内置多孔介质卷式反应器富燃制氢实验研究

设计了一个新型内置多孔介质卷式制氢反应器,进行了天然气/空气预混气在当量比1.25~2.50,总流量60 L/min~120 L/min条件下的富燃实验,研究其自热重整制氢的燃烧特性。结果表明,富燃情况下可实现自维持燃烧,自稳定响应时间较快;反应器Swiss-roll结构的有效预热与中心多孔介质的蓄热,可提高反应温度至1 600 K以上,实现超绝热富燃制氢;固定流量条件下,甲烷的转化效率与能量利用率随着当量比的变化而改变。实验中,氢气生成率与能量利用率分别为30%~57%、50%~84%。流量为120 L/min,当量比为2.0时,尾气中H2浓度达22%,氢气生成率为57%,能量利用率为68%。     

多孔介质中甲烷水合物的分解特性

利用定容降压方法测定了在不同多孔介质中甲烷水合物的分解实验数据, 所使用的多孔介质平均孔径分别为9.03, 12.95, 17.96和33.20 nm, 其中孔径为12.95 nm的多孔介质采用了3个粒径范围, 分别为0.105～0.150, 0.150～0.200和0.300～0.450 mm; 其它孔径的多孔介质的粒径范围为0.105～0.150 mm. 在封闭的条件下测定了不同温度与不同初始生成压力下甲烷水合物的分解实验数据(实验温度范围为269.15～278.15 K, 初始生成压力范围为4.1～11.0 MPa), 结果表明, 水合物的分解速度随着初始生成压力的增加和水浴温度的降低而升高, 也随孔径的增加而升高, 但随多孔介质粒径的增大而降低. 在孔径较大和分解温度较低时, 多孔介质中水合物分解引起的温度降低会使水结冰, 从而减缓水合物的分解速度.     

喷嘴入射角对微型燃气轮机燃烧室性能影响的数值模拟

为了从结构方面改善Capstone C30微型燃气轮机燃烧室性能,选用预混燃料喷嘴入射角分别为25°、30°、35°、40°、45°来研究燃烧室的流场、温度场、NO_x生成分布。通过Fluent数值模拟软件,采用Standardk-ε双方程模型来封闭求解N-S方程,有限速率/涡耗散模型模拟燃烧化学反应,热力型和快速型NO_x模拟燃烧生成的NO_x,SIMPLE算法进行流场计算。结果表明:在入口条件不变的情况下,随着入射角不断变大,回流区尺寸不断增加,有利于稳定燃烧,流场分布更为合理,而出口温度不均匀系数和NO_x排放浓度震荡变化,综合分析,当入射角为45°时是最佳入射角,NO_x排放浓度和出口温度不均匀系数均有大幅改善。     

液体火箭发动机燃烧稳定性数值仿真

建立液体火箭发动机燃烧稳定性数值仿真模型, 对液氧/煤油, 煤油/气氧/气氢, 气氢/液氧发动机的两相燃烧稳定性进行了数值仿真. 首次得到的系列自激燃烧振荡的仿真结果与试验规律相符: 氢气有利于烃氧火焰稳定; 提高同轴式喷嘴的气相喷射速度有利于稳定. 对仿真结果的进一步分析表明, 燃烧室头部附近的预混低温区为燃烧振荡提供了能量. 根据仿真结果提出了抑制燃烧不稳定的技术措施: 在推进剂中添加催化剂降低反应活化能, 或者改进喷注器的设计以缩小喷嘴附近的预混低温区.     

