Slowing down of light ions in Makrofol KG solid nuclear track detector

Experimental studies of slowing down of ¹H, ²H and ⁴He in Makrofol KG nuclear track material in the ion energy range 1.0–3.6 MeV are presented. The ion stopping powers obtained are compared with the predictions of two widely used semi-empirical models: the cores and bonds (CAB) model and Bragg’s rule, predicted by TRIM 92 computer code. The CAB model is found to overestimate the observed stopping powers and the deviation observed is about 10%. Choice of the transmission technique and foil thickness determination method are investigated.     

Electron inelastic interactions in bioorganic compounds in the energy range of 20–10000 eV

Systematic calculations of stopping powers (SPs) and mean free paths (MFPs) for 10 bioorganic compounds have been performed for electrons with energies lower than 10 keV, based on dielectric response theory and Penn’s statistical approximation. The exchange effect is also taken into account in the calculations. An empirical approach to obtain an optical energy loss function is presented for those organic compounds without available optical data. Using this method, the calculated values of the optical energy loss function are in good agreement with experimental data. Comparisons of SP and MFP values derived in this study with other published values are presented. Using the described model, the calculated mean ionization potentials agree well with the predictions from Bragg’s rule and the calculated SPs have also been compared with the Bethe–Bloch results at an energy of 10 keV. PACS 34.50.Bw; 61.82.Pv     

强耦合简并电子气中离子阻止本领和能量离散的数值计算

利用局域场修正的介电函数,研究了注入离子在强耦合简并电子气中的阻止本领和能量离散。数值结果表明在低速和高r_s值情况下,局域场修正使得阻止本领和能量离散明显地增加。     

Z31 effect on the stopping powers of several metallic elements for 28.8 MeV alpha particles: Deviations of experimental data from theories

Stopping powers of several metallic elements for 28.8 MeV alpha particles have been measured. One fourth of the stopping power for alpha particles is larger than the stopping power for protons of the same velocity. But the differences do not agree with Z³₁ correction theories.     

The Calculation of Depth Distribution for Swift Ion-Radiated damage Energy

A computer program HEDEP-1,written by FORTRAN 77 and run on microcomputer,was developed in order to calculate the depth distribution for swift ion-radiated damage energy in the amorphous materials.The approximation method developed by I.Manning et al.was used in the program.The effects of nuclear force as treating incident ions collision with target atoms were considered.The data of electronic stopping powers given by J.F.Ziegler were used.HEDEP-1 can accept complex targets made up of component materials with elements up to four different kinds and all ions inperiodic table of the elements with energy up to 100MeV/amu.     

Observation of a gas-solid difference in the stopping powers of (1–10) MeV/u heavy ions

The stopping powers of (1–10) MeV/u Kr, Xe, Pb, and U ions were measured to be smaller in gases than in solids. This gas-solid difference which is probably caused by smaller ionic charges of the projectiles in gases was found to increase with energy and atomic number of the projectile.     

Stopping powers of CR-39 nuclear track material for Z=1−14 ions with 0.25–2.8 MeV/u

Experimental studies of the slowing down of ¹H, ⁴He, ⁷Li, ¹¹B, ¹²C, ¹⁴N, ¹⁶O, ²³Na, ²⁷Al and ²⁸Si ions in CR-39 nuclear track etch material in the ion energy range 0.25–2.8 MeV/u are presented. The ion stopping powers obtained are compared to the predictions of two recent semiempirical models for calculating ion stopping powers. The predictions are found to clearly underestimate the observed stopping powers for ⁷Li, ¹¹B, ¹²C, ²³Na, ²⁷Al and ²⁸Si ions.     

Stopping power and straggling of energetic light ion beams in yttrium

Energy loss and straggling for protons, deuterons and α-particles in yttrium were measured in the energy region between 0.15 MeV and 2.5 MeV. The measured stopping powers of the hydrogen ions agree reasonably well with the semi-empirical values of Andersen and Ziegler, although better agreement was found with the values of Janni. For helium ions there are a marked difference with the values of Ziegler. Below 200 keV/amu the stopping ratios of the helium and hydrogen ions are lower than Ziegler's master curve. The straggling values of the hydrogen ions are about 15% lower than the Bohr estimate, while the straggling of the helium ions reach the Bohr value at about 0.2 MeV/amu.     

Systematic Study on System Size Dependence of Global Stopping: Role of Momentum-Dependent Interactions and Symmetry Energy

Using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamical model, we systematically study the role of symme- try energy with and without momentum-dependent interactions on the global nuclear stopping. We simulate the reactions by varying the total mass of the system from 80 to 394 at different beam energies from 30 to 1000 Me V/nucleon over central and semi-central geometries. The nuclear stopping is found to be sensitive towards the momentum-dependent interactions and symmetry energy at low incident energies. The momentum-dependent interactions are found to weaken the finite size effects in nuclear stopping.     

