基于多元t-分布的隐马尔可夫潜变量模型的稳健推断

潜变量模型在刻画因子间的相互关系以及因子与观测变量间的关联性方面具有重要作用.在实际应用中,观测数据往往呈现出重尾和极端值等特性.将经典的潜变量模型延伸到齐次隐马尔可夫模型,并建立了基于多元t-分布的极大似然统计分析程序.经验结果展示所建立的统计程序对消除异常点的影响是有效的.     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

因子模型在刻画因子之间的相互关系以及因子与观测变量之间的关联性具有重要作用.在实际应用中,观测数据往往呈现出时序变异多峰、偏态等特性.本文将经典的潜变量模型延伸到非齐次隐马尔可夫潜变量模型,建立了极大似然统计分析程序.经验结果展示所建立的统计程序是有效的.     

带有非齐次结构动力因子模型的估计与检验

因子模型在刻画因子之间的相互关系以及因子与观测变量之间的关联性具有重要作用.在实际应用中,观测数据往往呈现出时序变异多峰、偏态等特性.本文将经典的潜变量模型延伸到非齐次隐马尔可夫潜变量模型,建立了极大似然统计分析程序.经验结果展示所建立的统计程序是有效的.     

两部分因子分析模型的贝叶斯推断

半连续数据在经济和社会科学调查中普遍存在.在分析该类数据时,经典两部分回归模型经常被用来刻画协变量对响应变量可变性的影响.然而,包含协变量并不能完全解释响应变量的可变性.忽略未被观测的数据异质性将导致方差的剧烈波动.在本文中,我们将两部分回归模型推广到两部分因子分析模型.多变量半连续数据未观测的异质性由潜在因子部分来解释.此外,通过引入潜在性因子,多重变量间的相依性也以线性组合方式通过共享因子变量得到刻画.在贝叶斯框架内,我们运用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法来进行后验分析.GIBBS采样器被用于从后验分布中抽取样本.基于模拟的随机样本,未知参数估计和模型评价等统计推断问题获得解决.随机模拟和可卡因使用数据分析等实证结果显示了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

两部分潜变量模型的变分贝叶斯推断

两部分潜变量模型是一种被广泛用于探索半连续数据中不可观测异质性的统计方法.文章对两部分潜变量建立变分贝叶斯推断程序.相比于马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)抽样方法,变分贝叶斯方法具有计算速度快、可提供确定性解等优点.利用Logistic模型一个随机表示,构造了一个适当的变分分布族来近似后验.变分分布通过坐标上升变分算法获得;给出了变分参数的更新计划,建立了变量选择和模型评价贝叶斯程序.经验结果展示了该方法的有效性和实用价值.     

带有不可忽略缺失数据的半参数再生散度模型的贝叶斯分析

半参数再生散度模型是再生散度模型和半参数回归模型的推广,包括了半参数广义线性模型和广义部分线性模型等特殊类型.讨论的是该模型在响应变量和协变量均存在非随机缺失数据情形下参数的Bayes估计和基于Bayes因子的模型选择问题.在分析中,采用了惩罚样条来估计模型中的非参数成分,并建立了Bayes层次模型;为了解决Gibbs抽样过程中因参数高度相关带来的混合性差以及因维数增加导致出现不稳定性的问题,引入了潜变量做为添加数据并应用了压缩Gibbs抽样方法,改进了收敛性;同时,为了避免计算多重积分,利用了M-H算法估计边缘密度函数后计算Bayes因子,为模型的选择比较提供了一种准则.最后,通过模拟和实例验证了所给方法的有效性.     

带有不可忽略缺失数据的广义部分线性模型的贝叶斯分析

广义部分线性模型是广义线性模型和部分线性模型的推广,是一种应用广泛的半参数模型.本文讨论的是该模型在线性协变量和响应变量均存在非随机缺失数据情形下参数的Bayes估计和基于Bayes因子的模型选择问题,在分析过程中,采用了惩罚样条来估计模型中的非参数成分,并建立了Bayes层次模型;为了解决Gibbs抽样过程中因参数高度相关带来的混合性差以及因维数增加导致出现不稳定性的问题,引入了潜变量做为添加数据并应用了压缩Gibbs抽样方法,改进了收敛性;同时,为了避免计算多重积分,利用了M-H算法估计边缘密度函数后计算Bayes因子,为模型的选择比较提供了一种准则.最后,通过模拟和实例验证了所给方法的有效性.     

