Can temporal analysis of optical coherence tomography statistics report on dextrorotatory-glucose levels in blood?

We report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for measuring dextrorotatory-glucose (D-glucose) in liquid phantoms and in drawn blood based on temporal dynamics of light scattering. The presence of D-glucose alters the medium viscosity, thus affecting the Brownian motion of the scatterers (polystyrene microspheres (PMS) in phantoms, red blood cells (RBCs) in blood) as measured by OCT. To quantify the effect, the signal autocorrelation functions were measured from M-mode OCT data and exponentially fit to obtain the decorrelation times. These were then related to translational (and rotational, in case of asymmetric scatterers) diffusion coefficients which enabled the determination of D-glucose-controlled medium viscosity. Obtained viscosily values agreed well with the literature, and showed expected increase with D-glucose concentrations. Whole blood smears were imaged with microscope and another effect of added glucose, that of red blood cell deformation, was also observed. This phantom and blood OCT study demonstrates the technique’s ability to detect and quantify D-glucose presence in non-flowing liquid suspensions, and suggests several additional research routes necessary to determine its potential for in vivo applications.     

Quantification of glucose levels in flowing blood using M-mode swept source optical coherence tomography

The increase of glucose levels in blood changes the viscosity of flowing fluids and shape of the erythrocytes. Both of these can affect the details of light scattering as can be quantified via decorrelation times measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The relative contributions of these competing effects have been studied by examining the motion dynamics of deformable asymmetrical (red blood cells, RBCs with ∼7 μm diameter and ∼2 μm thickness) and non deformable symmetrical (polystyrene microspheres, PSM with 1.4 μm diameter) flowing scattering particles. The fluid flow under the action of gravity was modulated by changing the glucose concentrations. Quantitative analysis of the OCT’s M-mode autocorrelation functions enabled the derivations of the translational diffusion coefficients. These systematic studies are aimed at eventual tissue imaging scenarios with speckle-variance OCT to obtain local glucose concentrations maps.     

对利用动态光散射法测量颗粒粒径和液体黏度的改进

光散射技术通过测量悬浮液中布朗运动颗粒的平移扩散系数,得到颗粒流体力学直径或液体黏度.本文由单参数模型入手,建立了低颗粒浓度下,单颗粒平移扩散系数与颗粒集体平移扩散系数和颗粒浓度之间的线性依存关系并将其引入光散射法中,从而对现有的测量方法进行了改进.改进后的测量方法可实现纳米尺度球型颗粒标称直径的测量和液体黏度的绝对法测量.以聚苯乙烯颗粒+水和二氧化硅颗粒+乙醇两个分散系为参考样本,通过实验,验证了改进后方法的可行性.此外,还针对上述两个分散系,实验探讨了温度和颗粒浓度对颗粒集体平移扩散系数的影响规律,发现聚苯乙烯颗粒+水分散系中,颗粒间相互作用表现为引力;二氧化硅颗粒+乙醇分散系中,颗粒间相互作用表现为斥力.讨论了颗粒集体平移扩散系数随颗粒浓度变化规律与第二渗透维里系数的关系.     

Characterizing extended changes in multiple scattering media using coda wave decorrelation: numerical simulations

In multiple scattering media, the coda wave decorrelation relates linearly to the scattering cross-section of structural change when the change is small compared to the wavelength. In practical applications, we assume that the total decorrelation induced by changes in the medium is the sum of the decorrelation induced by each elementary change. In this article, we investigate the validity of this linear approximation for extended changes larger than the wavelength, and the possible signature of the change orientation. Coda waves are simulated using a 2-D finite-difference model in multiple scattering media. We perform a parametric analysis of the decorrelation induced by extended structural changes of various length and orientation, as well as the mutual influence between two identical changes separated by a varying distance. Our findings are: (1) we underestimate the length of the change when it exceeds one wavelength. (2) the decorrelation value is sensitive to the orientation of extended changes at distances smaller than four mean free paths between the source and the receiver. (3) two simultaneous changes are interacting within a distance of the order of the mean free path, but can be considered independent at a separation distance larger than a few mean free paths.     

