Synthesis of Novel Chiral C 2-symmetric Diaza-18-crown-6 Ether Derivatives and their Enantioselective Recognition of Amino Acid Derivatives

New chiral diaza-18-crown-6 ether derivatives, 5 and 6 were synthesized from (R)-(-)-2-amino-1-bütanol. These chiral artificial receptors exhibit pronounced chiral recognition toward the enantiomers of l- and d- amino acid derivatives. The highest enantioselectivity was observed in the case of Trp-OMe·HCl (K_D/K_L=12.5).     

Complexation and transport of amino acid esters and their salts with synthesised chiral novel aza crown ether derivatives

The syntheses of four aza-15-crown-5 ethers bearing phenyl and phenoxymethyl moieties attached to a stereogenic centre on the crown ring were achieved. Macrocycles have exhibited strong binding ability (K_a = 5364–12,969 M^? 1) and modest enantiomeric discrimination towards the enantiomers of amino acid methyl ester salts by UV titration method in CHCl₃ at 25°C. Computer modelling results supported experimental data providing a detailed understanding of the molecular recognition mode between hosts and guests and the likely binding sites involved. Macrocycles were used for chiral discrimination of amino acids in their zwitterionic forms or as potassium and sodium salts in transport experiments across a bulk chloroform membrane with satisfactory selectivity.     

Solvent Effects on the Protonation Constants of Some <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-Amino Acid Esters in 1,4-Dioxane–Water Mixtures

The stoichiometric protonation constants of some α-amino acid esters (glycine methyl ester, glycine t-butyl ester, l-valine methyl ester, l-valine ethyl ester, l-valine t-butyl ester, l-serine methyl ester, l-serine ethyl ester, l-leucine methyl ester, l-leucine ethyl ester, l-leucine t-butyl ester, l-alanine methyl ester, l-alanine benzyl ester, l-phenylalanine methyl ester, l-phenylalanine ethyl ester, and l-phenylalanine t-butyl ester) in water and 20%, 40%, and 60% (v/v) 1,4-dioxane–water mixtures have been determined at an ionic strength of 0.10 mol⋅L⁻¹ NaCl and at 25.0±0.1 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. A potentiometric method was used and the calculation of the protonation constants has been carried out using the BEST computer program. The results were discussed in terms of macroscopic properties of the mixed solvent. The stoichiometric protonation constants were influenced by changes in solvent composition and their variations were discussed in terms of preferential solvation. Also, knowledge the protonation constant of α-amino acid esters will be helpful when determining the microscopic equilibrium constants of their corresponding amino acids.     

Pyridine containing chiral macrocycles: synthesis and their enantiomeric recognition for amino acid derivatives

Four novel C₂-symmetric enantiomerically pure, chiral pyridine-18-crown-6 type macrocycles containing lipophilic chains at the stereogenic centers were prepared. The enantioselectivity of the new ligands toward the enantiomers of d-,l-amino acid methyl ester derivatives were also determined by ¹H NMR titration method. These novel macrocycles have been showed to be strong complexing agents for d- and l-amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride salts (with K_ass up to 13590 M⁻¹ and ?G⁰ up to 23.3 kJ mol⁻¹ and selectivity ratio: 80:20) by ¹H NMR titration methods. These macrocyclic hosts exhibited enantioselective binding towards the d-enantiomer of valine methyl ester hydrochloride with K_d/K_l up to 5.08 in CDCl₃ with 0.25% CD₃OD.     

Analysis of multicomponent mixture and simultaneous enantioresolution of proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using chiral variants of Sanger’s reagent

Four chiral derivatizing reagents (CDR 1–4), namely, FDNP-l-Ala, FDNP-l-Val, FDNP-l-Phe, and FDNP-l-Leu, were synthesized using microwave (MW) irradiation by substituting one of the fluorine atoms in difluoro dinitro benzene (DFDNB) with l-Ala, l-Val, l-Phe, and l-Leu (CDR 1–4). The other set of CDRs, namely, FDNP-l-Phe-NH₂, FDNP-l-Val-NH₂, and FDNP-l-Leu-NH₂, was also prepared. These reagents were used for synthesis of diastereomers of 18 proteinogenic and 08 non-proteinogenic amino acids, which were resolved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using C18 column and gradient eluting mixture of aq.TFA and acetonitrile with UV detection at 340 nm. The reagents were used for resolution of a complex mixture of 18 racemic proteinogenic amino acids in a single chromatographic run of 65 min and to determine concentration of the d-amino acid in a solution of dl-amino acid. The resolution (R _S) and selectivity (α) obtained for the two sets of diastereomers were compared among themselves and among the two groups. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification. LOD is 0.001% impurity of d-enantiomer.     

