Studying the emergence of invasiveness in tumours using game theory

Tumour cells have to acquire a number of capabilities if a neoplasm is to become a cancer. One of these key capabilities is increased motility which is needed for invasion of other tissues and metastasis. This paper presents a qualitative mathematical model based on game theory and computer simulations using cellular automata. With this model we study the circumstances under which mutations that confer increased motility to cells can spread through a tumour made of rapidly proliferating cells. The analysis suggests therapies that could help prevent the progression towards malignancy and invasiveness of benign tumours.     

Effective absorption enhancement in small molecule organic solar cells using trapezoid gratings

We demonstrate that the optical absorption is enhanced in small molecule organic solar cells by using a trapezoid grating structure. The enhanced absorption is mainly attributed to both waveguide modes and surface plasmon modes, which is simulated by using finite-difference time-domain method. The simulated results show that the surface plasmon along the semitransparent metallic Ag anode is excited by introducing the periodical trapezoid gratings, which induce the increase of high intensity field in the donor layer. Meanwhile, the waveguide modes result in a high intensity field in acceptor layer. The increase of field improves the absorption of organic solar cells significantly, which is demonstrated by simulating the electrical properties. The simulated results also show that the short-circuit current is increased by 31% in an optimized device, which is supported by the experimental measurement. Experimental result shows that the power conversion efficiency of the grating sample is increased by 7.7%.     

压强对冰Ⅶ相结构影响的拉曼光谱研究

测量了室温下2.5～23GPa压强下冰Ⅶ相的拉曼光谱。测量结果表明:随压强增加,冰的氧原子间距离dO—O减小,使氢键长度变短,导致O—H化学键键长增加,力常数减小,拉曼光谱发生红移。质子(氢核)取向有序性随压强先增加而后减小致使拉曼光谱强度先增加而后减小;拉曼光谱线宽先减小而后增加,当压强约为13GPa时呈现最小值。     

互相关自适应加权的医学超声成像算法研究

根据超声成像系统的超声回波信号互相关性,提出互相关自适应加权超声成像算法.该算法根据散射点回波信号之间的空间相关性设置加权系数,对不同位置的散射点进行自适应加权成像,从而降低了成像系统的旁瓣,抑制了相关性较差的噪声.通过Field II仿真的点目标和吸声斑目标处理结果表明该方法成像的横向和纵向分辨率高,成像速度快.相对于延时叠加(DAS)算法,该算法对散射点成像可提高对比度16 dB,对于吸声斑成像可提高对比度0.85 dB.最后采用完备数据集进行实验,结果表明该算法成像分辨率优于DAS算法,对比度提高了17 dB.     

光谱法研究聚赖氨酸与纤维蛋白原的相互作用

聚赖氨酸是一种重要的聚阳离子,在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。但是,目前其血液相容性的相关报道较少,特别是通过光谱法研究其与血液中重要蛋白的相互作用。因此,通过多种光谱法研究聚赖氨酸与纤维蛋白原的相互作用,进一步评价其血液相容性具有一定的创新性。本实验通过荧光、紫外和圆二色谱研究聚赖氨酸对纤维蛋白原结构的影响。其中,聚赖氨酸的正电性随着浓度增大而增大;复合实验显示,0.01 mg·mL-1的聚赖氨酸对纤维蛋白原的功能影响较小,随着浓度增大,相互作用增强;荧光光谱显示,纤维蛋白原在λ_em=341 nm处出现浓度依赖性的荧光猝灭;紫外光谱显示,聚赖氨酸对纤维蛋白原吸收强度(200～240和278 nm处)的影响在0.025 mg·mL-1时较小,并出现浓度依赖性的减少;圆二色光谱显示,随着聚赖氨酸浓度增大,纤维蛋白原的α-螺旋含量减少,β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲含量增加。结果表明,聚赖氨酸会与纤维蛋白原发生静电相互作用,对其结构造成浓度依赖性的影响。当浓度为0.01和0.025 mg·mL-1时,聚赖氨酸对纤维蛋白原结构的影响较小;而浓度过大时,影响较大,势必破坏纤维蛋白原的生理功能。因此,研发和应用聚赖氨酸时必须充分考虑浓度因素。本实验提供了一种简便而系统的方法来研究材料与蛋白的作用,有利于充分评价材料的血液相容性。此外,上述研究结果对聚赖氨酸的生物医学应用具有重要的指导意义。     

微重力环境中空气流动与辐射热损失对火焰传播的影响

本文建立了包含辐射热损失的火焰沿热薄燃料表面传播的数学模型。燃毁点的密度作为待求参数出现在模型中。数值计算结果表明,在微重力环境中,火焰传播速度随空气流动速度的变化出现峰值。对比无辐射热损失模型和有辐射热损失模型的计算结果发现,辐射热损失是形成上述微重力燃烧特征的原因。在静止的微重力环境中或弱空气流动速度下,辐射热损失使燃毁点处有大量的残碳生成,但随着空气流动速度的增大,残碳生成量迅速减小。     

