高强度纳秒激光与K9光学玻璃体损伤的实验研究

通过把脉宽为lOns、波长为1064nm的激光脉冲聚焦通过K9玻璃的方法，研究了玻璃的损伤形貌特点与高强度纳秒激光脉冲的关系。当激光脉？中聚焦在样品中心时，产生的破坏点的特点为前端大，后端小，并且纵向出现裂纹，使用高强度激光与物质相互作用时产生的激光支持的爆轰波特点解释了这些破坏特点。当激光脉冲聚焦在样品表面时，产生的破坏特点是串状的，即带有点状破坏的丝状破坏，这是由于内部缺陷或颗粒和动态自聚焦作用的结果。     

纳秒激光脉冲在空气中聚焦的临界自由电子密度问题

实验研究了高功率纳秒量级激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过率随输入激光脉冲能量变化的规律,发现在纳秒激光脉冲聚焦半径相同的情况下,激光脉冲的能量透过率随入射激光脉冲能量的变化可分为三种情况：当入射激光脉冲能量较低时,激光脉冲能量全部通过;当入射激光脉冲能量增大后,激光脉冲的能量透过率由近100%迅速减小;当入射激光脉冲的能量进一步增加时,激光脉冲的能量透过率继续缓慢变小.用临界自由电子密度以及所对应的临界时间点对上述实验现象进行了理论分析得到了如下结论：当自由电子密度未达到临界自由电子密度时,多光子电离过程起主要作用,而当自由电子密度超过临界自由电子密度后,逆韧致吸收过程起主要作用,临界时间点是入射激光脉冲与空气作用过程中自由电子密度达到临界自由电子密度的时刻.入射激光脉冲能量决定了临界时间点在脉冲作用时间上的位置,临界时间点的位置决定了激光脉冲的能量透过率.可以通过测量激光脉冲的能量透过率来计算出临界自由电子密度,从而确定出激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过特性. 关键词： 临界自由电子密度 临界时间点 多光子电离 逆韧致吸收     

光击穿机制下的光声能量转换效率

建立了激光声实验测量系统,利用脉冲激光聚焦击穿水介质产生声信号。由水听器将声信号转换成电信号并送入数字存储示波器,计算出声信号能量。对不同激光能量、激光聚焦位置和水体盐度下的光声能量转换效率进行了理论和实验研究。研究结果表明:随着激光能量的提高,能量转换效率逐渐减小;激光垂直水面入射时,随着激光聚焦深度的增加,能量转换效率会出现一次阶跃式变大,随后逐渐降低;等离子体对激光能量的吸收越充分,能量转换效率越高;水体盐度的变化对能量转换效率影响很小。     

多脉冲激光对K9玻璃的表面损伤实验研究

 实验研究了波长为1 064 nm、脉宽为10 ns、重复频率为1 Hz的激光脉冲对K9玻璃的表面损伤特点,给出了脉冲透过能量随激光脉冲作用次数变化的规律。采用3维立体显微镜对损伤形貌进行观察,发现K9玻璃的损伤表面呈环状分布,分为烧蚀区、微裂纹区和断裂区。随着激光脉冲个数的增加,损伤由点状破坏演变为损伤区,微裂纹逐渐增长,损伤面积逐渐增大。基于激光支持的爆轰波理论分析,激光与脆性材料的相互作用可引起微裂纹的大量增长。在多脉冲激光的作用下,K9玻璃损伤的累积效应明显,表面损伤阈值明显降低,表面裂纹增长明显,损伤面积逐渐增大;但随着激光脉冲的继续增加,这种损伤趋于稳定。     

激光引起玻璃表面的破坏

探讨了高功率激光对玻璃表面的破坏。测量了在２００ｐｓ激光正入射照射下Ｋ８玻璃的破坏阈值。解释了样品输入面和输出面破坏阈值不同的原因。     

抽运光参数对受激布里渊散射的影响

受激布里渊散射（SBS）系统中,具有一定带宽的抽运激光中会含有一定比例的Stokes散射光成分，此Stokes散射光成分经SBS介质后表面反射后，将形成种子光与抽运光联合入射，构成自种子光式SBS放大器.通过数值求解此SBS放大器型耦合波方程组，探讨了抽运光脉冲中所含Stokes散射光成分的比例、抽运激光波长、抽运光能量大小、入射的聚焦高斯光脉冲脉宽、相互作用时间等激光参数对SBS特征参数（Stokes散射光脉冲波形、材料内部最大应力的时间演化及空间分布、脉宽压缩效果、能量提取效率及Stokes散射光的共轭保真度）的影响.同时发现，SBS过程中产生的超声应力不仅会对SBS介质前表面造成破坏，还可能对焦点附近造成破坏；调整各激光参数还会使焦点附近优于前表面先破坏.数值模拟中采用的抽运光是聚焦高斯光束. 关键词： 受激布里渊散射 斯托克斯散射光 冲击应力 能量反射率     