Electrochemical behaviour of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) at carbon paste electrode modified with crown ethers

The electrochemical behaviour of pyridoxine hydrochloride (pyridoxine HCl) at the plain carbon paste electrode and the electrode modified with oxa crown ether has been studied using voltammetric and impedance measurements. The macrocycles used as modifiers were 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 and dibenzo-24-crown-8, out of which DB18C6 gave better response for pyridoxine HCl. Tris buffer (pH 10.3) was chosen as an appropriate medium among the several supporting electrolytes of varying pH studied. The characterization of the DB18C6-modified electrode (CME-DB18C6) using kinetic parameters such as number of electrons (n) and electron transfer coefficient (α) is studied by cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements obtained confirm the current enhancement over the modified electrode. Analytical applications of this electrode have been studied for the determination of pyridoxine HCl. A sensitive linear working range of 0.6 to 100 μg cm⁻³ with a detection limit of 0.4 μg cm⁻³ by differential pulse voltammetry was observed for pyridoxine HCl on CME-DB18C6. However, on decreasing the scan rate to 5 mV s⁻¹, the detection limit lowered to 0.2 μg cm⁻³. Interference from some vitamins like thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, nicotinamide, para-aminobenzoic acid, cyanocobalamin, folic acid and d-biotin and amino acid l-tryptophan was studied, and simultaneously, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride and pyridoxine HCl were determined over the modified electrode, CME-DB18C6. The modified electrode is successfully used for the determination of pyridoxine HCl in multivitamin pharmaceutical preparations.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of mixed ligand ruthenium(II) chiral Schiff base complexes with nitrogen donors

Summary Mixed ligand complexes (1)-(18) of composition [RuL-(PPh₃)Y] and [RuL(PPh₃)(H₂O)Y]^- (L = chiral Schiff bases derived from l-alanine, l-valine, l-serine, l-cystein, l-arginine or l-aspartic acid with salicylaldehyde; Y = azide, 2,2-bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthroline) have been prepared and characterized by microanalysis, spectroscopy and polarography. The conformational aspects regarding the relationship of the asymmetric carbon atom to the nitrogen donors around the Ru^II are discussed. All complexes showed quasi-reversible c.v. behaviour and the redox potentials of the Ru^II/Ru^I couple lie in the -0.31 to-0.16 V range.     

The crystal structures of chiral (<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>) (C<Subscript>8</Subscript>H<Subscript>11</Subscript>N)<Subscript>2</Subscript>·CuCl<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Two opposite configuration (R/S) of chiral complexes (C₈H₁₁N)₂·CuCl₂ were obtained from the reaction of chiral d(+)/l(−)-α-ethylphenyl amine with copper chloride (II) in dry ethanol. The crystal structures of 1a and 1b were characterized by IR, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography.     

Determination of serum <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-lactic and <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lactic acids in normal subjects and diabetic patients by column-switching HPLC with pre-column fluorescence derivatization

d-Lactic and l-lactic acids were simultaneously determined by means of a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. As a fluorescence reagent, 4-nitro-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ) was employed for the fluorescence derivatization of lactic acid. The proposed HPLC system adopted both octylsilica (Cadenza CD-C8) and amylose-based chiral columns (CHIRALPAK AD-RH), which proved to give a sufficient enantiomeric separation of the lactic acid derivatives with a separation factor () of 1.32 and a resolution (R_s) of 1.98. Moreover, the features of the first elution of d-lactic acid peak in the proposed HPLC were convenient for the determination of trace amount of serum d-lactic acid, which is known to increase under diabetes. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies were in the range of 90.5–101.2 and 89.0–100.7%, and the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 0.3–1.2 and 0.4–4.8%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to determine d-lactic and l-lactic acids in human serum of normal subjects and diabetic patients, showing that both d-lactic and l-lactic acid concentrations were significantly increased in the serum of diabetic patients (n=31) as compared with normal subjects (n=21). This fact was found for the first time owing to the development of the proposed HPLC method which is able to determine d-lactic and l-lactic acid simultaneously. Finally, serum d-lactic acid concentrations determined by the proposed HPLC method were compared with those from a reported enzymatic assay, and the smaller p value between normal subjects and diabetic patients was shown by the proposed HPLC method.     

The role of central ion in chiral recognition by taking phenylalanine as an example

Chiral recognition of phenylalanine (Phe) was achieved in the gas phase by electrospray ionization Q-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, two central ions, i.e. proton and divalent copper, were used and chiral crown ether, (+)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid-18-crown-6 (18-C-6-TCA), was used as a chiral host. Dimeric complexes were readily formed by electrospray ionization of a methanol/water (50/50, V/V) solution containing central ions, Phe and 18-C-6-TCA. The dimeric complex included proton-bound (18-C-6-TCA)(Phe)H+ and copper-bound deprotonated [Cu²⁺(18-C-6-TCA)(Phe)-H]⁺ ions were mass selected and then collided with Ar in the CID experiments. The chiral recognition capability of these complexes was evaluated using the relative abundance of daughter ion to parent ion. A higher degree of chiral recognition ability was observed with Cu²⁺ compared to that of H⁺. Different central ions exhibited distinctive dissociation pathways and unique chiral recognition characteristics. The chiral recognition mechanism was also discussed in detail with the help of the structure of copper-bound complex predicted by theoretical calculation.     

