Determination of the N-methyl stereochemistry in tropane and granatane derivatives in solution: a computational and NMR spectroscopic study

Tropane (8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) and granatane (9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) derivatives undergo fast N-methyl inversion. The distribution of axial and equatorial N-methyl invertomers of protonated and free amine forms in aqueous and methanol solutions was studied by room and low temperature NMR spectroscopy on tropinone, tropine, granatan-3-one (pseudopelletierine or pseudopelletrierin) and α-granatan-3-ol. Theoretical (DFT) distributions in both gas phase and solutions are also reported. Applicability of the computational model for the studied system was verified by comparison with invertomer distributions inferred from inverse-gated ¹³C NMR experiments. Among the tested functionals, the BH&HLYP/cc-pVDZ method yields the best agreement with experiment. Moreover, accounting for orbital relaxation upon immersion in the solution was found to be of importance in order to properly reproduce observed distributions.     

Relative stability of 5-methyl- and 3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine conformers

According to HF and DFT quantum chemical calculations and ¹H NMR data, the chair–chair conformational equilibrium of 5-methyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine shifts toward the conformer with equatorial orientation of the methyl group on C⁵ and axial orientation of the NH proton. 3,5-Dimethyltetrahydro-1,3-oxazine exists preferentially as chair conformer with equatorial orientation of the 5-methyl group; orientation of the N-methyl group almost does not affect the conformational equilibrium.     

Synthesis and isomer distribution of 2-alkyltropinones and 2-alkylgranatanones

Tropinone (8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one) metal (Li, Na, K, Mg) enolates were used to achieve α-alkylation. The reactions, regardless of the metal or conditions used, were low-yielding. N,N-Dimethylhydrazones of tropinone and granatanone (pseudopelletierine, 9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one) were prepared and α-alkylated using n-butyllithium as the lithiating reagent. Lithium amides, including a polymer-supported lithium amide, were less effective. The reactions were modelled using DFT calculations at the B3LYP 6-31G(d) level and the CPCM solvent model, revealing that the face-selective alkylations of tropinone and granatanone hydrazones favoured the exo-isomers. Granatanone and α-isopropyl tropinone derivatives resisted typical mild hydrolytic hydrazone cleavage (aqueous trifluoroacetic acid) and required more forceful conditions (p-TsOH, boiling dioxane). Using the hydrazone alkylation strategy, 16 α-alkyl derivatives (benzyl, methyl, propyl, isopropyl, allyl, pentyl, heptyl, p-methoxybenzyl) were prepared in 52–90% yields overall. For the α-alkylated tropinones and granatanones (10 examples), the DFT calculations and experimental thermodynamic distributions in base catalysed equilibrations showed that except for the α-isopropyl derivatives, the endo-isomers were more stable than the exo-isomers and were the major products. For 2-isopropyltropinone, the bulky substituent favoured the exo (axial) position in the bicyclic skeleton. The thermodynamic distribution for the α,α′-dibenzyl tropinone isomers was also evaluated.     

Complexation of rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates with aliphatic diamines in solution: 1H and 13C NMR and DFT investigations

The complexation of rhodium(II) tetraacetate, tetrakistrifluoroaceate and tetrakisoctanoate with a set of diamines (ethane‐1,diamine, propane‐1,3‐diamine and nonane‐1,9‐diamine) and their N,N′‐dimethyl and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl derivatives in chloroform solution has been investigated by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) modelling. A combination of two bifunctional reagents, diamines and rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates, yielded insoluble coordination polymers as main products of complexation and various adducts in the solution, being in equilibrium with insoluble material. All diamines initially formed the 2 : 1 (blue), (1 : 1)_n oligomeric (red) and 1 : 2 (red) axial adducts in solution, depending on the reagents' molar ratio. Adducts of primary and secondary diamines decomposed in the presence of ligand excess, the former via unstable equatorial complexes. The complexation of secondary diamines slowed down the inversion at nitrogen atoms in NH(CH₃) functional groups and resulted in the formation of nitrogenous stereogenic centres, detectable by NMR. Axial adducts of tertiary diamines appeared to be relatively stable. The presence of long aliphatic chains in molecules (adducts of nonane‐1,9‐diamines or rhodium(II) tetrakisoctanoate) increased adduct solubility. Hypothetical structures of the equatorial adduct of rhodium(II) tetraacetate with ethane‐1,2‐diamine and their NMR parameters were explored by means of DFT calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1H and 13C NMR study of the conformations of the atropisomers of some 1-(11-naphthyl)-2,4-dioxo-(or 2-thio-4-oxo)-hexahydro-pyriminides