Stopping powers of Al,Ti, Cu,Zr, Rh,Ag, Ta and Au for 26 MeV alpha particles and Z3 1 correction

Abstract

Stopping powers of Al, Ti, Cu, Zr, Rh, Ag, Ta and Au for 26 MeV alpha particles have been measured using a surface barrier silicon detector with an accuracy of 0.35%. The stopping powers for alpha particles divided by 4 have been compared with the stopping powers for 6.500 MeV protons of the same velocity. Experimental magnitudes of the Z ³ ₁ correction which is contained in the Bethe-Bloch stopping formula were extracted using the alpha-proton difference. Using the experimental Z ³ ₁ corrections thus obtained and the experimental Z ³ ₁ corrections of the previous paper, parameters of γ and b which appear in the theory of Ashley, Ritchie and Brandt for the Z ³ ₁ correction have been determined with exactly the same method as the previous paper as γ = 1.336 and b = 1.32. The magnitude of the Z ³ ₁ correction calculated by the theory of Ashley, Ritchie and Brandt using these parameters have been compared with those obtained by other authors.     

Atomic processes in antiproton-matter interactions

Atomic processes dominate antiproton stopping in matter at nearly all energies of interest. They significantly influence or determine the antiproton annihilation rate at all energies around or below several MeV. This article discusses what is known about the atomic processes which, through their effect on stopping and annihilation, significantly influence the spatial distribution of antiproton annihilations in a material. For stopping above about 10 eV the processes are antiproton-electron collisions, effective at medium keV through high MeV energies, and elastic collisions with atoms and adiabatic ionization of atoms, effective from medium eV through low keV energies. For annihilation above about 10 eV it is the enhancement of the antiproton annihilation rate due to the antiproton-nucleus Coulomb attraction, effective around and below a few tens of MeV. At about 10 eV and below, the atomic rearrangement/annihilation process determines both the stopping and annihilation rates. Although a fair amount of theoretical and some experimental work relevant to these processes exist, there are a number of energy ranges and material types for which experimental data does not exist and for which the theoretical information is not as well grounded or as accurate as desired. Additional experimental and theoretical work is required for accurate prediction of antiproton stopping and annihilation for energies and materials relevant to antiproton experimentation and application.     

Z1 and Z2 variations in the stopping powers of Z1=10 to 18 ions deduced from Dsam lifetime measurements

From lifetime measurements of the ²²Ne(3.26 MeV), ¹³P(2.23 MeV) levels and published data, deviations from theory of the stopping powers for Ne and other ions in many materials have been deduced; they correlate strongly with electron densities deduced from positron lifetimes. The data also indicate that Z₁ deviations for s-d shell nuclei are Z₂ dependent.     

Binary theory of antiproton stopping

Binary theory of electronic stopping, developed recently with the aim of quantifying stopping forces on swift heavy ions, has been applied to antiproton stopping. Essential ingredients in the theory are inverse-Bloch and shell corrections. The numerical input consists of the excitation spectrum of the stopping material, characterized by bundled oscillator strengths extracted from tabulated optical properties. Predicted stopping forces for eight solid materials agree well with experimental data, in particular for Si where measurements span over two decades of projectile energy. Large discrepancies were found with stopping data for helium extracted from annihilation time measurements. Received 22 February 2001     

Stopping power contribution due to target and projectile excitation/ionization: a comparative study

A comparative study of stopping power codes for different ions in compounds has been made by comparing the computed stopping power values using different codes with the corresponding experimental data. Two computer codes, semiempirical SRIM2006.02 and theoretical CasP3.2 have been used to evaluate and compare the stopping powers of different compounds for protons (125 KeV), helium (500 KeV) and lithium ion (175 KeV) projectiles. The energy behaviour of stopping power of various compounds for helium ion in the energy range (0.3–2.0 MeV) has been studied. The merits and demerits of the adopted formulations are highlighted. It has been observed that the calculation based on SRIM2006.02 provides the best agreement with the experimental data as compared to CasP3.2 code. The stopping power contribution due to target and projectile excitation/ionization at low energies has been evaluated and discussed with reference to CasP3.2 code. From these comparative studies it has been concluded that the target and projectile excitation-ionization increases the stopping power (>20%) at lower energies.     

Interaction of low-energy electrons with silicon dioxide

Theoretical models and calculations have been combined with experimental optical data to determine a model energy-loss function for SiO₂. Sum-rule checks and comparisons with experimental information are made to ensure overall consistency of the model. The model energy-loss function is employed to calculate inelastic inverse mean free paths and stopping powers in SiO₂ for electrons with energies ?10 keV.     