激光诱导介质击穿中的脉冲截断问题

强激光与介质相互促进作用过程中,当自由电子的密度达到介质的损伤阈值时,介质将被击穿,脉冲的后续能量被激光等离子体强烈吸收而引发截断,这个时间点定义为截断时间点.脉冲的截断时间点对激光脉冲能量的传输有很大的影响.理论研究了入射激光脉冲能量对脉冲截断时间点分布的影响.定量分析和模拟了截断时间点对脉冲能量透过率的影响.模拟结果和实验结果符合很好.研究发现:激光脉冲能量透过率由脉冲截断时间点的位置决定.当脉冲截断时间点分布在脉冲前沿、峰值和后沿时,激光脉冲能垦的透过率分别对应小于50%,等于50%和大于50%.在线测量激光脉冲能量的透过率也可作为一种在线检测光学元件是否发生破坏的方法.     

紧聚焦的超短超强激光脉冲在真空中加速斜入射的相对论电子

研究了紧聚焦的线偏振飞秒超强高斯激光脉冲俘获并剧烈加速斜入射低能相对论电子的效应 ，发现被俘获的电子在激光脉冲纵向有质动力的强大加速作用下，可以获得GeV量级的能量 ，并详细研究了入射电子的初能量、斜入射角、电子与激光脉冲的相对延迟时间和激光脉冲 宽度等条件对电子能量增益的影响，发现当激光脉宽超过10λ时，脉宽对电子能量增益影响 不大. 关键词： 电子加速 有质动力 能量增益 束腰     

切向气流作用下玻璃纤维复合材料的激光辐照效应

实验研究了样品表面有切向空气气流、切向氮气气流和无气流时,976 nm连续激光对玻璃纤维增强E-51环氧树脂复合材料的辐照效应。结果表明:无气流时,喷出的热分解产物会对入射激光产生屏蔽作用;有气流时,激光对玻璃纤维的破坏方式是其升温熔化后再被切向气流带走;当激光功率密度较低时,切向空气气流以加强样品表面的对流冷却作用为主,不利于激光对玻璃纤维复合材料的破坏;当激光功率密度较高时,切向空气气流以降低屏蔽作用和提供氧气助燃为主,有利于激光对玻璃纤维复合材料的破坏。三种气流状态下,质量损失随功率密度呈现单调增加趋势,当入射激光功率密度在100~600 W/cm2范围内,随着功率密度的增大,激光能量的利用效率逐渐增大并趋于稳定。     

激光等离子体效应对薄膜损伤特性的影响

高能激光的发展对光学元件的抗损伤能力要求越来越高,其中光学薄膜是最薄弱的环节之一。实验研究了激光的聚焦位置对石英基片上HfO2/SiO2减反射薄膜损伤形貌的影响,研究发现:激光等离子体的高压冲击波对薄膜产生强烈的冲击剥离效应,其压强随膨胀半径的增加而迅速减小。激光等离子体光谱的辐射波长小于入射激光波长,这会增强薄膜对辐射光能量的吸收;位于深紫外波段、能量大于HfO2薄膜带隙的光子能量,将被薄膜直接吸收,从而加剧薄膜的电离破坏。激光等离子体的辐射效应和冲击波效应的共同作用决定了薄膜的损伤形貌。当激光聚焦到薄膜表面时,冲击波压强极大会使薄膜发生大面积的电离去除,同时基底发生击穿;当两者距离大到一定距离时,冲击波只会使得中心处小面积薄膜发生剥离,基底未出现断裂。     

高重复频率激光脉冲光束大小对吸收玻璃损伤特征的影响

针对高重复频率对吸收性滤光片损伤问题,研究了高重复频率(kHz量级)激光脉冲的光束半径大小对吸收玻璃的形貌特征和损伤机理.研究发现在总的激光作用个数、单脉冲能量和脉冲作用频率固定时,吸收玻璃的损伤特性发生很大变化:在光束半径较大时,激光能量分散,主要损伤形貌是熔化破坏;随着光束半径的减小,激光脉冲能量变得集中,热量的累积效果变得明显,逐渐变成熔化破坏和气化破坏;当激光光束半径小到一定程度,则会由于光强过大使得介质表面发生击穿而产生激光等离子体冲击波,同时由于热量沉积的集中使光束作用中心处产生超热液体,当满足相爆炸发生的条件时,气化物、液滴和固体颗粒的混合物会向外飞溅,在损伤凹陷的周围形成气化物、液滴的冷凝区和固体颗粒溅射区. 关键词： 激光诱导损伤 高重复激光脉冲 吸收玻璃 相爆炸     

Photoacoustic detection of microcracks induced in BK7 glass by focused laser pulses

An experimental investigation on the induced damage by accumulative pulses generated by a Nd:YAG laser beam focused into the bulk of the BK7 glass is reported in this work. The laser was operated at the single-pulse damage energy threshold of the sample. The optical detonation generates a shock wave emission and microcrack formation. The induced photoacoustic wave emerging from the sample was monitored by piezoelectric detection. These signals provide a simple, reliable and highly sensitive indication of damage, processes involved, and the most appropriate laser parameters for two- and three-dimensional engraving.     

