Global (and local) analyticity for second order operators constructed from rigid vector fields on products of tori

We prove global analytic hypoellipticity on a product of tori for partial differential operators which are constructed as rigid (variable coefficient) quadratic polynomials in real vector fields satisfying the Hörmander condition and where satisfies a ``maximal' estimate. We also prove an analyticity result that is local in some variables and global in others for operators whose prototype is

(with analytic , naturally, but not identically zero). The results, because of the flexibility of the methods, generalize recent work of Cordaro and Himonas in [4] and Himonas in [8] which showed that certain operators known not to be locally analytic hypoelliptic (those of Baouendi and Goulaouic [1], Hanges and Himonas [6], and Christ [3]) were globally analytic hypoelliptic on products of tori.

     

New results in equal sums of like powers

This paper reports on new results for the equation

i.e., equal sums of like powers. Since the 1967 Lander, Parkin and Selfridge survey paper [4], few other numeric results have been published (see Elkies [6] and Ekl [3]). The present paper reports on several new smallest primitive solutions. Further, search limits have been extended in many cases, and tables of solutions are presented. Additionally, new solutions to the same class of problems in distinct integers have been discovered.

     

Unicity in piecewise polynomial -approximation via an algorithm

Our main result shows that certain generalized convex functions on a real interval possess a unique best approximation from the family of piecewise polynomial functions of fixed degree with varying knots. This result was anticipated by Kioustelidis in [11]; however the proof given there is nonconstructive and uses topological degree as the primary tool, in a fashion similar to the proof the comparable result for the case in [5]. By contrast, the proof given here proceeds by demonstrating the global convergence of an algorithm to calculate a best approximation over the domain of all possible knot vectors. The proof uses the contraction mapping theorem to simultaneously establish convergence and uniqueness. This algorithm was suggested by Kioustelidis [10]. In addition, an asymptotic uniqueness result and a nonuniqueness result are indicated, which analogize known results in the case.

     

A Note on Bernoulli Numbers and Shintani Generalized Bernoulli Polynomials

Generalized Bernoulli polynomials were introduced by Shintani in 1976 in order to express the special values at non-positive integers of Dedekind zeta functions for totally real numbers. The coefficients of such polynomials are finite combinations of products of Bernoulli numbers which are difficult to get hold of. On the other hand, Zagier was able to get the explicit formula for the special values in cases of real quadratic number fields.

In this paper, we shall improve Shintani's formula by proving that the special values can be determined by a finite set of polynomials. This provides a convenient way to evaluate the special values of various types of Dedekind functions. Indeed, a much broader class of zeta functions considered by the author [4] admits a similar formula for its special values. As a consequence, we are able to find infinitely many identities among Bernoulli numbers through identities among zeta functions. All these identities are difficult to prove otherwise.

     

A posteriori error estimates for nonlinear problems. -error estimates for finite element discretizations of parabolic equations

Using the abstract framework of [9] we analyze a residual a posteriori error estimator for space-time finite element discretizations of quasilinear parabolic pdes. The estimator gives global upper and local lower bounds on the error of the numerical solution. The finite element discretizations in particular cover the so-called -scheme, which includes the implicit and explicit Euler methods and the Crank-Nicholson scheme.

     

Real connective K-theory and the quaternion group

Let be the real connective K-theory spectrum. We compute and for groups whose Sylow 2-subgroup is quaternion of order 8. Using this we compute the coefficients of the fixed points of the Tate spectrum for and . The results provide a counterexample to the optimistic conjecture of Greenlees and May [9, Conj. 13.4], by showing, in particular, that is not a wedge of Eilenberg-Mac Lane spectra, as occurs for groups of prime order.

     

Functorial structure of units in a tensor product

The behavior of units in a tensor product of rings is studied, as one factor varies. For example, let be an algebraically closed field. Let and be reduced rings containing , having connected spectra. Let be a unit. Then for some units and .

Here is a deeper consequence, stated for simplicity in the affine case only. Let be a field, and let be a homomorphism of finitely generated -algebras such that is dominant. Assume that every irreducible component of or is geometrically integral and has a rational point. Let be a faithfully flat homomorphism of reduced -algebras. For a -algebra, define to be . Then satisfies the following sheaf property: the sequence

is exact. This and another result are used to prove (5.2) of [7].

     

Krull-Schmidt theorems in dimension 1

Let be a semiprime, module-finite algebra over a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension 1. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the Krull-Schmidt theorem to hold for all finitely generated -modules, and necessary and sufficient conditions for the Krull-Schmidt theorem to hold for all finitely generated torsionfree -modules (called ``-lattices' in integral representation theory, and ``maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules' in the dimension-one situation in commutative algebra).

     

Package deal theorems and splitting orders in dimension 1

Let be a module-finite algebra over a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension 1. We determine when a collection of finitely generated modules over the localizations , at maximal ideals of , is the family of all localizations of a finitely generated -module . When is semilocal we also determine which finitely generated modules over the -adic completion of are completions of finitely generated -modules.

If is an -order in a semisimple artinian ring, but not contained in a maximal such order, several of the basic tools of integral representation theory behave differently than in the classical situation. The theme of this paper is to develop ways of dealing with this, as in the case of localizations and completions mentioned above. In addition, we introduce a type of order called a ``splitting order' of that can replace maximal orders in many situations in which maximal orders do not exist.