Enantiomeric Separations in Capillary Electrophoresis Using 18-Crown-6-tetracarboxylic Acid (18C6H4) as Buffer Additive

An overview is presented of the applicability of the crown ether 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H₄) as buffer additive in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of enantiomers. The chiral selector 18C6H₄ is particularly useful for the separation of racemates having a primary amino function. Unfortunately, the crown ether is no longer commercially available. The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization are therefore described in detail. Moreover, a method is presented for the regeneration of the crown ether after CE application. Some new enantiomeric separations of amino acids i.e. NORLEU, ARG, GLU, m-TYR, and o-TYR are listed and the influence of the pH and temperature of the separation buffer is discussed. An intermediate in the synthetic pathway, namely 18-crown-6-tetracarboxamide, did not exhibit any enantioselectivity in CE.     

A Solid State Polymer‐Coated Electrode Containing a Chiral Crown Ether Derivative for Enantioselective Detection of Phenylglycine Methyl Ester Isomer

All solid‐state enantioselective electrode (ASESE) based on a newly synthesized chiral crown ether derivative ((R)‐(?)‐(3,3′‐diphenyl‐1,1′‐binaphthyl)‐23‐crown‐6 incorporating 1,4‐dimethoxybenzene) was prepared and characterized by potentiometry. The ASESE clearly showed enantiomer discrimination for methyl esters of alanine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, and phenylglycine, where the enantioselectivity for phenylglycine methyl ester was the highest (K_R,S=8.5±7.1%). Experimental parameters of ASESE for the analysis of (R)‐(?)‐phenylglycine methyl ester were optimized. The optimized ASESE showed a slope of 55.3±0.2 mV/dec for (R)‐(?)‐phenylglycine methyl ester in the concentration range of 1.0×10^?5–1.0×10^?2 M and the detection limit was 9.0×10^?6 M. The ASESE showed good selectivity for (R)‐(?)‐phenylglycine methyl ester against inorganic cations and various amino acid methyl esters. The concentration of (R)‐(?)‐phenylglycine methyl ester was determined in the mixture of (R)‐(?) and (S)‐(+)‐phenylglycine methyl ester, which ratios varied from 2 : 1 to 1 : 9. The lifespan of the electrode was alleged to be 30 days.     

Dimericd- anddl-dysprosium(iii) tartrates: paramagnetic birefringence,molecular mechanics,stereoselectivity

The molar constants of paramagnetic birefringence (PBR) for the dimeric dysprosium(iii)d- anddl-tartrates, Dy₂(d-Tart)(l-Tart)^2– (1) and Dy₂(d-Tart)₂ ^2– (2) have been determined by means of pH-metric and PBR measurements. The simulation of the structure of the ligand and solvate environment has been carried out using the method of molecular mechanics (Dashevsky-Plyamovaty model, the MIND program). In addition to the four oxygen atoms from the ligand, each Dy^III ion coordinates four molecules of water and a Na⁺ ion.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1029–1032, June, 1994.     

Novel C1-symmetric chiral crown ethers bearing rosin acids groups: synthesis and enantiomeric recognition for ammonium salts

Four types of novel C₁-symmetric chiral crown ethers including 28-crown-8, 20-crown-6, 17-crown-5 and 14-crown-3 (9a–m) were synthesized and their enantiodiscriminating abilities with protonated primary amines (10–14) were examined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. 20-crown-6 crown ethers exhibited good chiral recognition properties toward these guests and showed different complementarity to some chiral guests, indicating that 20-crown-6 crown ethers could be used as a chiral NMR solvating agent to determine the enantiopurity of these guests. In addition, the binding model and binding site between the hosts and guests were also studied by the computational modeling and experimental calculation.     

Calorimetric, NMR, and UV Investigations of Aliphatic l-Amino Acids Complexation by Calix[4]arene Bis-hydroxymethylphosphous Acid

The stability constants, enthalpy ΔH ⁰, entropy ΔS ⁰, and Gibbs energy ΔG ⁰ were determined for the host–guest complexes (1:1) of calix[4]arene bis-hydroxymethylphosphous acid with glycine, l-alanine, l-valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine residues in methanol solution with the aid of the titration experiments followed by calorimetric and spectroscopic (¹H NMR, UV) methods. The experimental data indicated that the host–guest complexation was under control of the direct electrostatic interaction between negatively charged calixarene phosphoryl group and amino acid residue NH ₃ ⁺ group, modulated by the hydrophobic interaction, which drive the inclusion of the residue alkyl side-chain into the calixarene cavity. The stability of the inclusion complexes was found correlated with the size of the aliphatic amino acid’s side-chain. The experimental data were additionally analyzed in the terms of the three state model corresponding to coexistence of 2:1 and 1:1 complexation equilibria.     