Ultrashort laser pulse bioeffects and safety.

Recent studies of retinal damage due to ultrashort laser pulses have shown that less energy is required for retinal damage for pulses shorter than 1 ns than that for longer pulses. It has also been shown that more energy is required for near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths than in the visible because the light focuses behind the retina, requiring more energy to produce a damaging fluence on the retina. We review the progress made in determining the trends in retinal damage from laser pulses of 1 ns to 100 fs in the visible and NIR wavelength regimes. We have determined the most likely damage mechanism(s) operative in this pulse width regime.     

Laser damage in silicon

Laser damage in silicon has been investigated using single crystals of p-type Si with thin wafers of 0.325 mm thickness being exposed to Nd³⁺ laser pulses. The laser was in a free generation mode, with wavelength 1.064 μm, and pulse duration time of 100 μs, with energy of 200 mJ pulse^-1. It was found that this energy caused visible damage at the sample surface, which is interesting topographically and from viewpoint of the theory of the interaction of laser light and solid dielectric matter.     

准分子激光辐照K9玻璃的热力效应分析

基于传热学理论, 利用有限元法对KrF准分子激光辐照K9玻璃样品中的热力效应进行了数值分析, 并比较了脉冲数目和重频对损伤效果的影响。研究表明, 较低的准分子激光能量就能够使K9玻璃在表面和体内产生热应力损伤, 热应力损伤在光斑区域内主要由压缩热应力控制, 在光斑边缘和材料内部则主要由拉伸热应力控制。在激光脉冲结束时刻, 产生的温度和热应力最大, 且热应力以热冲击波的形式在材料内传播, 随时间变化而来回振荡, 逐渐减弱。这种热应力的反复冲击会对材料产生持续的损伤增长效应, 增加了材料的损伤时间, 并使材料更容易断裂。脉冲数目和重复频率对损伤效果有着较大影响, 在高重复频率下, 损伤累积效应明显。     

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of Q-switched laser pulses in large-core optical fibres

Q-switched Nd : glass laser pulses of 60 ns duration are transmitted through multimode fused-silica fibres of 0.4–1 mm core diam and lengths of up to 20 m. For laser radiation with narrow spectral width, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is observed for energies well below the threshold energy of fibre damage. The SBS threshold is shifted beyond the threshold of fibre damage through increasing the spectral width of the laser radiation. The SBS threshold energies of step-index and gradient-index fibres are measured for various fibre and laser parameters.     

Cavity dumping of neodymium-doped fibre lasers using an acoustooptic modulator

We report high-repetition-rate pulses obtained by cavity dumping of a neodymium-doped phosphate glass fibre laser operating at 1053 nm using a specially constructed acoustooptic modulator. With 27 mW absorbed pump power at 812 nm we obtained stable trains of output pulses with repetition rate in the range 0.5 to 8 MHz having corresponding pulse widths in the range 127 to 19 ns without significant sacrifice in the average output power of 8 mW.     

Internal modification of glass by ultrashort laser pulse and its application to microwelding

Internal modification process of glass by ultrashort laser pulse (USLP) and its applications to microwelding of glass are presented. A simulation model is developed, which can determine intensity distribution of absorbed laser energy, nonlinear absorptivity and temperature distribution at different pulse repetition rates and pulse energies in internal modification of bulk glass with fs- and ps-laser pulses from experimental modified structure. The formation process of the dual-structured internal modification is clarified, which consists of a teardrop-shaped inner structure and an elliptical outer structure, corresponding to the laser-absorbing region and heat-affected molten region, respectively. Nonlinear absorptivity at high pulse repetition rates increases due to the increase in the thermally excited free electron density for avalanche ionization. USLP enables crack-free welding of glass because the shrinkage stress is suppressed by producing embedded molten pool by nonlinear absorption process, in contrast to conventional continuous wave laser welding where cracks cannot be avoided due to shrinkage stress produced in cooling process. Microwelding techniques of glass by USLP have been developed to join glass/glass and Si/glass using optically contacted sample pairs. The strength of the weld joint as high as that of base material is obtained without pre- and post-heating in glass/glass welding. In Si/glass welding, excellent joint performances competitive with anodic bonding in terms of joint strength and process throughput have been attained.