Polarized light scattering from density fluctuations in liquid carbon disulfide

Polarized light scattered from density fluctuations in liquid carbon disulfide was measured for different scattering angles ranging from 45 to 172 degrees. The theory of Mountain, containing a relaxing bulk viscosity (MOUETA), the theory of Mountain, based on an internal relaxing degree of freedom (MOUXI), and the translational hydrodynamic theory of Desai and Kapral (TH), including diffusion effects, were fitted to the experimental spectra. Agreement was found between all three theories and the experiment at small wave vectors k. At high values of k, however, only the theories MOUXI and TH are consistent with the experiment. Since TH and MOUXI become identical in the limit of vanishing diffusion, this shows, that diffusion effects can be neglected in polarized light scattering at liquid state densities.     

Path-length-resolved diffusive particle dynamics in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

We describe a new method to measure the decorrelation rate of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) magnitude simultaneously in space and time. We measure the decorrelation rate of the OCT magnitude in a Fourier-domain OCT system for a large range of translational diffusion coefficients by varying the sphere diameter. The described method uses the sensitivity advantage of Fourier-domain OCT over time-domain OCT to increase the particle diffusion imaging speed by a factor of 200. By coherent gating, we reduce the contribution of multiple scattering to the detected signal, allowing a quantitative study of diffusive particle dynamics in high concentration samples. We demonstrate that this technique is well suited to image diffusive particle dynamics in samples with a complex geometry as we measure the morphology and diffusive particle dynamics simultaneously with both high spatial and high temporal resolution.     

Decorrelation and phase-shift of coda waves induced by local changes: multiple scattering approach and numerical validation

We report on theoretical predictions of the decorrelation and phase-shift of coda waves induced by local changes in multiple scattering media. Using the multiple scattering formalism, we show that both expressions (decorrelation and phase-shift) involve a same sensitivity kernel based on the intensity transport in the medium. We compare the kernels based on the diffusion approximation with the ones based on the radiative transfer approximation, showing that the latter is more accurate at short times or for changes located close to the source or the receiver. We also perform a series of numerical simulations of wave propagation (finite differences) to validate our models in different configurations.     

Laser light scattering technique for non-invasive in situ simultaneous measurements on elastic constants and viscosity coefficients of nematic liquid crystals

Theelasticconstantsandtheviscositycoefficientsarethekeyparametersforthephysicalpropertiesofnematicliquidcrystals(LCs)[1,2],fortheyarecorrespondingtothethresholdvoltageandtherespondingtimeofliquidcrystaldisplaydevices[3,4].Sofarnotechniquethatcansimultaneouslymeasurethetwoparametersinsituhasbeenreported.TheelasticconstantsandviscositycoefficientsofnematicLCsatthepresentaremeasuredusingdifferentmethodsindependently.TheviscositycoefficientsisgenerallymeasuredwithOstwaldviscosimeter,andtheelasti…     

Ultrasonic scattering cross sections of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid: first and second harmonics

The oscillations of gas bubbles, without shell, immersed in viscoelastic liquids and driven by an acoustic wave have been the subject of several investigations. They demonstrate that the viscosity coefficient and the spring constant of the liquid have significant influence on the scattering cross section of the gas bubble. For shell-encapsulated gas bubbles, the investigations have been concentrated to bubbles immersed in a pure viscous liquid. This present work computes the ultrasonic scattering cross section, first and second harmonics, of shell-encapsulated gas bubbles immersed in a viscoelastic liquid. The theoretical model of the bubble oscillation is based on the generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation of motion of a spherical cavity immersed in a viscoelastic liquid represented by a three-parameter linear Oldroyd model. The scattering cross section is computed for Albunex type of bubble (shell thickness=15 nm, shell shear viscosity=1.77 Pas, shell modulus of rigidity=88.8 MPa) irradiated by a 3.5 MHz ultrasonic pressure wave with an amplitude of 30 kPa. The results demonstrate that encapsulated bubbles respond independently of the surrounding liquid being pure viscous or viscoelastic as long as the surrounding liquid shear viscosity is as low as 10(-3) Pas. Nevertheless, for higher shear viscosities, the bubble responds differently if the surrounding liquid is pure viscous or viscoelastic. In general, the scattering cross sections of first and second harmonics are larger for the viscoelastic liquid.     