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the atropisomers of 6-(or 5-)-methyl-1-(1¹-naphthyl)-2, 4-dioxo-(or 2-thio-4-oxo)-hexahydro-pyrimidines, 1 to 4, are assigned on the basis of NOE and double resonance experiments. The syn-anti configurations of the isomers of 6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-pyrimidine follow from the close similarity of the NMR parameters to those observed with the isomers of the 6-methyl-2-thio derivative of known configuration. That of the 5-methyl derivatives was assigned from NOE and magnetic anisotropy effects of the naphthalene ring and of the (thio) amide group. Allylic strain between the naphthyl and 5-methyl groups makes the axial confomation prefered int he anti isomers. In the syn isomers, however, the equational and axial conformations are approximately equally populated, apparently due to interference between the remote benzene ring and the axial methyl group. The equatorial conformation is prepared with the 5-methyl derivatives.     

Solvent Effects on IR Modes of (R)-3-Methylcyclopentanone Conformers: A Computational Investigation

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of infrared spectra for the optimized geometries of the R-(+)-3-methylcyclopentanone (R3MCP) equatorial-methyl and axial-methyl conformers were performed in eleven common solvents with a wide polarity range, within the framework of polarizable continuum model (PCM). The DFT correlation function type B3LYP, using a powerful basis set (aug-cc-pVDZ), yielded different linear correlations between solvent polarity and R3MCP equatorial and axial conformers for frequencies of IR modes, intensities, and enthalpies. DFT calculations of the dipole moments of R3MCP equatorial and axial conformer components in 3D were also carried out and found to have a linear correlation with the solvent polarity. An increasing trend for the hypsochromic (blue) shift in the equatorial conformer??s IR frequencies is observed, in comparison to bathochromic (red) shift for the axial-methyl conformer IR modes, as a function of the solvent polarity.     

α,α′,α″,α′″-meso-tetrahexyltetramethyl-calix[4]pyrrole: an easy-to-prepare,isomerically pure anion extractant with enhanced solubility in organic solvents

α,α′,α″,α′″-meso-Tetrahexyltetramethyl-calix[4]pyrrole is easily obtained as a single diastereomer in a one-pot reaction. It exhibits enhanced solubility in organic solvents, including aliphatic solvents, relative to its parent meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole (1). Somewhat surprisingly, the tetrahexyl derivative 2 complexes with tributylmethylammonium chloride in chloroform more strongly than does 1 as shown by NMR titrations. However, 1 and 2 exhibit comparable complexation strength in extraction experiments, the difference between the NMR and extraction results being attributed to the effect of organic-phase water in the extraction systems. Mass-action analysis indicates the formation of the predominant complex TBMA⁺(1 or 2)Cl^? in both NMR and extraction systems, and equilibrium constants are reported. x-Ray crystal structures were obtained for the free ligand 2 and its complex with tetramethylammonium chloride. The free ligand crystallises in the 1,3-alt conformation with equatorial hexyl arms. In the chloride complex with 2 in its cone conformation, the hexyl arms adopt an axial orientation, enveloping the anion. DFT calculations show this binding conformation to be the most stable, mostly owing to destabilising steric interactions involving the pyrrole C–H and alkyl C–H groups positioned equatorially.     

The nitrogen inversion in fused isoxazolidinyl derivatives of substituted uracil: synthesis,NMR and computational analysis

A series of fused isoxazolidines have been prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of N-protected methylenenitrones with 1,3-dimethyluracil derivatives, and their NMR spectra have been recorded in TFA-d and in CDCl₃ over a wide range of temperatures. The spectra indicate the presence of two invertomers for all isoxazolidines. Barriers to nitrogen inversion in the cycloadduct 6a have been determined using DFT quantochemical calculations. Our estimates have shown that the inversion proceeds at more complex path, involving four structures of local minima and four transition states.

     

Synthesis,structural investigations,and DFT calculations on novel 3-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine derivatives with fluorescence properties

Comparison studies on the acetalization of 10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine-carbaldehyde with 1,3-propanediol, or 2-substituted-1,3-propanediols, under conventional versus microwave assisted conditions and standard organic solvents versus water, were performed as an attempt toward more environmentally benign synthetic methods. New 3-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine derivatives were obtained in high yields by azeotropic distillation of water and in moderate yields by microwave assisted synthesis in different solvents, including water under superheated conditions. The solvent influence upon stabilizing the key intermediates involved in the acetalization mechanism was assumed based on DFT calculations, which indicated a favorable enthalpy profile in water solvent. Structural investigations of the new compounds based on spectroscopic methods (NMR, FT-IR, UV–vis, and MS), were completed with molecular mechanics and semi-empirical DFT calculations, which supported an anancomeric chair conformation of the 1,3-dioxane ring with the phenothiazine substituent in the equatorial position and possible free rotation about the single bond linking the two heterocyclic units. The new compounds display daylight fluorescence characterized by remarkably large Stokes shifts determined by LE spectroscopy.     

