The Absorption Spectrum of the Lowest Triplet State in Crystalline trans-Stilbene

The absorption spectrum of the lowest triplet state (T₁*-S₀) of trans-stilbene is observed between 14,000 and 18,000 cm^?1 with a crystal four centimeters long, cooled to 4.2°.K. This transition is more intense (f=3×10^?9) than the similar transition in anthracene, due to vibration-induced spin-orbital coupling. Vibrational structures in the spectrum are well resolved and seven frequencies are assigned to normal modes in the T₁* state of trans-stilbene. Exciton structures in crystal are not resolved.     

Thermoanalytical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Solid State Dipyridamole

A physico-chemical characterization of dipyridamole (C₂₄H₄₀N₈O₄), a widely used anti-aggregating agent, has been performed by using a combination of thermoanalytical (DSC) and spectroscopic (XRPD and FT-IR/PAS) techniques. A solid state transition, already reported in literature, has been ascribed to the breaking of an intramolecular H-bonds network. The rupture of a network of intermolecular H-bonds is thought to accompany the fusion. The solid state transition has been shown to be reversible provided the sample has not undergone melting. Mechanical milling and thermal annealing have been shown to decrease melting temperature and enthalpy. The effect brought about by mechanical and thermal treatment on the solid state transition is different. In the milled samples the transition peak shifts towards lower temperatures and its enthalpy suggests that all intramolecular H-bonds have been transformed into intermolecular H-bonds. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A New Look at the Diels–Alder Transition State

The chronology of π-orbital mixing in the Diels–Alder cycloaddition of butadiene and ethylene differs for the two main interactions, the HOMO_diene–LUMO_dieneophile and HOMO_dienophile–LUMO_diene interactions. The C2−C3 π bond of the cycloadduct is already well developed at the level of the transition state, which is reminiscent of a late transition state.     

A Two‐in‐one Pincer Ligand and its Diiron(II) Complex Showing Spin State Switching in Solution through Reversible Ligand Exchange

A novel pyrazolate‐bridged ligand providing two {PNN} pincer‐type compartments has been synthesized. Its diiron(II) complex LFe₂(OTf)₃(CH₃CN) ( 1 ; Tf=triflate) features, in solid state, two bridging triflate ligands, with a terminal triflate and a MeCN ligand completing the octahedral coordination spheres of the two high‐spin metal ions. In MeCN solution, 1 is shown to undergo a sequential, reversible, and complete spin transition to the low‐spin state upon cooling. Detailed UV/Vis and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopic studies as well as magnetic measurements have unraveled that spin state switching correlates with a rapid multistep triflate/MeCN ligand exchange equilibrium. The spin transition temperature can be continuously tuned by varying the triflate concentration in solution.     

正碳离子样的过渡态类似物研究进展

综述了应用酶催化过渡态理论设计的几类正碳离子样的过渡态类似物作为酶的抑制剂的研究进展。其中包括类异戊二烯的正离子过渡态类似物,唾液酸转移酶的过渡态类似物,3-脱氧-D-甘露糖-2-辛酮糖酸酯-8-磷酸酯(KDO8P) 合成酶的过渡态类似物,尿苷二磷酸酯葡糖醛酸基转移酶(UGT) 的过渡态类似物。     

State(R)-state(TS)-state(P) theoretical study of H + H<Subscript>2</Subscript> system

The calculation of H + H₂ system by symplectic quasiclassical trajectory (SQCT) shows that there are two types of collision trajectories A and B, i.e., type A trajectory passes the saddle point of transition state (TS), whereas type B trajectory does not pass the saddle point of transition state. Not all the reactants of type A trajectory are reactive, while not all of type B trajectory are nonreactive. The partition and reactivity of these two types of trajectories are affected by reactant state(R), furthermore, the types of trajectories affect the state and angle distributions of products. Not only the rudiment framework for theoretical study on state(R)-state(TS)-state(P) is established, but also the further understanding of transition state theory (TST) of Eyring is investigated in this paper.     