Dynamic Light Scattering Measurement of Nanometer Particles in Liquids

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques for studying sizes and shapes of nanoparticles in liquids are reviewed. In photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), the time fluctuations in the intensity of light scattered by the particle dispersion are monitored. For dilute dispersions of spherical nanoparticles, the decay rate of the time autocorrelation function of these intensity fluctuations is used to directly measure the particle translational diffusion coefficient, which is in turn related to the particle hydrodynamic radius. For a spherical particle, the hydrodynamic radius is essentially the same as the geometric particle radius (including any possible solvation layers). PCS is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring radii of submicron size particles in liquid dispersions. Depolarized Fabry-Perot interferometry (FPI) is a less common dynamic light scattering technique that is applicable to optically anisotropic nanoparticles. In FPI the frequency broadening of laser light scattered by the particles is analyzed. This broadening is proportional to the particle rotational diffusion coefficient, which is in turn related to the particle dimensions. The translational diffusion coefficient measured by PCS and the rotational diffusion coefficient measured by depolarized FPI may be combined to obtain the dimensions of non-spherical particles. DLS studies of liquid dispersions of nanometer-sized oligonucleotides in a water-based buffer are used as examples.     

Scattering of spatially inhomogeneous sound waves by a spherical particle

The problem of monopole, dipole, and rotational scattering of a spatially inhomogeneous time-harmonic sound field by an arbitrary spherical particle is solved for the cases of the medium being a viscous compressible liquid or an isotropic elastic medium. Equations for the spherical mean fields at the particle are obtained. These equations are used to derive the formulas for the scattered fields. Different limiting cases of particle behavior are considered. In particular, it is shown that the dipole scattering is determined by two components of particle oscillations, one of which corresponds to translational oscillatory motion and the other to oscillations of two antiphase monopoles. For these types of particle oscillations, a scattering matrix, which determines the scattering of an arbitrary field by a particle, is constructed. The matrix allows the formalization of the processes of multiple sound scattering by particles and is valid for any distances between the particles down to their contact.     

Power dissipated measurement of an ultrasonic generator in a viscous medium by flowmetric method

A new flowmetric method of the power dissipated by an ultrasound generator in an aqueous medium has been developed in previous works and described in a preceding paper [V. Mancier, D. Leclercq, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 14 (2007) 99-106]. The works presented here are an enlargement of this method to a high viscosity liquid (glycerol) for which the classical calorimetric measurements are rather difficult. As expected, it is shown that the dissipated power increases with the medium viscosity. It was also found that this flowmetric method gives good results for various quantities of liquid and positioning of the sonotrode in the tank. Moreover, the important variation of viscosity due to the heating of the liquid during experiments does not disturb flow measurements.     

Raman and Rayleigh spectroscopy and molecular motions

Raman and Rayleigh scattering experiments on HCl, DCl, HBr and DBr molecules (pure liquid or isotopically diluted) have been carried out at room temperature. Results are discussed in the light of the existing theories on molecular motions in the liquid phase. The comparison of Rayleigh and Raman scattering results shows that reorientational processes are not sufficient to explain completely the profile of anisotropic Raman scattering. According to a recent theory due to Bratos, the rotational correlation function can be obtained only after elimination of the vibrational correlation function determined from the isotropic Raman scattering. In this last case broadening may arise from three causes: translational motion, resonance broadening and vibration-rotation coupling. A comparative study of the band profile of anisotropic Rayleigh and Raman scattering shows that the wings in both cases come from essentially the same origin while a band moment analysis is consistent with Gordon's theory according to which they are of reorientational origin.     