油煤混合燃料(COM)燃烧特性的试验研究

本文介绍了高温炉中的单颗COM液滴和在筒形燃烧室中的COM雾炬的燃烧试验结果。试验表明COM 和渣油的着火温度相近,但其着火时间较短。从燃烧过程和燃烧速度来说,COM 介于渣油和煤粉之间。COM 中煤粉的燃烧速度比煤粉快。加入适量水份,并使COM 处于乳化状态,对提高雾化质量,增加着火和燃烧的速度都是有利的。文中还提出了着火预热时间的半经验公式。     

不同类型聚合物溶液对采油残余油的作用机理研究

通过实验测定了HPAM溶液和黄原胶溶液的流变性、在多孔介质中的流变性和残余阻力系数 ,计算了衰竭层效应 .用不同的浓度和注入速度进行了驱油实验 .提出聚合物分子缠结作用的增强不仅引起表观粘度增加或衰竭层厚度降低 ,而且使平行于油水界面的拉动残余油的力增加 ,从而使残余油饱和度降低 ,采收率提高 .随浓度增加 ,HPAM溶液的表观粘度和残余阻力系数增加 ,衰竭层厚度减小 ;黄原胶溶液的浓度高于缠结浓度时 ,衰竭层厚度和表观粘度变化不大 .注入速度增加时 ,两种聚合物溶液的衰竭层厚度均降低 ,HPAM溶液的残余阻力系数不变 ,粘弹性增加 ;而黄原胶溶液的残余阻力系数下降 .不同浓度和注入速度情况下两种聚合物溶液的驱油结果证实了文中提出的聚合物分子缠结作用和衰竭层效应对残余油的作用机理 .分子结构的不同是造成两种聚合物溶液在多孔介质中渗流规律和对残余油作用机理的差别的根本原因 .     

低温燃料化学特性对湍流预混火焰传播的影响

大分子碳氢燃料的低温化学反应及两阶段点火特性会显著影响火焰的分区及燃烧情况。本文采用数值模拟的方法探究了正庚烷/空气预混混合气在RATS燃具上的湍流火焰传播,与试验结果具有一致性。模拟使用的是44种物质,112步的正庚烷简化动力学机理。使用Open FOAM的reacting Foam求解器建立了简化模拟流道及出口的三维模型,模拟了在大气环境下,初始反应温度450–700 K、入口速度6 m·s~(-1)与10 m·s~(-1)、焰前流动滞留时间100 ms及60 ms、当量比φ=0.6的正庚烷/空气混合气湍流火焰燃烧情况。结果发现,标准化湍流燃烧速度与混合气初始温度以及流动滞留时间有关。在低温点火阶段,正庚烷氧化程度受到初始温度与速度的影响,燃料分解并在预热区中产生大量中间物质如CH_2O,继而会影响湍流火焰燃烧速度。随着初始反应温度的升高,湍流燃烧火焰逐渐由化学反应冻结区过渡到低温点火区;温度超过一定数值后,燃料不再发生低温反应,此时燃烧位于高温点火区域。     

多段微通道负载型钯催化剂上天然气预混催化燃烧的研究

制备了一系列用钡、镧、铈等氧化物进行改性的Pd／RExOγ·γ-Al2O3,堇青石蜂窝催化剂,在自行设计的催化燃烧实验平台上进行了天然气催化燃烧实验。研究了钯含量、催化剂床层数、功率对天然气催化燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,当钯含量为0.5％时催化剂具有最好的催化燃烧性能。在空燃比为12-16范围内,燃烧器尾气中NOx含量低于5×10^-6V/V,CO,Hc排放低于10×10^-6V/V。催化剂床层数对催化燃烧的温度峰值以及尾气中NOx含量影响不大,但明显利于降低HE,CO的排放。     

气化介质对生物质多孔床料流化床气化产气特性的影响

在自制小型常压流化床内采用多孔介质为床料,对生物质进行气化实验,分别考察了富氧气氛下温度和氧气浓度、水蒸气气氛下温度和水蒸气流量及不同种类床料对生物质产气特性的影响。结果表明,多孔床料下气化产气中可燃气体积分数随气化温度的提高而增大;随氧气浓度的增加,产气中H2的体积分数从14.52%增加到19.71%,CO的体积分数从43.41%降低到36.41%;气化剂水蒸气流量对生物质气化影响存在最佳范围;多孔床料种类不同对H₂和CO的生成以及对低碳氢化合物（C_xH_y）的催化裂解强度的促进作用也不同。     