磷脂单分子膜普适状态方程研究

从现有的磷脂单分子膜状态方程入手, 以磷脂临界相变面积(A_c)和相变温度(T_c)为参比, 引入对比面积(A_r), 对比温度(T_r), 并通过分析磷脂分子间作用力和底液分子与磷脂分子间作用力的影响, 提出了第三参数——相对铺展因子的概念, 导出了磷脂单分子膜普适状态方程. 运用1,2-二豆蔻酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酸, 1,2-二豆蔻酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酰胆碱, 1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-丙三基-3-磷脂酰胆碱等磷脂单分子膜的实验数据进行一致性校验的结果表明, 该模型在扩展膜(LE)直至凝聚膜(LC)的整个区域均能较好地描述磷脂单分子膜的π-A曲线. 所获得的各磷脂的相对铺展因子绝对值直接表明了该物质的成膜特性.     

State of Hydrogen in Cubic Zirconium Dihydride

PMR spectra have been recorded and the proton spin–lattice relaxation time has been measured for cubic hydride -ZrH₂. It is found that above 290 K thermally activated diffusion of hydrogen takes place. In the region 230 K, a reversible phase transition takes place, which is due to a change in the state of hydrogen in the crystal lattice of zirconium dihydride. Possible mechanisms of this transition are discussed.     

The T3 (π, π) State of acridine

The 00 band maximum of the transition T₃(π, π^*) ← T₁ (π, π^*) of acridine occurs at ≈ 10200 ± 20 cm^?1 in inert (n-hexane, benzene, CCl₄), at 10220 ± 20 cm^?1 in polar (acetonitrile) and at 10170 ± 50 cm^?1 in hydrogen-bonding (methanol, 2-propanol and alkaline water) solvents. Based on the solvent-independent energy of T₁ (π, π^*), the T₃(π, π^*) state of acridine is estimated at 26050 ± 50 cm^?1 in all the solvents.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of diels-alder addition of tetracyanoethylene to anthracene derivatives—II : Solvent effects

The effect of change of solvent on the rate of Diels-Alder addition of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to anthracene has been investigated using solvents CCl₄, CHCl₃ and CH₂Cl₂. Solvent effects were measured on the intermediate complex and on the starting materials from solubility measurements. From this, solvent effects on the transition state alone can be evaluated. These effects were remarkable similar to those measured for both the initial state and the intermediate complex suggesting an “early” transition state having a structure similar to that of the intermediate. From the correlation of ΔG_t^≠ (the free energy of transfer from CCl₄ to another solvent for the transition state alone) with the solubility parameter δ², the molar volume of the transition state can be estimated. The result again suggests that the transition state is more “factor” than product-like.     

The Role of the nπ* 1Au State in the Photoabsorption and Relaxation of Pyrazine

The geometric, energetic, and spectroscopic properties of the ground state and the lowest four singlet excited states of pyrazine have been studied by using DFT/TD‐DFT, CASSCF, CASPT2, and related quantum chemical calculations. The second singlet nπ* state, ¹A_u, which is conventionally regarded dark due to the dipole‐forbidden ¹A_u←¹A_g transition, has been investigated in detail. Our new simulation has shown that the state could be visible in the absorption spectrum by intensity borrowing from neighboring nπ* ¹B_3u and ππ* ¹B_2u states through vibronic coupling. The scans on potential‐energy surfaces further indicated that the ¹A_u state intersects with the ¹B_2u states near the equilibrium of the latter, thus implying its participation in the ultrafast relaxation process.     

Ground and Electronically Excited Singlet‐State Structures of 5‐Fluoroindole Deduced from Rotationally Resolved Electronic Spectroscopy and ab Initio Theory

The structure and electronic properties of the electronic ground state and the lowest excited singlet state (S₁) of 5‐fluoroindole (5FI) were determined by using rotationally resolved spectroscopy of the vibration‐less electronic origin of 5FI. From the parameters of the axis reorientation Hamiltonian, the absolute orientation of the transition dipole moment in the molecular frame was determined and the character of the excited state was identified as L_b.     

