测结果与理论解符合良好. 在该等温模型的基础上耦合能量方程, 通过调节流体-壁面相互作用力获得不同的气泡与固壁间接触角, 从而建立了一种新的描述气液相变的格子Boltzmann理论模型. 利用该新模型模拟不同流体-壁面相互作用力下凹坑气泡成核过程, 再现了气泡成核过程中的三阶段特性; 探讨了接触角、曲率半径及气泡体积随气泡成核过程的变化关系, 获得了与文献结果定性符合的曲率-气泡体积关系曲线. 关键词： 格子Boltzmann方法 气泡成核过程 气液相变 接触角     

高粘度流体中上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文将基于Front Tracking方法求解气液两相界面迁移特性的直接数值模拟方法扩展到中低Re数情形 (1．89≤Re≤55．6),针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近高粘度流体中单个气泡(1．2 mm≤D≤6 mm)的上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法在中低Re数范围内的有效性。壁面附近流场的不对称引发壁面对气泡的升力是导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面的原因,计算得到的壁面作用力系数同实验结果的对比也确定了本文参数范围内计算壁面对气泡作用力的模型。     

气泡体积分数对沙质沉积物低频声学特性的影响

由于有机物质分解等原因,实际的海底沉积物中存在气泡,气泡的存在会显著影响沉积物低频段的声学特性,因此研究气泡对沉积物低频段声速的影响机理具有重要意义.考虑到外场环境的不可控性,在室内水池中搭建了大尺度含气非饱和沙质沉积物声学特性获取平台,在有界空间中应用多水听器反演方法首次获取了含气非饱和沙质沉积物300—3000 Hz频段内的声速数据(79—142 m/s),并同时利用双水听器法获取了同一频段的数据(112—121 m/s).在声波频率远低于沉积物中最大气泡的共振频率时,根据等效介质理论,将孔隙水和气泡等效为一种均匀流体,改进了水饱和等效密度流体近似模型.模型揭示了气泡对沉积物低频段声学特性的影响规律,理论上解释了沉积物中声速的降低.通过分析模型预报声速对模型参数的敏感性,根据测量得到的声速分布反演得到了沉积物不同区域的气泡体积分数,气泡体积分数从1.07%变化到2.81%.改进的模型为沉积物中气泡体积分数估计提供了一种新方法.     

气泡的远场干涉分析及应用

提出了一种分析气泡远场干涉的理论模型。平行激光束照射到透明介质中的气泡上,折射光束与全反射光束在远场发生干涉形成内密外疏圆环状干涉条纹,推求了两平行出射光线的光程差公式和两光线之间的距离公式,分析了圆环状干涉条纹内密外疏的原因,给出了计算干涉条纹存在区域和最高干涉级的方法。通过干涉方法可以测量气泡的直径,能够用于介质深处气泡尺寸的测量。利用远场干涉对玻璃水箱、平板玻璃、玻璃棱镜中的气泡直径进行了测量,其中玻璃棱镜中气泡直径测量结果与用阿贝比长仪测量结果对比,相对差为0.9%。预期了气泡远场干涉在运动气泡尺寸、泡内气体折射率、透明光疏介质中光密介质球尺寸测量等方面的应用。     

气泡碰撞过程中形变及破碎现象分析

以水气两相流为研究对象, 采用大涡模拟和流体体积法, 结合破碎准则和第三代涡识别方法对双气泡碰撞过程进行数值模拟。采用单一变量法, 研究气泡直径比、相对偏心距及气泡间相对距离对气泡破碎程度的影响。双气泡碰撞过程中, 两气泡的直径越接近时, 碰撞过程中的气泡破碎程度越弱, 偏心距的变化对气泡破碎程度影响不大。而相对距离小于1时, 随着其增大, 气泡碰撞过程中的破碎程度更加明显。当气泡相对距离大于1时, 气泡破碎程度趋于平缓。研究表明: 第三代涡识别方法能够很好地捕捉两相流湍流流场中漩涡位置, 并能敏锐地反映出湍流的变化。     

Flow boiling heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in single microchannels and the roles of nanoparticles

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer of aqueous alumina nanofluids in single microchannels with particular focuses on the critical heat flux (CHF) and the potential dual roles played by nanoparticles, i.e., (i) modification of the heating surface through particle deposition and (ii) modification of bubble dynamics through particles suspended in the liquid phase. Low concentrations of nanofluids (0.001–0.1 vol.%) are formulated by the two-step method and the average alumina particle size is ~25 nm. Two sets of experiments are performed: (a) flow boiling of formed nanofluids in single microchannels where the effect of heating surface modification by nanoparticle deposition is apparent and (b) bubble formation in a quiescent pool of alumina nanofluids under adiabatic conditions where the role of suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase is revealed. The flow boiling experiments reveal a modest increase in CHF by nanofluids, being higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. The bubble formation experiments show that suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase alone can significantly affect bubble dynamics. Further discussion reveals that both roles are likely co-existent in a typical boiling system. Properly surface-promoted nanoparticles could minimize particle deposition hence little modification of the heating surface, but could still contribute to the modification in heat transfer through the second mechanism, which is potentially promising for microchannel applications.     

