泡沫Al阻尼性能研究

通过测定不同频率、温度和应变振幅下的内耗，研究了泡沫Al的阻尼性能.泡沫Al组织中孔洞对阻尼的贡献是使背景内耗特别是高温背景内耗增加.泡沫Al阻尼的另一个特点是较为显著的振幅效应，这一效应随孔径减小而变得更加突出，由于泡沫Al所特有的非均质性孔洞组态和高密度缺陷，应力应变分布极不均匀，加上外部应力的干扰，造成缺陷密度增加，因此缺陷阻尼是主要的阻尼机制. 关键词：     

NiTi合金中马氏体相的低频力学谱研究

我们用最近研制成功的LMA型低频力学谱测试系统对NiTi合金马氏体相进行了在很大频率范围内（0．003～1Hz）的低频等温力学谱和温度谱的测量．我们研究的形状记忆合金NiTi（Ni50．2at％）试样长34mm，直径1mm细丝．经一定热处理，分别在333K．343K和353K做了内耗随频率的变化的测量。实验表明：频率越小，内耗越大，也就是内耗随频率减少而增大。同时我们采用阶梯升温的方法在八个温度下每个温度测量三种频率（1Hz，0．1Hz，0．01Hz）的内耗，结果清楚地表明：不同频率下，内耗峰都出现在372K（99℃）。而且频率越低，峰高越高。这是具有相变峰的特点：相变峰的峰温不随测量频率不同而变化，相变峰高度随频率减少而增大。我们还测量了在1Hz与0．5Hz频率下内耗随温度的变化。本文用马氏体相的位错理论初步讨论了上述实验结果。     

石墨颗粒／CuAIMn形状记忆合金复合材料中的位错内耗峰

利用渗流技术制备出了以石墨颗粒为阻尼增强相、以Cu-11．9A1-2．5Mn（wt％）形状记忆合金为基体的复合材料，对该合金的内耗行为进行了研究．在淬火态样品的内耗-温度曲线上观察到两个内耗峰，分别位于240℃和370℃附近．对其中低温峰的变化规律和机理进行了研究．实验发现，低温峰仅在复合材料中出现，峰位与频率无关，峰高随频率升高而上升；随升温速率增加，峰高增加，峰位移向高温；随石墨颗粒体积分数增加，峰高增加；经多次热循环后该内耗峰消失．由以上特征和微观观察，可以证明该峰起因于外加交变应力与位错的相互作用．     

NiTi合金中马氏体相的低频力学谱研究

我们用最近研制成功的LMA型低频力学谱测试系统对NiTi合金马氏体相进行了在很大频率范围内(0.003～1Hz)的低频等温力学谱和温度谱的测量.我们研究的形状记忆合金NiTi(Ni 50.2 at%)试样长34 mm,直径1 mm细丝.经一定热处理,分别在333 K. 343 K和353 K做了内耗随频率的变化的测量.实验表明:频率越小,内耗越大,也就是内耗随频率减少而增大.同时我们采用阶梯升温的方法在八个温度下每个温度测量三种频率(1 Hz, 0.1 Hz, 0.01 Hz)的内耗,结果清楚地表明:不同频率下,内耗峰都出现在372 K(99℃).而且频率越低,峰高越高.这是具有相变峰的特点:相变峰的峰温不随测量频率不同而变化,相变峰高度随频率减少而增大.我们还测量了在1 Hz与0.5 Hz频率下内耗随温度的变化.本文用马氏体相的位错理论初步讨论了上述实验结果.     