     

On the ordering of -modal cycles

The forcing relation on -modal cycles is studied. If is an -modal cycle then the -modal cycles with block structure that force form a -horseshoe above . If -modal forces , and does not have a block structure over , then forces a -horseshoe of simple extensions of .

     

Optimal natural dualities. II: General theory

A general theory of optimal natural dualities is presented, built on the test algebra technique introduced in an earlier paper. Given that a set of finitary algebraic relations yields a duality on a class of algebras , those subsets of which yield optimal dualities are characterised. Further, the manner in which the relations in are constructed from those in is revealed in the important special case that generates a congruence-distributive variety and is such that each of its subalgebras is subdirectly irreducible. These results are obtained by studying a certain algebraic closure operator, called entailment, definable on any set of algebraic relations on . Applied, by way of illustration, to the variety of Kleene algebras and to the proper subvarieties of pseudocomplemented distributive lattices, the theory improves upon and illuminates previous results.

     

Exact controllability and stabilizability of the Korteweg-de Vries equation

In this paper, we consider distributed control of the system described by the Korteweg-de Vries equation

 

on the interval , with periodic boundary conditions

 

where the distributed control is restricted so that the ``volume' of the solution is conserved. Both exact controllability and stabilizibility questions are studied for the system. In the case of open loop control, if the control is allowed to act on the whole spatial domain , it is shown that the system is globally exactly controllable, i.e., for given and functions , with the same ``volume', one can alway find a control so that the system (i)--(ii) has a solution satisfying

If the control is allowed to act on only a small subset of the domain , then the same result still holds if the initial and terminal states, and , have small ``amplitude' in a certain sense. In the case of closed loop control, the distributed control is assumed to be generated by a linear feedback law conserving the ``volume' while monotonically reducing . The solutions of the resulting closed loop system are shown to have uniform exponential decay to a constant state. As in the open loop control case, a small amplitude assumption is needed if the control is allowed to act on only a small subdomain. The smoothing property of the periodic (linear) KdV equation discovered recently by Bourgain has played an important role in establishing the exact controllability and stabilizability results presented in this paper.

     

Combinatorial -analogues of Schubert polynomials

Combinatorial -analogues of Schubert polynomials and corresponding symmetric functions are constructed and studied. The development is based on an exponential solution of the type Yang-Baxter equation that involves the nilCoxeter algebra of the hyperoctahedral group.

     

Seifert manifolds with fiber spherical space forms

We study the Seifert fiber spaces modeled on the product space . Such spaces are ``fiber bundles' with singularities. The regular fibers are spherical space-forms of , while singular fibers are finite quotients of regular fibers. For each of possible space-form groups of , we obtain a criterion for a group extension of to act on as weakly -equivariant maps, which gives rise to a Seifert fiber space modeled on with weakly -equivariant maps as the universal group. In the course of proving our main results, we also obtain an explicit formula for for a cocompact crystallographic or Fuchsian group . Most of our methods for apply to compact Lie groups with discrete center, and we state some of our results in this general context.

     

Constructing product fibrations by means of a generalization of a theorem of Ganea

A theorem of Ganea shows that for the principal homotopy fibration induced from a fibration , there is a product decomposition . We will determine the conditions for a fibration to yield a product decomposition and generalize it to pushouts. Using this approach we recover some decompositions originally proved by very computational methods. The results are then applied to produce, after localization at an odd prime , homotopy decompositions for for some which include the cases . The factors of consist of the homotopy fibre of the attaching map for and combinations of spaces occurring in the Snaith stable decomposition of .

     

Homology and some homotopy decompositions for the James filtration on spheres

The filtrations on the James construction on spheres, , have played a major role in the study of the double suspension and have been used to get information about the homotopy groups of spheres and Moore spaces and to construct product decompositions of related spaces. In this paper we calculate for odd primes . When has the form , the result is well known, but these are exceptional cases in which the homology has polynomial growth. We find that in general the homology has exponential growth and in some cases also has higher -torsion. The calculations are applied to construct a -local product decomposition of for which demonstrates a mod homotopy exponent in these cases.

     

Continuous-trace groupoid -algebras. III

Suppose that is a second countable locally compact groupoid with a Haar system and with abelian isotropy. We show that the groupoid -algebra has continuous trace if and only if there is a Haar system for the isotropy groupoid and the action of the quotient groupoid is proper on the unit space of .

     

Maximal subgroups in finite and profinite groups

We prove that if a finitely generated profinite group is not generated with positive probability by finitely many random elements, then every finite group is obtained as a quotient of an open subgroup of . The proof involves the study of maximal subgroups of profinite groups, as well as techniques from finite permutation groups and finite Chevalley groups. Confirming a conjecture from Ann. of Math. 137 (1993), 203--220, we then
prove that a finite group has at most maximal soluble subgroups, and show that this result is rather useful in various enumeration problems.

     

An -minimal Boolean algebra

For every linear order we define a notion of -minimal Boolean algebra and then give a consistent example of an -minimal algebra. The Stone space of our algebra contains a point such that is an example of a countably tight, initially -compact, non-compact space. This answers a question of Dow and van Douwen.

     

Relatively free invariant algebras of finite reflection groups

Let be a finite subgroup of is a field of characteristic and acting by linear substitution on a relatively free algebra of a variety of unitary associative algebras. The algebra of invariants is relatively free if and only if is a pseudo-reflection group and contains the polynomial