Conformational analysis of 2,2-dimethyl-5-alkyl-1,3-dioxa-2-silacyclohexanes

Study of conformational isomerization of 2,2-dimethyl-5-alkyl-1,3-dioxa-2-silacyclohexanes using quantum-chemical HF/6-31G(d) and PBE/3z approximations showed that its route involves an equilibrium between the chair conformers with different orientation of substituent at C⁵ ring atom and proceeds through a transition state corresponding to the 2,5-twist conformation. Molecular dynamics method showed that at room temperature this conformation transforms into the equatorial or axial chair conformers through 1,4-twist or sofa forms. Based on the experimental and theoretical values of vicinal ¹H NMR coupling constants we determined quantitative conformational composition of the molecules of these compounds and the values of ??G ⁰ of the conformational equilibrium.     

New Insight into the Hydrocarbon‐Pool Chemistry of the Methanol‐to‐Olefins Conversion over Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 from GC‐MS,Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy,and DFT Calculations

Over zeolite H‐ZSM‐5, the aromatics‐based hydrocarbon‐pool mechanism of methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) reaction was studied by GC‐MS, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Isotopic‐labeling experimental results demonstrated that polymethylbenzenes (MBs) are intimately correlated with the formation of olefin products in the initial stage. More importantly, three types of cyclopentenyl cations (1,3‐dimethylcyclopentenyl, 1,2,3‐trimethylcyclopentenyl, and 1,3,4‐trimethylcyclopentenyl cations) and a pentamethylbenzenium ion were for the first time identified by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations under both co‐feeding ([¹³C₆]benzene and methanol) conditions and typical MTO working (feeding [¹³C]methanol alone) conditions. The comparable reactivity of the MBs (from xylene to tetramethylbenzene) and the carbocations (trimethylcyclopentenyl and pentamethylbenzium ions) in the MTO reaction was revealed by ¹³C‐labeling experiments, evidencing that they work together through a paring mechanism to produce propene. The paring route in a full aromatics‐based catalytic cycle was also supported by theoretical DFT calculations.     

Conformational properties of 1-methyl-1-germacyclohexane: low-temperature NMR and quantum chemical calculations

The conformational preference of the methyl group of 1-methyl-1-germacyclohexane was studied experimentally in solution (low-temperature ¹³C NMR) and by quantum chemical calculations (CCSD(T), MP2 and DFT methods). The NMR experiment resulted in an axial/equatorial ratio of 44/56 mol% at 114 K corresponding to an A value (A = G _ax ? G _eq) of 0.06 kcal mol^?1. An average value for ΔG _e→a ^#  = 5.0 ± 0.1 kcal mol^?1 was obtained for the temperature range 106–134 K. The experimental results are very well reproduced by the calculations. CCSD(T)/CBS calculations + thermal corrections resulted in an A value of 0.02 kcal mol^?1, whereas a ΔE value of ?0.01 kcal mol^?1 at 0 K was obtained.     

Syntheses and conformational analyses of mono- and trans-1,4-dialkoxy substituted cyclohexanes—the steric substituent/skeleton interactions

Mono- and trans-1,4-dialkoxy substituted cyclohexanes (alkyl=Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) were prepared using the solvomercuration-demercuration (SM-DM) procedure. The axial?axial and axial,axial?equatorial, equatorial conformational equilibria of the products were studied by low temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy in CD₂Cl₂. The structures and relative energies of the participating conformers were calculated at both the B3LYP (6-311G^∗//6-311+G^∗) and MP2 (6-311+G^∗//6-311G^∗) levels of theory. In the case of DFT, good correlations of ΔG^o_calcd versus ΔG^o_exptl were obtained. Both the structures and the energy differences of the conformers have been discussed with respect to established models of conformational analysis, viz. steric and hyperconjugative interactions. In addition, ¹J_H,C coupling constants were considered with respect to the hyperconjugation present.     