煤燃烧过程中加石灰石脱硫对NOx排放影响的研究

讨论了煤燃烧过程中NO_x的析出特性和各种因素的影响。实验表明,加石灰石脱硫将使NO_x排放量上升,但是通过选择适当的运行参数,如温度、氧浓度、Ca/S比等和吸收剂种类,可以大大缓解脱硫与降低NO_x排放之间的矛盾。实验温区为600—1150℃,包括了流化床燃烧的温度范围,部分结果在流化床燃烧器上作了验证。     

Numerical simulation of combustion stability of liquid rocket engine based on chemistry dynamics

Combustion instability of O2/kerosene, O2/kerosene/hydrogen, and O2/kerosene/hydro-gen spray flame is numerically studied. The numerical results of combustion self-oscillation are consistent with the historical experiments. Hydrogen is helpful to stabilizing oxygen/hydrocarbon combustion. High gas injecting velocity of the coaxial injector would increase the combustion stability. Contrary to the former expectation, the most sensitive region for combustion instability is not where the heat releases most intensely but is the low-temperature premixed region near the injectors. According to the simulation, the technology steps, such as adding catalyzer to decrease the reaction activity energy, or improving the injector design to reduce the premixed low temperature region, would improve the combustion stability.     

Application of Plasma Fuel Reformer to an On-Board Diesel Burner

A conventional diesel burner has arisen several shortcomings, such a large supply of air for a stoichiometric combustion, and a long heat-up time to reach the light-off temperature of catalyst in a diesel after-treatment system. This study shows a promising potential of using a plasma reformer for staged diesel combustion with minimized air and fuel consumption, and increased the flame stability with low NOx emission. A working principle of a plasma fuel reformer for staged combustion is explained in detail by both visualizing the plasma-assisted flame and analyzing the gas products. The concentrations of H₂, CO, NOx and the unburned total hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatography and a commercial gas analyzer. Considering the operating condition of diesel exhaust gas is too harsh to maintain a stable diesel flame with a conventional diesel burner, plasma fuel reformer has distinctive advantages in stable flame anchoring under the condition of low oxygen concentration and fast flow speed. The re-ignition and stable flame anchoring by entrapment of oxygen in exhaust gas is mainly attributed to the low ignition energy and high diffusion velocity of hydrogen molecule. From an economic point of view, plasma reformer is also the only technology which can use only 1/3–1/8 of the air required for the stoichiometric burning of a conventional diesel burner. A conventional burner was simulated and analyzed to consume up to 30 % more fuel compared to the plasma reformer with the staged combustion to get the same level of temperature elevation in a real diesel engine scale.     

Scale effect of porous mesh on the inhibition mechanism of wheat dust flame

The combustible features of wheat dust easily induce a potential hazard in its processing and application. To clearly reveal the effects of porous mesh parameters on the flame propagation of wheat dust, a vertical combustion pipeline together with the data collecting by the high-speed photography and fine thermocouple was built. Results indicate that with the increase in the mesh scale, the dust combustion and peak temperature are intensified first and then decreased with a darker luminescence. The increasing mesh number shows an inhibition effect on both peak temperature and combustion pressure, but an accelerating first and then weakening effect on flame velocity. A smaller particle size contributes to a more complete combustion, causing a higher peak temperature and flame velocity. At the particle mass of 2.5 g, the maximum value of peak temperature, flame velocity and combustion pressure were obtained during the flame propagation.