光谱法研究Cu~(2+)诱导的不同时间的LDL体外氧化

氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,oxLDI)被认为是动脉硬化的关键致病因素.文章综合运用紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱及圆二色(circular diclaro‘lsm.CD)光谱研究了(好'诱导不同时间的U)IJ体外氧化过程.随着氧化时间的增加.生成的丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)的量逐渐增加,其相对应的430 nm 处的荧光强度也随之加强,氧化过程中生成了新的氧化产物.氧化低密度脂蛋白紫外吸收增强;表征氨基酸残基信息的特征荧光强度和同步荧光强度降低;载脂蛋白B-100(apolipoproteinB-100,apoB-100)α-螺旋含量减少.实验结果表明,LDL氧化过程中Cu2+不仅诱导了氧化产物的生成,而且改变了apoB-100的构象进而导致了生色基团的微环境的变化.     

Post-deposition atomic terraces growth of ZnO thin films deposited on epi-GaN templates

We demonstrate how growth processes affect on ZnO film properties, which are to be essential guides to prevent defect formation in order to synthesize reproducible high quality ZnO films. First, we reveal that deposition at a low temperature is indispensable to transfer underlying GaN atomic terraces to ZnO surface. As the film thickness is increased, however, the terraces disappear to develop island morphology. It is found that the thick film surface is smoothed to the extent that atomic terraces can be seen after an appropriate thermal treatment. Adverse effects associated with high annealing temperatures are then demonstrated as evidenced by cracks formation, increased yellow cathode-luminescence and intermixing at the interface.     

Improving contrast and sectioning power in confocal imaging by third harmonic generation in SiOx nanocrystallites

We present a new optical microscope in which the light transmitted by a sample-scanned transmission confocal microscope is frequency-tripled by SiOx nanocrystallites in lieu of being transmitted by a confocal pinhole. This imaging technique offers an increased contrast and a high scattered light rejection. It is demonstrated that the contrast close to the Sparrow resolution limit is enhanced and the sectioning power are increased with respect to the linear confocal detection mode. An experimental implementation is presented and compared with the conventional linear confocal mode.     

Kohn anomalies and enhanced superconductivity in simple systems under pressure: Insights from the nearly free electron model

The phonon spectrum of sodium is studied using ab initio methods and a simple nearly free electron model in the pressure range where the fcc phase is stable. It is found that the phonon softening previously reported consist of simple Kohn anomalies, the amplitudes of which are increased under pressure; their relative amplitudes and positions are easily understood in terms of the nearly free electron model. Furthermore, it is shown that superconductivity should be enhanced by pressure because of the increased contribution to the Eliashberg function associated to transverse phonon modes.     

La_(1-x)Sr_xMnO_3/TiO_2(x=0.2,0.15,0.04)异质pn结的整流特性

采用磁控溅射法制备的La1-xSrxMnO3(LSMO)/TiO2异质pn结表现出很好的整流特性.室温电流电压特性曲线显示随着Sr掺杂的增加,扩散电压增大,这可能由于Sr掺杂的增加导致载流子浓度增大所致.电流电压变温特性曲线显示随着测量温度的降低,扩散电压增大,这可能由于随着测量温度的变化导致界面电子结构的变化所致.值得提出的,异质pn结电阻随温度变化曲线表现出单层LSMO的金属绝缘相变特性,并且在低测量温度时表现出随着测量温度的降低结电阻增大,这可能是由于宽带隙的TiO2的引入导致.     

The influence of stimulated temperature-dependent emission cross section on intracavity optical parametric oscillator

In this paper, the influence of temperature on the intracavity optical parametric oscillator(IOPO) is investigated by using the stimulated temperature-dependent emission cross section of laser crystal. The rate equations under plane wave approximation have been used for simulation of signal output pulse. Results show that the signal output pulse width is decreased by increasing the laser crystal temperature. Also, the signal output energy is increased by the increasing of the laser crystal temperature. The simulation results for IOPO based on Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO_4, show that the signal pulse energies are increased by 3.2 and 5.6 times respectively when the laser crystal temperature increased from 15℃ to 300℃. The presented model indicates that the temperature sensitivity of Nd:YVO_4-based IOPOs is more than that of Nd:YAG-based IOPOs which is expected from a physical point of view.     

Sonodisruption of re-assembled casein micelles at different pH values

Casein solutions with different pH values were sonicated at a frequency of 35 kHz and increasing acoustic powers. As the sonication power increased, turbidity of solutions and particle diameter decreased at any given pH value, suggesting particles disruption due to the ultrasonic treatment. The magnitude of decrease in re-assembled micelles diameter was greater at a higher pH, indicating an interaction between pH and sonication power in sonodissociation. This interaction is attributed to a looser structure of micelles at higher pH values which increases the efficiency of ultrasonic disruption and not directly to the increased cavitation efficiency. We argue that increased cavitation efficiency with increasing sonication power, which enhances shear forces is the most likely reason for sonodisruption of re-assembled casein micelles.     