Etude par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire de dioxaphosphorinanes-1,3,2 à liaison P?N extracyclique. Exemple de changement d'orientation de la liaison P?N

The ¹H NMR spectra of several 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes bearing an extracyclic P? N bond have been analysed. The ³J(POCH) couplings are strongly dependent upon the orientation of the bond around the phosphorus atom. Depending upon the nature of the bonds attached to the nitrogen atom, the dioxaphosphorinane ring may adopt either a fixed chair conformation with the P? N bond in the axial or equatorial orientation, or it may be in equilibrium between two chair conformations where the P? N bond is alternately axial or equatorial. The equilibrium is fast on the NMR time scale.     

Characterization,DFT calculations and dyeing performance on polyester fabrics of some azo disperse dyes containing pyrazole ring

A number of azo pyrazole derivatives and novel Schiff bases derived from azo diamino pyrazole were synthesized. These included 4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4H-pyrazole-3,5-diamines and N³,N⁵-dibenzylidene-4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4H-pyrazole-3,5-diamines. The chemical structures of the novel azo dyes were determined using UV–visible, IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Dyeing process and tautomerism of the aforementioned azo compounds were predicted using DFT calculations. The electronic absorption spectra in methanol were observed and compared to those computed using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). The dyeing performance of the produced disperse dyes was examined on polyester. The degree of exhaustion and the fastness properties of the dyed samples in terms of washing, perspiration, scorch, and light fastness were assessed. Moreover, the reflectance and color strength of the synthesized dyes were measured and discussed.     

Synthesis and Stereochemistry of New N-Substituted Cytisine Derivatives

A series of new N-substituted cytisine derivatives was synthesized. The ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR spectra of certain compounds exhibit a doubled set of signals. This is explained by formation of diastereomeric pairs in compounds containing an asymmetric center in the substituents. The signal splitting in -COHC=CHCO ₂ H and HC=O (formyl) derivatives is explained by the existence of Z and E invertomers. Their stereochemical features are discussed. Amide conjugation is confirmed by temperature experiments.     

A Remarkable cis‐ and trans‐Spanning Dibenzylidene Acetone Diphosphine Chelating Ligand (dbaphos)

A multidentate and flexible diolefin–diphosphine ligand, based on the dibenzylidene acetone core, namely dbaphos ( 1 ), is reported herein. The ligand adopts an array of different geometries at Pt, Pd and Rh. At Pt^II the dbaphos ligand forms cis‐ and trans‐diphosphine complexes and can be defined as a wide‐angle spanning ligand. ¹H NMR spectroscopic analysis shows that the β‐hydrogen of one olefin moiety interacts with the Pt^II centre (an anagostic interaction), which is supported by DFT calculations. At Pd⁰ and Rh^I, the dbaphos ligand exhibits both olefin and phosphine interactions with the metal centres. The Pd⁰ complex of dbaphos is dinuclear, with bridging diphosphines. The complex exhibits the coordination of one olefin moiety, which is in dynamic exchange (intramolecular) with the other “free” olefin. The Pd⁰ complex of dbaphos reacts with iodobenzene to afford trans‐[Pd^II(dbaphos)I(Ph)]. In the case of Rh^I, dbaphos coordinates to form a structure in which the phosphine and olefin moieties occupy both axial and equatorial sites, which stands in contrast to a related bidentate olefin, phosphine ligand (“Lei” ligand), in which the olefins occupy the equatorial sites and phosphines the axial sites, exclusively.     

Structure and conformational analysis of 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane

The structure of 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane, one of the major autooxidation products of 5-isobutyl-2-isopropyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane, has been studied by ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹B NMR spectroscopy together with X-ray analysis. Molecules of the title compounds adopt a sofa conformation with equatorial isobutyl substituent. The ring interconversion path, free conformational energy, and optimal conformation of the isobutyl group (corresponding to the X-ray diffraction data) were determined by DFT quantum chemical calculations at the PBE/3ξ level of theory.     

A theoretical and experimental study of the racemization process of hexaaza[5]helicenes

A dynamic ¹H NMR study, together with DFT calculations, of bis-([1,2,3]triazolo)[1,5-a:5′,1′-k][1,10]phenanthroline 2 has allowed to identify the ring and open forms of a new example of ring/chain tautomerism, as well as their interconversion barriers (ring/ring and ring/open). The barrier of the exchange process between the chain forms and the ring form was found higher than the ‘racemization’ process in the closed form, so the ring opening does not contribute to the ‘racemization’. The di-1,10-methyl and di-1,10-iodo derivatives have been prepared and their properties calculated.