Plasma: The Fourth State of Matter

The plasma state is frequently referred to as the fourth state of matter in the sequence: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The statement implies that plasma is another phase. Each state is achieved by adding heat to the previous state. The first three states are the three common phases achieved via phase transitions. The statement that plasmas are the fourth state of matter is examined considering phase transitions. It is shown that the transition from gas to plasma is not a phase transition similar to the other phase transitions at which transitions the differential of the Gibbs free energy equals zero. Therefore, strictly speaking, plasmas are better not called the fourth state of matter.     

Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Complexes in Ultrathin Films: Electronic Structure and Spin‐State Switching by Visible and Vacuum‐UV Light

The electronic structure of the iron(II) spin crossover complex [Fe(H₂bpz)₂(phen)] deposited as an ultrathin film on Au(111) is determined by means of UV‐photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) in the high‐spin and in the low‐spin state. This also allows monitoring the thermal as well as photoinduced spin transition in this system. Moreover, the complex is excited to the metastable high‐spin state by irradiation with vacuum‐UV light. Relaxation rates after photoexcitation are determined as a function of temperature. They exhibit a transition from thermally activated to tunneling behavior and are two orders of magnitude higher than in the bulk material.     

Pressure‐induced Oxidation State Change of Ytterbium in YbGa2

The crystal structure and the electronic properties of YbGa₂ realising a CaIn₂ type atomic arrangement were characterised at ambient conditions using single crystal X‐ray diffraction data and magnetic susceptibility measurements at ambient pressure. Pressure‐induced changes of structural and electronic properties of YbGa₂ were measured by means of angle‐dispersive X‐ray powder diffraction and XANES at the Yb L_III threshold. At pressures above 22(2) GPa, YbGa₂ undergoes a structural phase transition into a high pressure modification with a UHg₂ type crystal structure. Parallel to the pressure‐induced structural alterations, ytterbium in YbGa₂ undergoes an increase of the oxidation state from +2 at ambient conditions to +3 in the high‐pressure phase. Quantum chemical calculations of the Electron‐Localisation‐Function confirm that the phase transition is associated with a conversion of the three‐dimensional gallium network of the low‐pressure crystal structure into two‐dimensional gallium layers in the high‐pressure modification.     

19F NMR and DFT Analysis Reveal Structural and Electronic Transition State Features for RhoA‐Catalyzed GTP Hydrolysis

Molecular details for RhoA/GAP catalysis of the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP are poorly understood. We use ¹⁹F NMR chemical shifts in the MgF₃^? transition state analogue (TSA) complex as a spectroscopic reporter to indicate electron distribution for the γ‐PO₃^? oxygens in the corresponding TS, implying that oxygen coordinated to Mg has the greatest electron density. This was validated by QM calculations giving a picture of the electronic properties of the transition state (TS) for nucleophilic attack of water on the γ‐PO₃^? group based on the structure of a RhoA/GAP‐GDP‐MgF₃^? TSA complex. The TS model displays a network of 20 hydrogen bonds, including the GAP Arg85′ side chain, but neither phosphate torsional strain nor general base catalysis is evident. The nucleophilic water occupies a reactive location different from that in multiple ground state complexes, arising from reorientation of the Gln‐63 carboxamide by Arg85′ to preclude direct hydrogen bonding from water to the target γ‐PO₃^? group.     

Theoretical study of DABCO-based ionic liquid: synthesis and reaction mechanism

Quaternary ammonium salt obtained from the Menshutkin reaction between DABCO and benzyl chloride has been used in the synthesis of a novel Bronsted acidic ionic liquid (IL), namely 1-benzyl-4-(sulfobutyl)-diaza-bicyclo-octane hydrogen sulfate. The reaction of DABCO with benzyl chloride is a crucial step in the synthesis of this IL. Density functional theory calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level have been employed to investigate the mechanism of Menshutkin reaction by calculating the energy barriers through possible transition states i.e., five-membered ring transition state and S_N2 transition state in gas phase and in diethyl ether as a solvent. It was found that while DABCO reacts with benzyl chloride through the well-known S_N2 transition state mechanism, the corresponding reaction with chlorodiphenylmethane can proceed through both S_N2 and five-membered ring transition state mechanism. However, S_N2 transition state mechanism is still the strongly preferred one out of the two possible mechanisms. The electronic structure analysis shows that solvent effects and enhanced resonance stabilization may play a decisive role in guiding the reaction pathway.     