Ultrasound assisted preparation of water in oil emulsions and their application in arsenic (V) removal from water in an emulsion liquid membrane process

Water in oil emulsions are prepared by using an ultra-sonication device and used in an emulsion liquid membrane process in order to recover arsenic (V) ions from an aqueous medium. The aim of this work is the investigation of the effect of emulsifier concentration and composition, and also sonication time on the emulsion droplet size and the extraction efficiency in order to obtain stable emulsions with small droplets that favor the extraction. Results show that ultrasonic waves reduce internal droplet size which enhances the extraction of arsenic. In addition, internal droplet size is decreased initially and then increased by increasing Span 80 concentration. On the other hand, by increasing Span 80 concentration, extraction amount is increased and then decreased. Furthermore, emulsifier blends provide more stability for the emulsion. Increasing concentration of Tween 20 as a hydrophilic emulsifier up to an optimum concentration decreases internal droplet size and increases extraction amount. By increasing sonication time up to 4 min, the internal droplet size is decreased and the extraction amount is increased. If sonication time is increased further, the internal droplet size is increased and the extraction amount is decreased.     

Strongly localized states in a single carbon nanotube with polymer molecules

A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with conjugated polymer molecules is analyzed via optical spectroscopy. The presence of strongly localized excitonic states in the SWCNT is confirmed using time-integrated photoluminescence (PL). The PL spectrum exhibits extremely narrow width (~0.8 meV) which is attributed to the strong confinement of the states by polymer molecules. In addition, I observed that the excited states are gradually filled as a function of the excitation power, which supports the localized excitonic behavior. Only the ground excitonic state is observed at low excitation powers, but three additional PL peaks appear as the excitation power is increased. Especially, the power-dependent PL spectrum shows a blueshift and increased width, which can be elucidated in terms of quantum confined stark effect and the screening of induced electric fields. Overall, I demonstrate that the presence of polymer molecules induces several localized states in a single SWCNT.     

Dynamics of quantum discord in the purification process

We investigate the dynamics of quantum discord during the purification process. In the case of Werner states, it is shown that quantum discord is increased after a round of purification protocol. Furthermore, quantum mutual information and classical correlation is also increased during this process. We also give an analytic expression for a class of higher dimensional states which have additive quantum discord.     

Ordered bursting synchronization and complex wave propagation in a ring neuronal network

Ordered bursting synchronization and complex propagation are investigated for a ring neuronal network in which each neuron exhibits chaotic bursting behaviour. The neurons become more and more synchronous in chaotic bursting as the synaptic strength is increased. It is shown that excitatory chemical synapses can effectively tame the chaos, and ordered bursting synchronization can be observed as the synaptic strength is further increased. However, synchronization among neurons is weakened as the number of neurons is increased. More importantly, it is shown that ordered bursting synchronization can be turned into spiking synchronization at certain noise intensity. Complex spatio-temporal patterns propagating towards both sides of pacemaker are found in this network before the emergence of spiking synchronization.     

半导体硅熔体的有效(磁)黏度

用钕铁硼(NdFeB)永磁材料构建"魔环"结构的永磁体,向直拉硅生长的熔体所在空间引入磁场,采用回转振荡法测量不同磁场强度下硅熔体的有效黏度(磁黏度).在温度一定时,测得的磁黏度随着磁场强度的增加而增加,二者呈抛物线关系.熔硅温度升高,磁场影响加剧.1490—1610℃温度区间内,磁黏度有异常变化.当引入磁场强度为0068T时,熔硅有效黏度比原黏度增加2—3个数量级,证明引入磁场是硅单晶大直径生长时,抑制熔硅热对流的有效手段. 关键词： 硅熔体 有效(磁)黏度 魔环永磁体 回转振荡法     

快速磁通变化超导线圈失超保护的改进方法

大型托卡马克超导装置的超导线圈在快速励磁条件下 ,将在线圈中产生很大的感应电压噪声 ,可能比用于失超检测的电阻电压大几个量级 ,同时在大电流和快速励磁条件下失超保护对确保装置安全变得尤为重要。文中主要提出在超导线圈大电流和快速励磁条件下如何进行正确失超保护的一种方便又可行的工程方法 ,并在中科院等离子体所对 HT- 7U第一个超导中心螺管原型线圈进行的性能测试实验中取得了成功。     

离焦对激光通信接收视场的影响分析

为了降低自由空间激光通信中对准难度,本文提出了采用离焦的方法以增大接收视场角。以满足通信所需最低能量(-35 d Bm)为基准,理论推导了探测器接收能量、接收视场角(FOV)、离焦接收能量及离焦量之间的相互关系,并通过Matlab仿真,分析对比了离焦接收能量和离焦量对接收视场角的影响。结果显示,当离焦量为0.5 mm时,离焦接收能量从-20.9 d Bm提高到-4.1 d Bm,接收视场角能增大0.27 mrad;当离焦接收能量为-4.1 d Bm时,离焦量从0.2 mm扩大到1.0 mm,视场角能增大1.75 mrad。通过对比表明,提高离焦接收能量以及扩大离焦量都可以增加接收视场角,且扩大离焦量的效果相对比较明显,这对后续离焦系统的设计提供了理论指导依据。