电沉积法制备的泡沫镍的晶体结构与磁性能

 采用X射线衍射仪、振动样品磁强计分别测试了电沉积法制备的泡沫镍的晶体结构和磁性能，研究了电流密度、温度、占空比、脉冲频率对镍沉积层的晶体结构和磁性能的影响；并用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察了泡沫镍的组织结构与微观形貌。制备出的3维网络状泡沫镍密度为0.25 g/cm³，孔隙率为97.5%、孔径分布为400～500 μm。沉积层大颗粒粒径为1 μm，沉积层晶粒尺寸在10nm以下;泡沫镍为超顺磁材料，具有低的矫顽力和高的磁导率，其磁导率和饱和磁化强度随沉积层晶粒尺寸的增加而增大。     

石墨颗粒/CuAlMn形状记忆合金复合材料中的位错内耗峰

利用渗流技术制备出了以石墨颗粒为阻尼增强相、以Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn(wt%)形状记忆合金为基体的复合材料，对该合金的内耗行为进行了研究. 在淬火态样品的内耗-温度曲线上观察到两个内耗峰，分别位于240 ℃和370 ℃附近. 对其中低温峰的变化规律和机理进行了研究. 实验发现，低温峰仅在复合材料中出现，峰位与频率无关，峰高随频率升高而上升；随升温速率增加，峰高增加，峰位移向高温；随石墨颗粒体积分数增加，峰高增加；经多次热循环后该内耗峰消失. 由以上特征和微观观察，可以证明该峰起因于外加交变应力与位错的相互作用.     

高纯铝中的反常位错内耗

本文对高纯铝的应变时效内耗行为以及所表现出的振幅效应进行研究。在一定的扭转形变以后内耗表现出反常振幅效应,这一效应在较宽的温区都可观察到,但在完全退火或拉伸形变的试样中不出现。扭转形变的方式对振幅效应有影响。纯度越低,越不易观察到这一效应。本文认为反常振幅效应的出现归因于形变导致位错密度过高,位错可动的范围较小,从而消耗的能量不再随应力显著增大。室温下时效内耗的增大可能是形变引入的空位帮助位错滑移所引起的。 关键词：     

单层元胞结构金属泡沫的透射特性

本文构建了开孔泡沫铝的简化几何模型,并利用有限积分法模拟了具有单层元胞结构的金属泡沫材料在线性极化平面波垂直入射情况下的透射率。基于菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论分析了孔隙率、孔径尺寸、材料厚度和骨架结构对金属泡沫材料辐射特性的影响。当尺度参数较大时,金属泡沫材料的固相支架结构满足良导体条件,宏观电磁屏蔽效应显著,金属泡沫材料呈现"非透明"性质。随着入射电磁波波长逐渐接近于孔径尺寸,散射效应越来越显著,金属泡沫材料的"半透明"性质开始显现,不同孔隙率的金属泡沫材料的透射率以相近的规律随波长变化。随着波长的进一步减小,衍射效应对于金属泡沫材料透射特性的影响逐渐占据主导地位,采用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论可以较好地描述透射能流在孔隙结构内的分布。当衍射效应占据主导地位时,对于相同孔隙率金属泡沫材料,孔径尺寸对衍射光学行为影响不大,而材料厚度、孔隙率和骨架结构会显著影响金属泡沫材料的透射率。     

低密度微孔聚合物泡沫的制备

 介绍了一种利用聚合物和溶剂的相分离，经过冷冻干燥来制备聚合物泡沫（特别是聚苯乙烯类泡沫）的通用技术。采用该技术制备的具有开放状孔洞结构的聚苯乙烯泡沫的密度为0.02~0.1g/cm3，平均孔径为1～20μm，而且泡沫具有各向同性，孔径非常均匀。通过对聚合物泡沫的表征，对影响泡沫形貌和密度的因素，如聚合物/溶剂体系，冷却速率等进行了研究，结果表明：所用溶剂对于该聚合物的Θ温度（溶剂与聚合物作用力为零的温度）必须高于该溶剂的熔点；采用单轴冷却方式可以减小由于溶液中心处和外围处的温差而引起的热应力对泡沫形貌的影响，冷却速率为100℃/min。     

低应力振幅下非线性滞弹性内耗峰(P′1峰)的数值分析

通过差分方法，对在位错弯结气团模型的基础上推导出来的溶质原子在位错芯区内的纵向扩散方程，进行了数值求解，由此计算出了与P′₁峰相应的内耗和横量亏损随温度和振幅的变化曲线．数值计算得到的内耗曲线与以前的实验曲线，无论在外观形态上，还是在移动规律上，都完全一样．这样就从定量上解释了P′₁峰 关键词：     

Innere Reibung durch Mitschleppen von Punktfehlern

The dragging of mobile point defects effects a damping of dislocation motion. The frequency, concentration and amplitude dependence of internal friction caused by this relaxation mechanism is computed. For small oscillations it can be described by a simple relaxation process with concentration dependent relaxation strength and time. In the case of small concentrations that means no hysteresis damping the height of relaxation maximum decreases and shifts towards smaller frequencies with increasing amplitude.     

Versetzungsbedingte amplitudenabhängige Relaxationsdämpfung

The activation processes of gliding dislocations during plastic deformation of solids should lead to amplitude dependent internal friction even in the case of small oscillatory dislocation movements about the equilibrium positions. Our theory predicts, that the rise of internal friction with amplitude should be the beginning of a maximum of internal friction, which one could find at higher amplitudes. It is found that this theory can account qualitatively for the main features of many experiments on amplitude dependent internal friction, although this kind of damping has seldom been measured without the backgroundaction of pinning impurities.     

Innere Reibung durch Mitschleppen von Punktfehlern. II

The internal friction caused by dragging of mobile point defects is examined for the case of strong point defect dislocation interaction. For the amplitude independent internal friction and for the amplitude dependent internal friction with low point defect concentration this yields qualitatively the same results as the opposite case of weak interaction. For large point defect concentration there is an additional damping by hysteresis.     

Al-0.5%Cu合金中表现反常振幅效应的低频位错内耗

用低频扭摆的方法,系统地研究了能够较有把握地观测到在Al-0.5％Cu合金中所出现的反常位错内耗的实验程序。结果指出,把试样在拉力试验机上预先拉伸到某一适当的形变量后,立即测量它在某一适当温度下时效的过程中的内耗,可以在内耗-时效时间曲线上观察到一个表现反常振幅效应(即内耗-振幅曲线上出现一个峯值)的时效内耗峯。用经过充分时效而内耗已经达到稳定值的试样,逐渐增加振幅,测量内耗,也可以观察到一个应变振幅内耗峯(当内耗表示为应变振幅的函数时)。此外,用一定的应变振幅在较高温度下,测量经过充分时效的试样的内耗时,也可以观察到一个表现反常振幅效应的温度内耗峯(当内耗表示为温度的函数时)。这些实验结果肯定地指出,在一定测量温度下的振幅内耗峯和表现反常振幅效应的温度内耗峯是存在的。为了找出以前在Al-0.5％Cu中所观察到的反常内耗现象重复性不好的原因,系统地研究了测量内耗所用的应变振幅对于出现振幅内耗峯的影响以及预形变量对于出现时效内耗峯和温度内耗峯的影响。对于出现反常内耗现象的实验条件进行了分析。所观察到的关于反常内耗现象的实验结果,都可用位错拖着溶质原子气团运动的模型来作定性的解释。具体的模型和理论分析将另行报导。     

Influence of macroscopic graphite particulates on the damping properties of Zn-Al eutectoid alloy