Pentavalent Organo-Vanadates as Transition State Analogues for Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions

Pentavalent organo-vanadates have been put forth as transition state analogues for a variety of phosphoryl transfer reactions. In particular, uridine 2',3'-cyclic vanadate (U>v) has been proposed to resemble the transition state during catalysis by ribonuclease A (RNase A). Here, this hypothesis is tested. Lys41 of RNase A is known to donate a hydrogen bond to a nonbridging phosphoryl oxygen in the transition state during catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis and semisynthesis were used to create enzymes with natural and nonnatural amino acid residues at position 41. These variants differ by 10(5)-fold in their k(cat)/K(m) values for catalysis, but <40-fold in their K(i) values for inhibition of catalysis by U>v. Plots of logK(i) vs log(K(m)/k(cat)) for three distinct substrates [poly(cytidylic acid), uridine 3'-(p-nitrophenyl phosphate), and cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate] have slopes that range from 0.25 and 0.36. These plots would have a slope of unity if U>v were a perfect transition state analogue. Values of K(i) for U>v correlate weakly with the equilibrium dissociation constant for the enzymic complexes with substrate or product, indicating that U>v bears some resemblance to the substrate and product as well as the transition state. Thus, U>v is a transition state analogue for RNase A, but only a marginal one. This finding indicates that a pentavalent organo-vanadate cannot necessarily be the basis for a rigorous analysis of the transition state for a phosphoryl transfer reaction.     

Photoisomerization Mechanism of Ruthenium Sulfoxide Complexes: Role of the Metal‐Centered Excited State in the Bond Rupture and Bond Construction Processes

Phototriggered intramolecular isomerization in a series of ruthenium sulfoxide complexes, [Ru(L)(tpy)(DMSO)]ⁿ⁺ (where tpy=2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide; L=2,2’‐bipyridine (bpy), n=2; N,N,N’,N’‐tetramethylethylenediamine (tmen) n=2; picolinate (pic), n=1; acetylacetonate (acac), n=1; oxalate (ox), n=0; malonate (mal), n=0), was investigated theoretically. It is observed that the metal‐centered ligand field (³MC) state plays an important role in the excited state S→O isomerization of the coordinated DMSO ligand. If the population of ³MC_S state is thermally accessible and no ³MC_O can be populated from this state, photoisomerization will be turned off because the ³MC_S excited state is expected to lead to fast radiationless decay back to the original ¹GS_S ground state or photodecomposition along the Ru²⁺?S stretching coordinate. On the contrary, if the population of ³MC_S (or ³MC_O) state is inaccessible, photoinduced S→O isomerization can proceed adiabatically on the potential energy surface of the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer excited states (³MLCT_S→³MLCT_O). It is hoped that these results can provide valuable information for the excited state isomerization in photochromic d⁶ transition‐metal complexes, which is both experimentally and intellectually challenging as a field of study.     

Nonempirical Quantum-Chemical Calculations of the Structure and Conformations of the 2,2-Dichloroethanal Molecule in the Lowest Excited Singlet State

The structure of the 2,2-dichloroethanal molecule (CHC_l2CHO) in the lowest excited singlet state was calculated by the nonempirical multiconfigurational self-consistent field method. The electron transition of CHC_l2CHO from the ground to lowest excited singlet state is accompanied by rotation of the CHC₁₂ group, and the carbonyl fragment becomes nonplanar. The potential energy surface for the excited CHCl₂CHO molecule contains six minima corresponding to three pairs of enantiomers. This surface was used to solve torsion and inversion motion problems in the one-dimensional approximation and also two-dimensional torsion-inversion problem. Comparison of the results showed a relation between torsion and inversion motions.