Liquid membrane transport of supramolecular complexes of some amines and amino acids with macrocyclic ligands

The transport of some amines in protonated form was studied (viz. methylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine andn-propylamine) and -amino acids (l-leucine,l-methionine,l-isoleucine,l-phenylalanine,l-valine,l--alanine andl-cysteine). The following macrocyclic ligands were used as carriers throughout the experiments: 15-crown-5 (15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6), diazacrown ether [2.2] (1,7,10,16-tetraoxa-4,13-diazacyclooctadecane) and cryptand [2.2.2] (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo [8.8.8] hexacosane). The active transport, assisted by pH gradient, of amino acids and amines in protonated form as ion pairs in the presence of picrate anion was performed. The experiments suggested the influence of the ligand size, the donor atom type, and the substituents on the transport phenomena.     

Numerical modelling of inclusion-type complexes formed by chiral 18-crown-6 ethers bearing sugar moieties with enantiomers of phenylalanine methyl ester cations

The crystal structure of α-d-mannosido-benzo-18-crown-6·KSCN (1) was solved by X-ray single crystal diffractometry. C₂₈H₃₆O₁₀·KSCN is orthorhombic, space groupP2₁2₁2₁ withZ=4,a=8.035(4),b=9.960(2),c=38.83(2) Å,M _r =629.8,V=3103.6 ų,D _x =1.347 g cm^?3, μ(CuKα)=2.53 mm^?1, λ=1.54178 Å,F(000)=1324. FinalR=0.043 for 1139 unique observed reflections measured at room temperature. The potassium ion is surrounded by a nearly planar hexagon of oxygen atoms of the macrocyclic ring and lies on the plane formed by those atoms. Hexagonal pyramidal coordination is completed by the nitrogen atom of the thiocyanate anion. The SCN ion was found on the face of the macrocyclic ring opposite that for the chiral mannopyranoside moiety. The molecular structure of α-d-mannosido-18-crown-6 (2) and the structure of molecular complexes of2 and α-d-glucosido-benzo-18-crown-6 (3) were studied by molecular mechanics methods. The results suggest enthalpy driven selectivity of complexation of the phenylalanine methyl ester (4) by2 and both enthalpy and entropy effects in selective complexation of4 by3.     

Synthesis and amines enantiomeric recognition ability of binaphthyl-appended 22-crown-6 ethers derived from rosin acid

Novel chiral 22-crown-6 ethers (5a–b) bearing methoxycarbonyl side groups derived from rosin acid and 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINOL) were prepared in optically pure forms, and their enantiodiscriminating abilities toward protonated primary amines and amino acid methyl ester salts were examined by the UV–vis titration method. These receptors exhibit good chiral recognition towards the isomers (up to K_L/K_D?=?5.23, ΔΔG₀?=?4.10?kJ?mol^?1) in CHCl₃:MeOH?=?2:1 at 25?°C.     

Molecular recognition as shown by the solvent extraction of (R)- and (S)-[α-(1-naphthyl)ethyl] ammonium picrate or orange 2 by chiral pyridino-crown ethers

A solvent extraction technique was used to determine equilibrium constants for the reactions occurring when an aqueous phase containing [-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]ammonium ions [(R)- and (S-isomers] is equilibrated with a chloroform phase containing chiral substituted pyridino-18-crown-6 ligands. Selectivity coefficients and equilibrium constants for the interactions in chloroform solutions were calculated. The existence of two different types of ion pairs separated by the macrocycle molecule was detected from the UV spectra. One ion pair has a nearly complete separation of the picrate anion from the protonated amine by the ligand. The other has the picrate ion only partly separated from the cation by the macrocycle.     

Determination of the Enantiomeric Purity of l-Carnitine and Acetyl-l-Carnitine by Chiral Liquid Chromatography

A chiral liquid chromatographic method for determination of the enantiomeric purity of both l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine is described. Separation of the enantiomers of dl-carnitine and acetyl-dl-carnitine was achieved on a commercial chiral column (Chiralcel OD-R) after derivatization with (alpha-bromo)methyl phenyl ketone. Introduction of this lipophilic UV chromophoric group to the carnitine and acetylcarnitine molecules improved their retention, resolution, and UV detection. The mobile phase was 74:26 (v/v) 0.5 mol L^-1 sodium perchlorate–acetonitrile, pH 3.8, and the flow rate was 0.4 mL min^-1. Detection was performed at 235 nm. The method is selective and reliable for determination of the enantiomeric purity of bulk drug substances l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine.