高速列车进隧道时编组长度对压力波最大值的影响研究

高速列车通过隧道时,隧道内空气会产生较大的压力波动,对列车行车安全、车辆结构以及乘客舒适度造成影响。为研究高速列车进隧道时压力波与列车编组长度的关系,开展了高速列车进隧道压力波特性的CFD仿真分析。采用求解低速流动的压力修正算法求解RANS方程,湍流模型采用可实现k-ε模型。首先,通过与动模型实验监测的压力波对比,验证了数值模型的准确性。随后,对高速列车不同编组进隧道的情况进行了仿真计算,通过监测隧道壁和车体表面压力波随时间的变化,得到压力波大小与编组长度之间的关系。计算结果表明,随着编组长度增大,压力波幅值也增大,且由车身与隧道内空气摩擦引起的压力波幅值增量与编组长度呈线性关系。在此基础上,改进了预测列车进隧道最大压力波的经验公式,考虑了编组长度对压力波的贡献,预测结果更加准确。     

高速铁路隧道缓冲结构气动载荷与结构应力特性分析

高速列车通过隧道时,会引起车隧气动效应.在隧道洞口设置缓冲结构是简便有效的应对措施之一.而缓冲结构一般设置在隧道洞口,列车通过隧道产生气动载荷对该结构的影响也不容忽视.本文采用数值方法,利用Ansys软件的workbench模拟平台,对列车通过隧道产生的气动载荷作用在顶部单开口缓冲结构上的压应力变化进行模拟.研究结果表明:气动载荷所引起的结构附加应力作用明显.当行车速度为350 km/h时,附加应力可以达到80 kPa,而缓冲结构开口周围成为气动载荷附加应力集中区.对于双线隧道,近车壁面与远车壁面的附加压应力规律一致,但近车侧应力值要大于远车侧.与压力波在隧道内的传播特性类似,气动载荷所引起的附加压应力具有往复传播特征.另外,对顶部缓冲结构开口附近出现附加应力集中的原因进行了分析,确定缓冲结构形式是引起应力集中的决定因素.以上结论对隧道洞口缓冲结构的设计及安全巡查具有一定的指导意义.     

高速列车进入隧道诱发初始压缩波效应的数值模拟

高速列车进入隧道产生初始压缩波,该压缩波以当地声速向隧道出口传播并产生脉冲波,脉冲波足够大时,会产生音爆响声。采用有限体积方法和任意滑移界面动网格技术方法,基于PISO算法和SSTk-ω高雷诺数湍流模型求解了高速列车通过隧道引起的三维可压缩非定常的空气湍流流动,数值模拟研究了我国高速列车和隧道条件下初始压缩波的基本特性。研究表明,初始压缩波是由于列车头部进入隧道瞬间洞内空气流动空间受到限制所形成的,形成初期具有三维特性,在传播一定距离后变成一维平面波。此外,在相同高度下,离车体越近初始压缩波变化越明显;靠近车体一侧离地面越近初始压缩波变化越大,而远离车体一侧初始压缩波变化基本一致;初始压缩波的压力时间变化率峰值与车速的三次方近似成正比。     

重叠网格法应用于模拟高速列车隧道气动效应

高速列车通过隧道时所诱发的压力波不仅会使乘客耳感舒适性变差,而且会造成车辆零部件疲劳。基于计算流体力学软件中有限体积方法,本文使用重叠网格法模拟了复杂外形高速列车完全通过隧道时引起的隧道内的压力波动。描述了重叠网格法及使用该方法进行列车过隧道建模的过程。利用文献提供的数据,分别采用滑移网格法和重叠网格法建模计算,并进行对比。通过与京沪线高速列车实车试验数据的对比,结果表明:对于模拟高速列车隧道气动效应,重叠网格法不仅网格设计简单,对车体、隧道复杂外形适应性强,且计算结果具有较高的计算精度及可靠性,具有较高的工程价值,可为今后高速铁路隧道气动效应的相关研究提供参考。     

隧道中高速列车空气阻力的数值计算

对高速列车在隧道中行驶时所引起的湍流场进行了数值模拟，计算了列车所受到的空气阻力。数值计算采用变密度、轴对称的ｋ～ε模型和ＰＩＳＯ算法，并将粗糙面速度分布公式和尼古拉兹公式引入壁函数法中，以反映壁面粗糙度的影响，提出了对不规则边界的速度修正法。针对不同的车速、阻塞比和车头细长比，分别进行了模拟，获得了全场的压力分布，以及空气阻力与基本参数的关系，并与传统的经典方法阻力计算结果进行了对比分析。     

高速列车空气动力学研究技术综述

随着我国高速铁路的快速发展,高速列车运行速度越来越快,包括气动阻力、横风效应、会车效应、隧道效应和气动噪声等一系列空气动力学问题日益突出. 利用模型试验、实车测量和数值计算等不同的研究手段,开展全面的高速列车空气动力学研究显得十分重要. 本文比较全面和系统地介绍了国内外高速列车空气动力学研究在模型试验、实车测量、数值计算等方面的技术现状和进展情况,对今后的发展方向和内容进行了展望.     