Observation of deuteron D-state and compound nucleus effects in (d,p) reactions on 46Ti and 52Cr with a polarized deuteron beam

The cross section and the vector and tensor analyzing powers have been measured for ⁴⁶Ti(d, p)⁴⁷Ti at deuteron energies of 6 and 10 MeV and ⁵²Cr(d, p)⁵³Cr at 6 MeV. Transitions were observed to the states at E_x=0.159, 1.549 and 1.793 MeV in ⁴⁷Ti and the states at E_x=0.0, 0.564, 1.006 and 2.321 MeV in ⁵³Cr. In addition, the cross sections and vector analyzing powers for deuteron elastic scattering were measured for the same targets and deuteron energies and compared to optical model calculations. The choice of optical parameters for the DWBA analysis of the (d, p) reactions is discussed. Calculations made with the DWBA method show that the deuteron D-state must be included to reproduce even qualitatively the (d, p) tensor analyzing power measurements. The j-dependence of the tensor analyzing power T₂₂ is discussed. The validity of the local energy approximation (which was used to incorporate the deuteron D-state into the DWBA calculations) is evaluated by comparison to finite range calculations. The contribution of compound nucleus reactions to the measured cross sections and analyzing powers was investigated. In order to determine the compound cross section, the Ericson fluctuations in excitation functions of cross section and vector analyzing power were measured from 5 to 7 MeV on each target. The formulas used to calculate the polarization observables from the Hauser-Feshbach theory are presented.     

An optical model analysis of neutron scattering

Neutron elastic scattering data in the range A > 16, 7 < E < 30 MeV are analyzed using a standard local optical model potential. The obtained parameters are compared with similar optical model parameters derived from proton elastic scattering. Empirical values for the Coulomb correction term, isospin dependence and energy dependence are obtained. The results are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Comparison of thermoluminescence energy response of optical fiber subject to photon irradiation between Monte Carlo simulation and experiments

This study is focused on energy response of Ge-doped silicon dioxide optical fiber subjected to photon irradiation. The TL responses for photon energies, ranging from 20 keV to 20MeV, were investigated as energy absorbed in the TL materials of Ge-doped silicon dioxide optical fiber. The simulation was performed using Monte Carlo N-particle transport code version 5 (MCNP5). The input parameters included in this study are source information, geometry specification, material information and tallies F6. Comparisons of energy response were done between simulation and previous results of experiments. A flat response can only be seen in the energy range of 200 keV to 10 MeV.     

Effective stopping charges and stopping power calculations for heavy ions

In this study the model suggested by Sugiyama has been developed and applied for the calculation of the stopping powers for nonrelativistic heavy ions in various target materials. Sugiyama's model has been expanded to low and high energy regions in our work. Analytical expressions are obtained in the modified BB stopping power formula for the effective charge and effective mean excitation energies. In the modified LSS formula, a quasi-molecule criterion has been applied to both the projectiles and the target atoms. Electronic excitation contribution, S _e0, and quasi-molecule contribution, S _ei , to stopping power were found for a wide energy region. It is observed that in intermediate energy region both contributions have maxima. The stopping power due to excitation-ionization in the intermediate and higher energy region is found to be dominant, whereas quasi-molecule contribution is dominant in the lower energy region. The calculated results of stopping power are in good agreement with experimental data for various ions and targets within a few percent in a wide projectile energy range.     

Investigation of radiological properties of some shielding materials on charged and uncharged radiation interaction for neutron generator

Radiation interaction parameters such as total stopping power, projected range (longitudinal and lateral) straggling, mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number (Z_eff) and electron density (N_eff) of some shielding materials were investigated for photon and heavy charged particle interactions. The ranges, stragglings and mass attenuation coefficients were calculated for the high-density polyethylene(HDPE), borated polyethylene (BPE), brick (common silica), concrete (regular), wood, water, stainless steel (304), aluminum (alloy 6061-O), lead and bismuth using SRIM Monte Carlo software and WinXCom program. In addition, effective atomic numbers (Z_eff) and electron densities (N_eff) of HDPE, BPE, brick (common silica), concrete (regular), wood, water, stainless steel (304) and aluminum (alloy 6061-O) were calculated in the energy region 10?keV–100?MeV using mass stopping powers and mass attenuation coefficients. Two different methods namely direct and interpolation procedures were used to calculate Z_eff for comparison and significant differences were determined between the methods. Variations of the ranges, longitudinal and lateral stragglings of water, concrete and stainless steel (304) were compared with each other in the continuous kinetic energy region and discussed with respect to their Z_effs. Moreover, energy absorption buildup factors (EABF) and exposure buildup factors (EBF) of the materials were determined for gamma rays as well and were compared with each other for different photon energies and different mfps in the photon energy region 0.015–15?MeV.