Railway Train-Track Dynamics for Wheelflats with Improved Contact Models

A variety of methods have been proposed to calculate the dynamic response caused by a railway vehicle affected by a wheelflat. Most of the sophisticated procedures evaluate the elastic properties of the wheel-rail contact by means of the Hertz model. However, the hypotheses that must be satisfied in order to apply the Hertzian contact model are not fulfilled when the wheel-rail contact occurs in the area of wheel affected by the flat. This gives rise to deviations in the results of the dynamic model compared to the real situation. With the objective of analysing the influence of the elastic wheel-rail contact model, a procedure was developed to determine the dynamic response caused by a geometric irregularity (in rail or wheel) by means of Hertzian and non-Hertzian contact models. Results of the wheelflat impact simulations given by both types of contact model have been compared in this work.     

数值流形方法的粘性边界问题初探

在实际工程数值流形方法分析中,采用固定约束边界的方法处理无限域或者半无限域的情况,边界处应力波的反射造成模拟结果与实际情况不符.本文基于Lysmer等人提出的粘性边界理论,在边界上设置阻尼器,推导相应粘性边界条件下流形单元刚度矩阵的数值计算格式,经岩石长条中弹性波传播算例,并与有限元结果对比,验证了该粘性边界的有效性,有利于数值流形方法的工程中推广应用.     

Real-time Measurement of Ultrasonic Waves at Bolted Joints under Fatigue Testing

The real-time measurement of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) was carried out during the fatigue testing of the bolted joints of aluminum alloy plates with a frequency of 0.001 Hz. SAW distributions in the bolted region were compared with those obtained by the synchronized measurement, in which the ultrasonic wave was generated in synchronization with a loading cycle in the fatigue testing with a frequency of 10 Hz. At different numbers of fatigue cycles, the intensity of the reflection from the fatigue crack obtained by the real-time measurement was in good agreement with that obtained by the synchronized measurement. In the real-time measurement, the reflection intensity and profile changed with the stress level in a loading cycle, which were in good agreement with those obtained by the synchronized SAW measurement. From these results, it was confirmed that the SAW distributions obtained by the synchronized measurement is coincident with ones obtained by the real-time measurement in one loading cycle, and is not influenced by the measurement conditions.     

用拉格朗日函数分析不同模量静不定桁架内力

在外载荷作用下的不同模量静不定桁架平衡问题,是任意有限多个自变量的多元函数在任意有限多个约束条件下的极值问题,对采用拉格朗日乘数法求解此类极值问题进行了数学证明．通过求解不同模量静不定桁架极限载荷的几个算例,阐述拉格朗日乘数法在计算不同模量静不定桁架极限载荷中的应用．研究结果表明：采用拉格朗日乘数法求解不同模量静不定桁架极限载荷的通用性较强,用拉格朗日乘数法求解不同模量静不定桁架极限载荷的方法不但克服了常规方法需利用几何关系建立协调方程的缺陷,且具有力学概念清晰直观、计算过程简便、便于工程设计人员在实际中掌握和应用．     

Creation, transportation, and coalescence of liquid drops by means of a light beam

A novel principle of manipulation of discrete drops using concentration-capillary forces controlled by the thermal action of a light beam is proposed. The drops are created by the light beam in a thin layer of absorbing solution and in a film of that solution beneath an air bubble in the cell. The possibility of transporting both a single drop and a drop in an air bubble by means of a light beam is demonstrated. For the first time two drops are made to coalesce on a solid substrate by bringing them into contact by means of a light beam.     

Green function on two-phase saturated medium by concentrated force in two-dimensional displacement field

The Green function on two-phase saturated medium by concentrated force has a broad and important use in seismology, seismic engineering, soil mechanics, geophysics, dynamic foundation theory and so on. According to the Green function on two-phase saturated medium by concentrated force in three-dimentional displacement field obtained by Ding Bo-yang et al. , it gives out the Green function in two-dimensional displacement field by infinite integral method along x3 -direction derived by De Hoop and Manolis. The method adopted in the thesis is simpler. The result will be simplified to the boundary element method of dynamic problem.     

Analysis of liquid circulation and mixing in a partitioned electrolytic tank

The performance of an electrochemical process depends critically on the mobility of the reacting species or ions towards the electrode surface. In this work, a partitioned electrolytic cell is studied. Here the fluid flow is induced by gases which evolve at the electrode surface. The liquid circulation induced by the rising bubbles is primarily responsible for mixing. In this study, the liquid circulation in a cell where an alkaline solution of water is electrolyzed using different Nickel designs of electrodes is investigated using PIV. For each electrode, the optimum operating conditions such as voltage and concentration of electrolyte which resulted in good mixing are found. The flow-field is quantified by calculating time averaged velocity profiles along the horizontal line and by analyzing the temporal variation of liquid velocity at a point. It is found that there are differences in the circulation and hence vorticity in the two compartments, anode and cathode. The effect of gas evolution on mixing between the two chambers is studied by taking uric acid in the cathode half and NaOH in the anode half. The flow induced by the evolved gas bubbles leads to convective mixing in the two chambers. The mixing time is calculated by measuring the variation of current with time under potentiostatic conditions. This is verified by measuring the pH in anode and cathode compartments during the electrolysis.     

Acoustic forcing on swirling flow: experiments and simulation

We investigated the effect of sound irradiated from loudspeakers on the flow of preheated air in the combustion chamber of a swirl burner. The temporally periodic pattern of the flow generated by the sound was detected by fast particle image velocimetry (PIV), with a repetition rate that was adapted to the observation of 12 phase angles of the irradiated monochromatic sound. The strong observed movement of the air is related to the movement by the sound itself, as determined by the pressure measurements with microphones. The PIV measurements reveal also a nonlinear interaction between the irradiated sound and the precession of the vortex core. The accuracy of the sound measurements was tested by determining in quiescent air the acoustic velocity by microphones and as well by PIV; good agreement was obtained thereby. Numerical calculations, using large eddy simulation and accounting for the sound forcing by variation in the mass flow at the inlet of the computational domain, approximately reproduce some of the experimental results.     

基于Vreman亚格子模型的有限开口空间内热驱动流数值模拟

利用基于Vreman亚格子模型的大涡模拟技术对有开口的单室和双室房间内热驱动流进行了数值模拟,利用函数分析法定量分析了模拟结果的准确性,并与Smagorinsky亚格子模型的模拟结果进行了比较.结果表明,Vreman和Smagorinsky亚格子模型的计算结果均能够满足工程的需求,但Vreman亚格子模型在开口附近区域的温度和U速度计算结果在整体上比Smagorinsky亚格子模型更接近实验值;Vreman亚格子模型未像Sma-gorinsky亚格子模型那样过高地估算壁面附近高温区域的粘性耗散;对于单室房间内热烟气层高度的预测,采用Vreman模型得到的计算结果准确性比Smagorinsky亚格子模型提高近50％.     

开采沉陷土体变形与孔隙水压相互作用研究进展

本文通过实验、实测和理论分析研究了开采沉陷土体变形与孔隙水压力之间的相互作用,结果表明,随着开采的进行,土体的应力变形发生变化造成了超静孔隙水压力的产生和消散,反映在土体变形上出现随开采时间延续而发展的附加压缩和膨胀变形,这种压缩或膨胀在土体的不同部位相互叠加,有时还叠加了底部含水层水位下降引起的地面下沉。这些结果揭示了厚松散含水层地区开采沉陷特殊性的机理,对开采沉陷预测及水体下采煤具有重要意义。     

Wetting Phase Bridges Establish Capillary Continuity Across Open Fractures and Increase Oil Recovery in Mixed-Wet Fractured Chalk

The effect of fractures on oil recovery and in situ saturation development in fractured chalk has been determined at near neutral wettability conditions. Fluid saturation development was monitored both in the matrix and in the fractures and the mechanisms of fracture crossing were determined using high spatial resolution MRI. Capillary continuity across open oil-filled fractures was verified by imaging the water bridges established within the fracture. Despite an alternate escape fracture for the water, separate water bridges were shown to be stable for the entire duration of the experiments. The established capillary contact resulted in oil recovery exceeding the spontaneous imbibition potential in the outlet-isolated cores by ca. 10% PV. This is explained by viscous recovery provided by water bridges across open fractures. The size of the bridges seemed to be controlled by the wettability of the rock and not by the differential pressure applied across the open fracture.     

高温变形测量中热流场造成畸变的修正方法

目前高温环境中材料的变形测量是研究的热点,基于数字图像特征识别的非接触测量方法促进了高温环境变形测量的发展,但由于高温环境的复杂性,存在很多测量影响因素,其中高温环境中热流场的存在对数字图像法的影响尤为明显。本文提出了一种对高温变形测量中热流场造成畸变影响的修正方法。针对基于光学成像方法的材料高温变形测量中常见的热流场扰动,通过数值仿真得到热流场模型及热流场分布状况,再结合光线追迹原理对热流场造成的图像畸变影响进行分析,用数值分析结果对高温变形测量实验结果进行修正。对比扰动修正结果与真实位移有很好的一致性,从而证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

Combined radiation and natural convection effects on graetz problem in horizontal isothermal circular tubes

A numerical analysis is performed on the combined thermal radiation and mixed convection for a gray fluid flow in a horizontal isothermally-heated circular tube. The governing equations of vorticity-velocity form are employed and solved by DuFort-Frankel method. The contribution of radiation is formulated by integral expression and solved by finite element nodal approximation. The effects of radiation and convection on local Nusselt number and the developing of bulk temperature are presented. The result shows that the heat transfer can be significantly enhanced by the effects of radiation and secondary flow induced by buoyancy. Besides, the fluctuation in local Nusselt number curve which is caused by the existence of secondary flow is reduced by the effect of thermal radiation.     

聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

分别利用超声共混法和溶胶凝胶原位复合法制备出聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石(PVA-H/HA)复合材料,测定了其拉伸强度和抗剪切强度,并对不同HA含量下的试样进行了摩擦磨损性能研究.结果表明:少量HA的加入能提高复合材料的机械强度和抗磨损性能,利用原位复合法制备的试样机械性能较好,而且当HA含量为3%时复合材料的机械性能最佳;试样的磨损量随着接触载荷的增加而显著上升;在相同HA含量下,原位复合法制备的试样抗磨损性能更佳,当HA含量为4%时,原位复合法制备的复合材料试样的摩擦磨损性能最佳,其磨损量仅为纯PVA-H的29.8%.     

Drag reduction effectiveness and shear stability of polymer-polymer and polymer-fibre mixtures in recirculatory turbulent flow of water

The turbulent drag reduction caused by polymer-polymer and polymerfibre mixtures has been measured in recirculatory flow of water. Shear stability studies have also been made on a number of drag reducing polymers, asbestos fibres and their mixtures in recirculatory turbulent flow of water. Reynolds numbers ranged from 20,000 to 57,000. Both positive and negative deviations from linear additive behaviour have been observed in drag reduction caused by the polymer-polymer mixtures depending upon their compositions, flow rate and polymer species in the mixture. The drag reduction by the mixtures has been predicted by using simple mixture rule equations including an interaction parameter. This interaction parameter is believed to depend upon the polymer interaction in the polymer mixture. The random coil size and rigidity of the polymer molecules appear to be responsible for the synergism observed in the drag reduction caused by the mixture. In general, mixtures having larger solvation number seem to give positive synergism.Synergism in drag reduction by the polymer-fibre mixtures has also been observed. The simple mixture law equation with interaction parameter is also applicable in predicting the drag reduction by the mixtures as above. The random coil size of the polymer molecules and the rigidity of the polymer-fibre system appear to be responsible for the synergism observed in drag reduction. In the shearstability studies it has been observed that the decrement in drag reduction (DR) is higher than the the decrement in absolute viscosity in most cases. Carboxymethyl cellulose is found to be the most shear stable polymer followed by guar gum, xanthan gum and polyacrylamide. The mixtures exhibiting synergism in causing drag reduction are found to be more shear stable.     

Scaling behavior of thermal shock crack patterns and tunneling cracks driven by cooling or drying

Cracks driven by shrinkage due to cooling or drying arrange themselves via mutual interaction. For parallel straight crack arrays driven by idealized transient shrinkage fields the scaling behavior in an infinite half-space is derived analytically by means of fracture mechanics bifurcation analysis with two plausible scaling assumptions. Crack spacing in thermal shock crack patterns has been found to be approximately proportional to the crack length and inversely proportional to the crack velocity. The spacing of tunneling cracks formed in a drying layer between plates scales as the 2/3rd power of layer thickness as a consequence of the specific interaction between the tunneling cracks. The difference in scaling behavior in the two cases is explained by the dimensionality of the geometrical setup determined by the boundary condition rather than by different physical processes. In either case, good agreement between theory and experiments is found.     

Mechanism by which a frictionally confined rod loses stability under initial velocity and position perturbations

We present a theory to reveal for the first time the distinct mechanisms by which a compressed rod confined in a channel buckles in the presence of dry friction. Contrary to the case of a frictionless contact, with friction the system can bear substantially enhanced compressive load without buckling after its stiffness turns negative, and the onset of instability is strongly affected by the amount of perturbation set by the environment. Our theory, confirmed by simulations, shows that friction enhances stability by opening a wide stable zone in the perturbation space. Buckling is initiated when the applied compressive force is such that the boundary of the stable zone touches a point set by the environment, at a much higher critical load. Furthermore, our analysis shows that friction has a strong effect on the buckling mode; an increase in friction is found to lead to higher buckling modes.     

Scattering of ultrasound by minority phases in polycrystalline metals

The scattering of ultrasound by minority phases in polycrystalline metals is discussed. For discrete inclusions, the scattering theory of Ying and Truell describes well the attenuation of longitudinal waves. To treat the scattering by a second phase formed by segregation at a grain boundary, the scattering by a spherical shell with density and elastic constants different from those of the surrounding medium is developed. Reflection of ultrasound at this boundary is found to enhance the attenuation at low frequencies in agreement with experiments of Kamigaki. Application is made to the scattering by manganese sulphide in free-machining steel.     

投影栅相移法中的相位波动误差及修正算法研究

分析了因测量系统非线性响应及局部饱和投影栅图像所导致的相位误差及其波动特性。经过实验验证,四步相移算法在抑制系统非线性响应所引起的相位误差方面优于三步相移算法。通过模拟分析得出,在采用传统相移算法对局部饱和条纹图像分析时,相位误差较大,且相位分布具有周期波动特性。为减小因图像局部饱和而产生的相位误差,文中采用了新的算法提取相位。实验分析结果验证了算法的正确性。     

基于突变理论的液化评估方法

作为众多突变类型的一种形式,尖点突变模型由于其优良的性质而广泛应用于生物学和社会科学,近年来又有越来越多的学者用尖点突变模型来研究工程实际问题。本文基于地震液化的基本机理和突变理论的特点,以土体的抗液化能力和土体得到的地震能量为控制变量,以孔隙水压力发展为状态变量,建立了地震诱导的孔隙水压力发展模型。宏观震害调查结果和本文的计算结果对比表明,本文建议的方法方便、可靠,是一种理想的液化评估方法。