The paper presents in detail the effects of macroscopic graphite (Gr) particulates on the damping behavior of Zn-Al eutectoid alloy (Zn-Al). Macroscopic defects are graphite particulates with sizes of the order of a millimeter (0.5 mm and 1.0 mm). Macroscopic graphite particulate-reinforced Zn-Al eutectoid alloys were prepared by the air pressure infiltration process. The damping characterization was conducted on a multifunction internal friction apparatus (MFIFA). The internal friction (IF), as well as the relative dynamic modulus, was measured at different frequencies over the temperature range of 20 to 400°C. The damping capacity of the Zn-Al/Gr, with two different volume fractions of macroscopic graphite particulates, was compared with that of bulk Zn-Al eutectoid alloy. The damping capacity of the materials is shown to increase with increasing volume fraction of macroscopic graphite particulates. Two IF peaks were found in the IF-temperature curves. The first is a grain boundary peak, which is associated with the diffusive flux on a boundary between like phases, Al/Al. Its activation energy has been calculated to be 1.13±0.03 eV and the pre-exponential factor is 10⁻¹⁴ s in IF measurements. The second is a phase transition peak, which results from the transformation of Zn-Al eutectoid. In light of internal friction measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments, its activation energy has been calculated to be 2.36±0.08 eV. Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China (Grant No. 0550050) and the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education of China (Grant No. 13-3-B-04)     

Transient analysis of nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli micro-beam with thermoelastic damping,via nonlinear normal modes

In this paper an Euler–Bernoulli model has been used for vibration analysis of micro-beams with large transverse deflection. Thermoelastic damping is considered to be the dominant damping mechanism and introduced as imaginary stiffness into the equation of motion by evaluating temperature profile as a function of lateral displacement. The obtained equation of motion is analyzed in the case of pure single mode motion by two methods; nonlinear normal mode theory and the Galerkin procedure. In contrast with the Galerkin procedure, nonlinear normal mode analysis introduces a nonconventional nonlinear damping term in modal oscillator which results in strong damping in case of large amplitude vibrations. Evaluated modal oscillators are solved using harmonic balance method and tackling damping terms introduced as an imaginary stiffness is discussed. It has been shown also that nonlinear modal analysis of micro-beam with thermoelastic damping predicts parameters such as inverse quality factor, and frequency shift, to have an extrema point at certain amplitude during transient response due to the mentioned nonlinear damping term; and the effect of system?s characteristics on this critical amplitude has also been discussed.     

Computer simulation of amplitude-dependent internal friction

The internal friction in crystalline materials has been studied in the model of viscous motion of dislocations through a system of randomly arranged defects. The results of the calculation of the amplitude dependence of the internal friction for different frequencies and defects of different powers are presented. Three characteristic portions have been revealed in the amplitude dependences of the internal friction, which correspond to different modes of dislocation motion.     

Comportement anelastique de la glace ih dopee avec HF

Modifications of mechanical damping of HF doped ice crystal are studied in a lower frequency range. Three effects are observed: (1) The relaxation peak appeared in a lower temperature range than that of pure ice. (2) High temperature internal friction is increased. (3) High temperature internal friction becomes more amplitude dependant. These effects are interpreted in terms of increase of the content of Bjerrum defects according to the assumption about the substitutional position of fluorine atome in the ice lattice.     

铁锰合金在正、反马氏体型相变温度范围内出现的位错内耗峰

用扭摆法测量了含锰18.5％的铁锰合金的内耗,在正和反马氏体型相变温度范围内都观察到一个稳定的内耗峯。在降温时,正马氏体型相变区域内的内耗峯出现在100℃左右;在重新加热时,反马氏体型相变区域内的内耗峯出现在200℃左右。对于这两个变为稳定以后的内耗峯进行了系统的研究,它们的共同特征是:1.内耗峯的位置与测量内耗所用的振动频率无关;2.稳定内耗峯的高度,随着测量内耗所用的应变振幅的增大而显著地升高;3.随着对于试样的加热和冷却循环次数的增加,内耗峯的位置离相变开始点的温度越远,而且内耗峯的高度也下降。从以上的特点可以看出,内耗峯的位置与频率无关表示产生内耗的基本过程不是受热激活所控制的。此外,内耗与振幅有关这一现象进一步指出,产生内耗的机构不是一种滞弹性效应。电子衍衬金相观测已经指出,作为扩展位错的组成部分的堆垜层错可以作为马氏体型相变的核,因此,这种内耗现象可能是由于扩展位错的应力感生加宽和收缩所引起的。这种模型可以统一地解释在铁锰合金中所观察到的各种内耗现象。