     

添加氢气对LPG/空气预混火焰结构的影响

针对氢气添加的LPG(液化石油气)+空气预混火焰结构进行了数值研究, 详细计算了在含氢比a为0%到45%、稀释引子D为21%到16%条件下的自由蔓延火焰, 得到了不同燃烧条件(φ=0.7-1.4)下的绝热燃烧速率变化规律. 由于LPG中的主要成分为丙烷和丁烷, 作者针对C3和C4物质提出了详细化学反应动力学系统, 并针对氢气添加的丁烷燃烧过程进行了数值计算, 得到了与实验相一致的结果, 验证了改进的详细化学机理的有效性. 此外, 进一步计算了对撞双火焰的加氢LPG火焰, 更加深入地探讨了火焰拉伸对燃烧稳定性和温度的影响, 重点研究了φ在0.5到0.7的稀薄燃烧, 验证了氢气添加可以有效提高稀薄燃烧条件下熄火拉伸率, 扩大稀薄燃烧的极限, 增加火焰的稳定性.     

Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement in LPG/Air Premixed Flame

A numerical study of hydrogen-enhanced liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) + air flames was presented. The variations of the adiabatic burning velocity in different conditions of combustion (?=0.7-1.4) were studied extensively. The hydrogen content in the fuel was varied from 0% to 45% and the dilution factor was from 21% to 16%. Since the major components of LPG are butane and propane, an appropriate chemical kinetic model must be chosen to solve the chemical reaction of C3 and C4 species. Validation of the chemical kinetic model against the fundamental combustion data was performed to insure accuracy. In addition, independent simulations were conducted in the opposed-jet, symmetric, twin-flame configuration. The effects of fluid mechanics, as manifested by the induced strain rate, were also considered. The effects of extinction strain rate on flame temperature and the flammability limits were calculated and the results showed that hydrogen-enhanced LPG/air premixed flames were more stable at high flame strain. The lean flammability limits were extended by the H₂ addition.     

Theory of fast capillary gas chromatography part. 2: Speed of analysis

Using hold-up time as a measure of the speed of analysis with a given column efficiency, a theory of pneumatic optimization of a column in the fast high pressure drop isothermal and temperature programmed GC is developed. Expression for the hold-up time as a function of column efficiency, carrier gas velocity and film thickness is derived. Also found are the expressions for the minimum hold-up time and optimum gas velocity in a speed-optimized column. These quantities are compared with their counterparts in the efficiency-optimized column.     

Propagation of Cellular Modes of Combustion of Porous Media under Nonadiabatic Conditions

The formation and propagation of cellular combustion of porous media under near-critical combustion existence conditions were investigated. The sizes and structure of cells in which the condensed component reacted with the gas depended nonlinearly on the heat loss to the environment. With increasing heat loss, the oscillation frequency of the cellular front, its average propagation velocity, and the intensity of the exothermic transformation of the condensed phase increased, and the cell sizes decreased. Cellular combustion was extinguished only when the transformation of the condensed component within a cell was completed.     

Experimental Study of Oil Deposition Through a Flow Loop

In this article, the effect of temperature, pressure, and flow rate on deposition rate has been investigated by using chemical analysis method for calculating the deposit thickness and comparing to heat transfer and pressure drop methods. To do so, an experimental high pressure flow loop setup was designed and constructed to conduct various experiments. Caliper readings at the end of each test showed the chemical analysis method in comparison to the heat transfer and pressure drop methods is superior for deposit thickness calculation.     

电动汽车热泵系统中易燃制冷剂R290的燃烧特性

研究了制冷剂R290在电动汽车热泵空调系统潜在泄漏过程中的燃烧特性,通过实验得到了不同泄漏温度和体积流量下R290的燃烧特性,并与制冷剂R134a进行对比。实验表明:R290在低温下更难点燃,而在高泄漏体积流量下和高泄漏温度下会发生喷射火焰的吹灭现象,且当泄漏温度在30~60℃之间时,泄漏体积流量的增大会提高其燃烧强度。R290制冷剂气体温度越高,其火焰燃烧强度越大,燃烧火焰越细,火焰心高度越低;R290制冷剂气体的体积流量越大,火焰燃烧区域越大,火焰高度越低,热辐射通量越大。