Three-Party Quantum Network Communication Protocols Based on Quantum Teleportation

By utilizing the delocalized correlation of entangled states in quantum information theory, a novel method on acknowledgments of quantum information among three-party is presented, and then two three-party quantum network communication protocols based on quantum teleportation are presented, namely, three-party stop-wait quantum communication protocol and three-party selective automatic repeat quantum communication protocol. In the two proposed protocols, the data frames composed of qubits are teleported via three-party quantum teleportation, the two receivers simultaneously receive quantum frames from the sender, and then return quantum acknowledgment frames or quantum negative acknowledgment frames via quantum entanglement channels. The sender simultaneously receives and deals with quantum acknowledgment frames and quantum negative acknowledgment frames from the two receivers, thus the processing delay on returning quantum frames is reduced. And due to the transience of transferring quantum information, the returning of quantum acknowledgment frames and quantum negative acknowledgment frames are completed instantaneously, the proposed protocols reduce the transmission delay and improve the communication efficiency. During the whole course of communications, the classical channels are only used to transmit the measurement message, so the burdens of classical channels are reduced.     

控制的量子隐形传态和控制的量子安全直接通信

我们提出了一个控制的量子隐形传态方案。在这方案中，发送方Alice 在监督者Charlie的控制下以他们分享的三粒子纠缠态作为量子通道将二能级粒子未知态的量子信息忠实的传给了遥远的接受方Bob。我们还提出了借助此传态的控制的量子安全直接通信方案。在保证量子通道安全的情况下， Alice直接将秘密信息编码在粒子态序列上，并在Charlie控制下用此传态方法传给Bob。Bob可通过测量他的量子位读出编码信息。由于没有带秘密信息的量子位在Alice 和Bob之间传送，只要量子通道安全， 这种通信不会泄露给窃听者任何信息， 是绝对安全的。这个方案的的特征是双方通信需得到第三方的许可。     

基于量子隐形传态的数据链路层选择重传协议

提出了数据链路层中基于量子隐形传态的量子选择重传协议.即在量子网络的两个站点进行通信时,发送方通过加入辅助量子比特位,把一系列的量子比特分成m帧.在连续传送m个量子帧后,接收方根据发送方所提供的经典信息,判断自己是否收到正确无误的量子帧.若接收方收到了正确的量子帧, 则用量子信道返回确认帧;若接收方没有收到量子帧或收到错误的量子帧, 则不返回否认帧.发送方在设定的时间内,根据收到的确认帧判断需要重发的量子帧.由于只重发丢失或出错的量子帧,该协议减少了通信过程的传播时延,提高了通信效率.在整个通信过程中,仅用经典信道传送测量信息,从而降低了经典信道的负担.     

Bidirectional Controlled Quantum Communication by Using a Seven-Qubit Entangled State

We propose a protocol for bidirectional controlled quantum communication by using a seven-qubit entangled state. In our protocol, Alice can teleport an arbitrary unknown two-qubit state to Bob, at the same time Bob can help Alice remotely prepares an arbitrary known single-qubit state. It is shown that, with the help of the controller Charlie, the total success probability of our protocol can reach 100%.     

A Bidirectional Teleportation Protocol for Arbitrary Two-qubit State Under the Supervision of a Third Party

In this paper we introduce a controlled teleportation protocol for transferring arbitrary two-qubit states bilaterally between Alice and Bob. The bidirectional teleportation protocol is supervised by a controller Charlie. A ten-qubit entangled quantum channel shared between Alice, Bob and Charlie is utilized. The protocol depends on Bell state measurements by Alice and Bob and single-qubit measurements by Charlie.     

Cyclic Controlled Remote Implementation of Partially Unknown Quantum Operations

Fusing the ideas of remote implementation of quantum operation and bidirectional controlled teleportation, we propose a protocol of cyclic controlled remote implementation for three partially unknown quantum operation using seven-qubit cluster state as the quantum channel. Suppose there are three observers Alice, Bob and Charlie, each of them has been given a partially unknown quantum operation. We show that how to realize the cyclic controlled remote implementation of quantum operations where under control of the controller David, Alice can remotely apply her operation on Bob’s qubit, and Bob can remotely apply his operation on Charlie’s qubit, at the same time Charlie can also remotely apply his operation on Alice’s qubit. It is shown that only the senders Alice, Bob, Charlie and the controller David collaborate with each other, the cyclic controlled remote implementation of partially unknown quantum operations can be realized successfully without bidirectional teleportation. So our protocol is safer, resource-efficient and potentially applicable.

     

Quantum Splitting a Two-qubit State with a Genuinely Entangled Five-qubit State

A new application of the genuinely entangled five-qubit state is investigated for quantum information splitting of a particular type of two-qubit state. In this scheme, a genuinely entangled five-qubit state is shared by Alice (a sender), Charlie (a controller) and Bob (a receiver), and Alice only needs to perform two Bell-state measurements and Charlie performs a single-qubit measurement, Bob can reconstruct the two-qubit state by performing some appropriately unitary transformations on his qubits after he knows the measured results of both Alice and Charlie. This quantum information splitting scheme is deterministic, i.e. the probability of success is 100 %. The presented protocol is showed to be secure against certain eavesdropping attacks.     

基于纠缠的数据链路层量子通信协议

利用量子力学中的纠缠关联性，提出了数据链路层的量子通信协议. 该协议把线路分为忙闲时段，量子纠缠态的分发预先在闲时段完成，数据经由经典链路发送，确认帧经由量子纠缠信道发送. 量子信息的传输可以是瞬时的，因此两个发送成功的数据帧之间的最小时间间隔可以大为减小. 研究表明该协议能有效地提高数据链路的最大吞吐量，改善数据链路层停止等待协议的性能. 关键词： 量子通信 纠缠 停止等待协议 数据链路     

Secure quantum telephone

A quantum telephone protocol including the dialing process and the talking one is proposed. In the dialing process, with their respective secret keys, the legitimate communicators Alice and Bob can pass the authentication by Charlie acting as a telephone company. In the talking process, Charlie provides the authenticated Alice and Bob with a quantum channel sequence, on which Alice and Bob can communicate with each other directly and privately by virtue of some encoding operations. Different from the insecure classical telephone having been used in our lives, the proposed quantum telephone protocol has asymptotically security and the communicators cannot disavow having used the quantum channels.     

Bidirectional Controlled Quantum Teleportation of Three-Qubit State by a New Entangled Eleven-Qubit State

In this paper, an improved controlled bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol of the special three-qubit state is proposed. In a little bit more detail, under the control of the third supervisor Charlie, Alice wants to send one special three-qubit entangled state to Bob, and at the meantime, Bob also wants to transmit another special three-qubit entangled state to Alice. In other words, both Alice and Bob can be the sender and receiver simultaneously. To achieve this aim, a specific eleven-qubit entangled state is shared among Alice, Bob and Charlie in advance acting as the quantum channel. Then, Alice and Bob first implement the GHZ-state measurement and Bell-state measurement respectively, and following Charlie’s single-qubit measurement. Finally, upon the foregoing measurement results, Alice and Bob can respectively implement the specific unitary operators on their local particles to recover the initial state transmitted by the other.

     

Bidirectional and Asymmetric Controlled Quantum Information Transmission via Five-qubit Brown State

We put forward a new protocol of deterministic controlled bidirectional quantum information transmission, using a five-qubit Brown state. That is to say Alice wants to teleport an arbitrary single-qubit state to Bob and Bob wants to remotely prepare a known state for Alice via the control of the supervisor Charlie. In terms of physical implementations, only a CNOT gate, one Bell-state measurement and one qubit measurement are used in our protocol. Compared with previous study for solely bidirectional quantum teleportation and solely bidirectional remote state preparation schemes, our protocol is a kind of hybrid approach of information communication which makes the quantum channel multipurpose, i.e., no matter whether the transmitted state is known or unknown, the state information can be transmitted with each other via a five-qubit Brown state under the control of the third party as a supervisor.     

Controlled Quantum Teleportation via the GHZ Entangled Ions in the Ion-Trapped System

In this paper, we present a controlled quantum teleportation protocol. In the protocol, quantum information of an unknown state is faithfully transmitted from a sender (Alice) to a remote receiver (Bob) via the GHZ entangled ions under the control of the supervisor Charlie. The apparent Bell-state measurements that Alice should perform in order to teleport her ions are not needed.     

Analysis of Counterfactual Quantum Certificate Authorization

A counterfactual quantum certificate authorization protocol was proposed recently (Shenoy et al., Phys. Rev. A 89, 052307 (20)), in which a trusted third party, Alice, authenticates an entity Bob (e.g., a bank) that a client Charlie wishes to securely transact with. However, this protocol requires a classical authenticated channel between Bob and Charlie to prevent possible attacks from the third party Alice, which is in conflict with the task of certificate authorization in the sense that Bob and Charlie can establish an unconditionally-secure key by a quantum key distribution protocol if there is a classical authenticated channel between them and hence securely transact with each other even without the assistance of the third party Alice.     

Controlled Remote State Preparation of an Arbitrary Four-Qubit Entangled Cluster-Type State Using Seven-Qubit Cluster State

We propose a deterministic protocol for remotely preparing an arbitrary four-qubit entangled cluster-type state. In our protocol, a seven-qubit cluster state is employed to link the two senders (Alice and Bob) and the receiver Charlie. The to-be-prepared state is realized successfully with the probability of 100 % by performing the local unitary operation and classical communication.     

Controlled Cyclic Remote Preparation of an Arbitrary Single-Qudit State by Using a Seven-Qudit Cluster State as the Quantum Channel

We present a protocol for controlled cyclic remote preparation of an arbitrary single-qudit state via a seven-qudit cluster state. In the protocol, Alice can help the remote agent Bob prepare an arbitrary single-qudit state, Bob can help the agent Charlie prepare an arbitrary single-qudit state and at the same time Charlie can help Alice prepare an arbitrary single-qudit state under the controller David’s control. Alice, Bob and Charlie first perform positive operator-valued measurement (POVM) on their entangled particles according to the information of the prepared state, then perform generalized X-basis measurement. The controller performs generalized X-basis measurement on his entangled particle. The arbitrary single-qudit states can be cyclic remote prepared under the controller’s control. The protocol is more convenient in application since it only requires single-particle measurement and single-particle unitary operations for controlled cyclic remote preparation of the single-qudit states.

     

A Scheme of Controlled Quantum State Swapping

A scheme for controlled quantum state swapping is presented using maximally entangled five-qubit state,i.e.,Alice wants to transmit an entangled state of particle a to Bob and at the same time Bob wants to transmit an entangled state of particle b to Alice via the control of the supervisor Charlie.The operations used in this swapping process including C-not operation and a series of single-qubit measurements performed by Alice,Bob,and Charlie.     

Quantum Information Splitting of Arbitrary Three-qubit State by Using Five-qubit Cluster state and GHZ-state

In this paper, a new scheme of quantum information splitting (8QIS) by using five-qubit state and GHZ-state as quantum channel is proposed. The sender Alice performs Bell-state measurements (BSMs) on her qubit-pairs respectively,then tells her measurement result to the receivers Bob. If Bob wants to reconstruct the original states, he must cooperates with the controller Charlie, that Charlie performs two single particle measurement on his qubits and tells Bob the results. According to Alice’s and Bob’s results, Bob can reconstruct the initial state by applying appropriate unitary operation.     

Controlled Deterministic Secure Semi-Quantum Communication

A controlled deterministic secure semi-quantum communication protocol based on GHZ-like states is proposed for improving the security of semi-quantum communication. The protocol includes three participants, one is Alice with quantum capabilities who can prepare GHZ-like states to provide a secure and controllable quantum channel, and the remaining are Bob and controller Charlie who have only classical abilities. During the communication process, Bob compresses the secret message to obtain a binary string with Huffman compression coding technology, and then performs encoding and encryption operations to improve confidentiality. Furthermore, the analysis results demonstrate that the proposed CDSSQC protocol can effectively resist Trojan horse attacks, intercept-resend attack, double CNOT attack and other attacks.

     

A Scheme of Controlled Quantum State Swapping

A scheme for controlled quantum state swapping is presented using maximally entangled five-qubit state, i.e., Alice wants to transmit an entangled state of particle a to Bob and at the same time Bob wants to transmit an entangled state of particle b to Alice via the control of the supervisor Charlie. The operations used in this swapping process including C-not operation and a series of single-qubit measurements performed by Alice, Bob, and Charlie.     

Asymmetric Bidirectional Controlled Teleportation via Seven-qubit Cluster State

We propose a new protocol of asymmetric bidirectional controlled teleportation by using a seven-qubit cluster state as the quantum channel. That is to say Alice wants to transmit an arbitrary single-qubit state to Bob and Bob wants to transmit an arbitrary two qubit state to Alice via the control of the supervisor Charlie. One only need perform the Bell-state measurements and single-qubit measurement.