Cross relaxation in liquid methanol

The cross relaxation rate for intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions between methyl protons in liquid methanol at 0 °C was measured and compared to the rate predicted from MD simulations of the experimental system. The experimental and calculated values agree well, even though the translational diffusion coefficient and bulk viscosity of the sample are not well-predicted by the simulations.     

Ultrasonic atomization: effect of liquid phase properties

Experiments have been conducted to understand the mechanism by which the ultrasonic vibration at the gas liquid interface causes the atomization of liquid. For this purpose, aqueous solutions having different viscosities and liquids showing Newtonian (aqueous solution of glycerin) and non-Newtonian behavior (aqueous solution of sodium salt of carboxy methyl cellulose) were employed. It has been found that the average droplet size produced by the pseudo-plastic liquid is less than that produced by the viscous Newtonian liquid having viscosity equal to zero-shear rate viscosity of the shear thinning liquid. The droplet size was found to increase initially with an increase in the viscosity up to a certain threshold viscosity after which the droplet size was found to decrease again. Also droplet size distribution is found to be more compact (uniform sizes) with an increasing viscosity of the atomizing liquid. The presence of the cavitation and its effect on the atomization has been semi quantitatively confirmed using energy balance and by the measurement of the droplet ejection velocities and validated on the basis of the decomposition of the aqueous KI solution. A correlation has been proposed for the prediction of droplet size for aqueous Newtonian fluids and fluids showing non-Newtonian behavior based on the dimensionless numbers incorporating the operating parameters of the ultrasonic atomizer and the liquid phase physico-chemical properties.     

全氟碳化合物新介质SBS相位共轭镜和光限幅器选取原则的研究

介绍了低吸收高负载特性的全氟碳化合物SBS新介质,研究了SBS相位共轭镜和SBS光限幅器对新介质的选取原则,并在Nd: YAG调Q激光器中进行了实验验证.结果表明,SBS相位共轭镜需要平均分子量小,运动黏度小,增益系数大的介质;而SBS光限幅器需要平均分子量大,运动黏度大,增益系数小的介质.新介质的发现增加了SBS介质的种类,而介质的选取原则对新介质的选用打下了良好的基础. 关键词： SBS新介质 选取原则 平均分子量 运动黏度     

Capillary oscillations and stability of a charged, viscous drop in a viscous dielectric medium

The scalarization method is used to obtain a dispersion relation for capillary oscillations of a charged, conducting drop in a viscous, dielectric medium. It is found that the instability growth rate of the charged interface depends substantially on the viscosity and density of the surrounding medium, dropping rapidly as they are increased. In the subcritical regime the influence of the viscosity and density of both media leads to a nonmonotonic dependence of the damping rate of the capillary motions of the liquid on the viscosity or density of the external medium for a fixed value of the viscosity or density of the internal medium. The falloff of the frequencies of the capillary motions with growth of the viscosity or density of the external medium is monotonic in this case. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 1–8 (September 1998)     

复合材料表面缺陷的超声扩散场定位

传统超声检测多使用直达波进行检测,但在各向异性、非均匀的复杂结构检测中存在诸多限制。将超声波在此类多重散射介质中的传播近似为扩散过程,探索采用超声扩散场信号进行复合材料表面缺陷的检测定位。在此过程中形成的扩散场能对介质密集采样,对缺陷的出现高度敏感。针对铺层结构为[0°/90°]₁₂的碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料板,基于Locadiff方法建立表面缺陷定位的理论模型,开展缺陷出现前后波形的理论不相关性计算。结合实验求解扩散系数,开展检测信号的不相关性分析。最后利用反演计算的模型给出缺陷的定位结果。结果表明,当缺陷直径为10 mm时,定位误差为6.99%;当缺陷直径为5 mm时,定位误差为9.29%,可以实现复合材料表面缺陷的定位。