高速铁路长隧道压缩波波前变形规律分析

高速列车进入隧道时产生的压缩波在长隧道中传播时会产生波前变形,即波前压力梯度发生变化。线路测量和学者的研究表明,隧道出口处微气压波的强度与压缩波波前压力梯度最大值成正比,而微气压波的大小又与隧道出口的爆破音直接相关,因此有必要研究压缩波在长隧道中传播时的波前变形规律。采用计算流体力学三维动态仿真计算方法,对长隧道内压缩波的生成和传播过程进行研究。证明了压缩波的波前变形不仅与初始压缩波生成时的惯性运动和气体摩擦相关,而且与列车在隧道中的运动相关,即列车运动产生的能量输入会影响压缩波波前的变形。通过多工况计算,获得了隧道内压力梯度的最大值及其出现位置与列车速度和隧道阻塞比之间的变化规律。     

高速铁路长隧道压缩波波前变形规律分析

高速列车进入隧道时产生的压缩波在长隧道中传播时会产生波前变形，即波前压力梯度发生变化。线路测量和学者的研究表明，隧道出口处微气压波的强度与压缩波波前压力梯度最大值成正比，而微气压波的大小又与隧道出口的爆破音直接相关，因此有必要研究压缩波在长隧道中传播时的波前变形规律。采用计算流体力学三维动态仿真计算方法，对长隧道内压缩波的生成和传播过程进行研究。证明了压缩波的波前变形不仅与初始压缩波生成时的惯性运动和气体摩擦相关，而且与列车在隧道中的运动相关，即列车运动产生的能量输入会影响压缩波波前的变形。通过多工况计算，获得了隧道内压力梯度的最大值及其出现位置与列车速度和隧道阻塞比之间的变化规律。     

地铁隧道竖井位置优化数值模拟研究

考虑通风竖井对地铁内热湿环境及压力变化的影响,进一步优化地铁内竖井的位置,本文采用移动网格和滑移交界面技术分别对竖井位于列车加速段、匀速段和减速段进行三维非稳态数值计算.结果表明,采用移动网格技术对无竖井隧道模拟计算结果与国外试验吻合,竖井位于列车匀速段内且靠近车站出站端能有效地利用列车活塞作用排除地铁内热量,能有效减小入口断面最大压力和压力梯度,但出口断面产生最大压力和压力梯度.综合考虑竖井对地铁内通风及空气动力学效应的影响,竖井应考虑列车运行模式,设置于列车匀速行驶区间段内且靠近车站出站端.     

高速列车空气动力学

着重描述了高速列车与其它交通工具在空气动力学方面的差异，重点在包括磁悬浮列车（Maglev）在内的现代高速列车。这些差异与下述因素紧密相关：高速列车贴近地面或轨道运行、其长径比远大于其它交通工具、两列火车会擦身而过，与道旁建筑物相互干扰、常受到横风的干扰、通过隧道时会产生隧道出入口效应。本文综述了最新的相关信息，涵盖实验技术和实验结果、理论分析和数值方法。     

The effect of real viscosity on the heat transfer of water based Al2O3 nanofluids in a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated rectangular cavity

The heat transfer and fluid flow behavior of water based Al₂O₃ nanofluids are numerically investigated inside a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated rectangular cavity. Physical properties which have major effects on the heat transfer of nanofluids such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are experimentally investigated and correlated and subsequently used as input data in the numerical simulation. Transport equations are numerically solved with finite volume approach using SIMPLEC algorithm. It was found that not only the thermal conductivity but also the viscosity of nanofluids has a key role in the heat transfer of nanofluids. The results show that at low Reynolds number, increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the viscosity and has a deteriorating effect on the heat transfer of nanofluids. At high Reynolds number, the increase in the viscosity is compensated by force convection and the increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles which results in an increase in heat transfer is in coincidence with experimental results.     

Heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids in laminar flow through rectangular ducts

Heat transfer to non-newtonian fluids flowing laminarly through rectangular ducts is examined. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy are solved numerically with the aid of a finite volume technique. The viscoelastic behavior of the fluid is represented by the Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey (CEF) constitutive equation. Secondary flows occur due to the elastic behavior of the fluid, and, consequently, heat transfer is strongly enhanced. It is observed that shear thinning yields negligible heat transfer enhancement effect, when compared with the secondary flow effect. Maximum heat transfer is shown to occur for some combinations of parameters. Thus, there are optimal combinations of aspect ratio and Reynolds numbers, which depend on the fluid's mechanical behavior. This result can be usefully explored in thermal designs of certain industrial processes.     

Mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge embedded in a highly porous medium

 The steady mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge with a magnetic field embedded in a porous medium has been investigated. The effects of the permeability of the medium, surface mass transfer and viscous dissipation on the flow and temperature fields have been included in the analysis. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations governing the flow field have been solved numerically using the Keller box method. The skin friction and heat transfer are found to increase with the parameters characterizing the permeability of the medium, buoyancy force, magnetic field and pressure gradient. However the effect of the permeability and magnetic field on the heat transfer is very small. The heat transfer increases with the Prandtl number, but the skin friction decreases. The buoyancy force which assists the forced convection flow causes an overshoot in the velocity profiles. Both the skin friction and heat transfer increase with suction and the effect of injection is just the reverse. Received on 21 May 1999     

Effects of fluid recirculation on mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood

The effect of disturbed flow on the mass transfer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied numerically,and the results were compared with that of our previous work.The arterial wall was assumed to be viscoelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid,which is more close to human arterial system.Numerical results indicated that the mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream.Therefore,it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids,but by the infiltration of the LDL(low-density lipoprotein) from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.     

Heat transfer in laminar pulsating flows of fluids with temperature dependent viscosities

The effect of time-dependent pressure pulsations on heat transfer in a pipe flow with constant temperature boundaries is analysed numerically when the viscosity of the pulsating fluid is an inverse linear function of the temperature. The coupled differential equations are solved using Crank-Nicholson semi-implicit finite difference formulation with some modifications.The results indicate local variations in heat transfer due to pulsations. They are useful in the design of heat exchangers working under pulsating flow conditions. The analytical results are presented for both heating and cooling. The conditions under which pulsating flows can augment the heat transfer are discussed. The results are applicable for heat exchangers with fluids of high Prandtl number.     

Effect of melting on an MHD micropolar fluid flow toward a shrinking sheet with thermal radiation

The effect of melting on a steady boundary layer stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting micropolar fluid toward a horizontal shrinking sheet in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field and thermal radiation is studied. A similarity transformation technique is adopted to obtain self-similar ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically. The present results are found to be in good agreement with previously published data. Numerical results for the dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles, as well as for the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are obtained.     

Mass Transfer on a Delta Wing in a Hypersonic Flow

The effect of mass transfer on the parameters of the laminar boundary layer flow on a cold delta wing in a hypersonic viscous perfect-gas flow is investigated for the case of a strong viscous-inviscid interaction regime. The influence of the mass transfer intensity on the supercritical-subcritical transition coordinate and the local and total aerodynamic parameters of a delta wing with a power-law cross-section is numerically determined.     

Numerical simulation of nucleate pool boiling on the horizontal surface for ferrofluid under the effect of non-uniform magnetic field

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of ferrofluid on a horizontal plate; has been explored numerically. Extra necessary equations have been used in this model to simulate mass transfer and effect of magnetic field that had not considered in previous researches using mixture model. Also effect of negative and positive gradient of magnetic field on the heat transfer rate and bubble shape has been investigated. Results are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Natural convection in an inclined rectangular porous cavity with uniform heat flux from the side

The problem of natural convection in an inclined rectangular porous layer enclosure is studied numerically. The enclosure is heated from one side and cooled from the other by a constant heat flux while the two other walls are insulated. The effect of aspect ratio, inclination angle and Rayleigh number on heat transfer is studied. It is found that the enclosure orientation has a considerable effect on the heat transfer. The negative orientation sharply inhibits the convection and consequently the heat transfer and a positive orientation maximizes the energy transfer. The maximum temperature within the porous medium can be considerably higher than that induced by pure conduction when the cavity is negatively oriented. The peak of the average Nusselt number depends on the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio. The heat transfer between the two thermally active boundaries is sensitive to the effect of aspect ratio. For an enclosure at high or low aspect ratio, the convection is considerably decreased and the heat transfer depends mainly on conduction.