竖直环形通道内液氮自然循环沸腾可视化实验研究

采用基于高速摄像手段的可视化方法研究了竖直环形通道内的液氮自然循环沸腾过程,建立了汽泡脱离直径及汽泡脱离频率的实验关联式,以新建方程结合双流体模型进行了数值计算。与实验数据的对比表明,建立的实验关联式对于液氮自然循环沸腾过程中的汽泡脱离直径及汽泡脱离频率具有很好的预测精度。     

饱和液氮爆发沸腾实验与传热机理分析

瞬态高热流加热下饱和液氮会发生爆发沸腾,而对于该过程的特殊传热机理因素,目前还没有相关的深入研究和分析。本文基于实验,在总结沸腾传热机理研究成果的基础上,重点分析了饱和液氮爆发沸腾过程中以汽泡群形态实现热量传递的特殊之处,并进行了理论模拟验证。结果表明,汽泡群内部众多汽泡所发生的破裂收缩行为,会释放潜热并形成热流,成为爆发沸腾独特的传热机理影响因素。     

低温液体流动沸腾数值计算中的动量模拟

采用双流体模型计算了液氮在垂直管内的过冷流动沸腾过程,着重考察了相间动量传输模型对数值预测结果准确性的影响。研究表明,相间非曳力,尤其是壁面润湿力对于数值预测的准确性有着决定性的作用。此外,正确地估计沸腾系统中气泡的平均直径对于两相流传输特性的准确预测也有着十分重要的作用。     

Experimental investigation of flow boiling heat transfer enhancement under ultrasound fields in a minichannel heat sink

Ultrasound is considered to be an effective active heat transfer enhancement method, which is widely used in various fields. But there is no clear understanding of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in micro/mini-channels under ultrasonic field since the studies related are limited up to now. In this paper, a novel minichannel heat exchanger with two ultrasonic transducers inside the inlet and outlet plenum respectively is designed to experimentally investigate the impacts of ultrasound on flow boiling heat transfer enhancement in a minichannel heat sink. Flow visualization analyses reveal that ultrasound can promote rapid bubble motion, bubble detachment from heating wall surface and thereby new bubble generation, and decrease the length of confined bubble. Furthermore, the flow boiling experiments are initiated employing working fluid R141b at different ultrasonic parameters (e.g., frequency, power, angle of radiation) and heat flux under three types of ultrasound excitations: no ultrasound (NU), single inlet ultrasound (IU), inlet and outlet ultrasound (IOU). The results indicate that ultrasound has obvious augmentation effects on flow boiling heat transfer even though the intensification effects will be limited with the heat flux increases. The higher ultrasonic power, the lower ultrasonic frequency and the higher ultrasonic radiation angle, the better intensification efficiency. The maximum enhancement ratio of h_ave in the saturated boiling section reaches 1.88 at 50 W, 23 kHz and 45° under the experimental conditions. This study will be beneficial for future applications of ultrasound on flow boiling heat transfer in micro/mini-channels.     

Effect of Bubble Contact Diameter on Bubble Departure Size in Flow Boiling

The growth and departure of bubbles on a vertical heated wall of an annular channel in flow boiling were observed by a high-speed camera, and the bubble contact diameter and bubble departure diameter were measured. It was found that bubble departure diameters were different among different nucleation sites in the same boiling area (same test condition, same surface roughness). Force balance on a single bubble attached to the heated surface was also analyzed to explain this phenomenon. The theoretical research results show that bubble contact diameter has a significant influence on bubble departure diameter, and the corresponding departure diameter is larger as the bubble contact diameter is larger. This agrees with the visual experimental results.     

Heat transfer and force balance approaches in bubble dynamic study during subcooled flow boiling of water–ethanol mixture

In this paper, the subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of pure water, water–ethanol mixture and pure ethanol is determined experimentally in horizontal rectangular channels for various parameters like heat flux, mass flux and channel inlet temperatures. Flow visualization is carried out using high speed camera. The bubble departure diameter, growth period and waiting period of bubbles are determined. Correlations are developed for subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number of water–ethanol mixture based on force balance approach and heat transfer approach. The parameters considered for correlation are grouped as dimensionless numbers by Buckingham π-theorem. The significance of each dimensionless number on heat transfer coefficient is discussed. The correlations developed for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer coefficient are validated with the experimental data. They are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the correlation based on force balance approach predicts the subcooled flow boiling Nusselt number well when compared with that of heat transfer approach correlation.