基于岭回归模型大数据最优子抽样算法研究

随着大数据时代的来临,为了提高计算效率,Wang等(2018)提出基于logistic回归的最优子抽样算法,在保证参数估计精度的前提下,节省了大量的运算时间.为解决变量间的多重共线性,文章提出基于岭回归模型的最优子抽样算法,并证明岭回归模型中参数估计的一致性与渐近正态性.利用数值模拟与实证分析对最优子抽样算法进行评估,...     

抽样调查领域分层模型相关理论及估计方法研究

大规模抽样调查常采用整群抽样、多阶段抽样等复杂抽样设计,纵向调查也越来越得到广泛应用,得到的调查数据具有分层嵌套结构,传统回归分析方法关于样本变量间独立的假定不再满足,因此对分层结构数据集进行数据分析时,应采用分层模型建模,以综合考虑个体层级变量和群组层级变量对响应变量的影响.本文旨在全面介绍分层模型理论,研究包括固定效应模型、随机效应模型等分层模型的参数估计方法,并比较分层模型与传统模型的异同.为分层结构数据分析提供工具和建议.     

多元空间因子模型的仿真、模型比较与应用

空间因子模型旨在揭示观测变量因公共因子的区域变化而产生的相关性。条件自回归模型被应用到因子分析模型。在贝叶斯框架内,马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛方法(MCMC)被用来进行后验分析。随机模拟结果揭示出方法的有效性,并对江苏省2005产业数据的进行了相关分析。     

A new model of conflict analysis - the three dimensional graph model

The purpose of this paper is to put forward a new model of conflict analysis - the 3-D graph model and its stability analysis, including the three most important factors of conflict analysis. The rules concerning the movement of multiple players are still considered based on practical restrictions. Therefore the 3-D graph model may be used to solve real problems effectivity.     

Sensitivity analysis of the newsvendor model

Quality of decisions in inventory management models depends on the accuracy of parameter estimates used for decision making. In many situations, error in decision making is unavoidable. In such cases, sensitivity analysis is necessary for better implementation of the model. Though the newsvendor model is one of the most researched inventory models, little is known about its robustness. In this paper, we perform sensitivity analysis of the classical newsvendor model. Conditions for symmetry/skewness of cost deviation (i.e., deviation of expected demand–supply mismatch cost from its minimum) have been identified. These conditions are closely linked with symmetry/skewness of the demand density function. A lower bound of cost deviation is established for symmetric unimodal demand distributions. Based on demonstrations of the lower bound, we found the newsvendor model to be sensitive to sub-optimal ordering decisions, more sensitive than the economic order quantity model. Order quantity deviation (i.e., deviation of order quantity from its optimum) is explored briefly. We found the magnitude of order quantity deviation to be comparable with that of parameter estimation error. Mean demand is identified as the most influential parameter in deciding order quantity deviation.     

Three-dimensional non-Darcy flow analysis using a hybrid numerical model

A hybrid numerical model is developed for the simulation of three-dimensional, unsteady non-Darcy flow through an unconfined aquifer. The major problem in analysing flow through unconfined aquifers is that they involve two boundaries, namely a surface of seepage and a free surface, the location of which is not known beforehand. The model that is presented here determines these boundaries via a two stage modelling technique. In the first stage a one-dimensional finite difference model is used to estimate the surface of seepage height whereas in the second stage a vertically integrated finite element model determines the free surface solution within the flow domain. A comparison between numerical and experimental results is included which indicates the sensitivity of the numerical solution to the selected aquifer parameters, particularly to those associated with the determination of the height of the surface of seepage.     

一般形式下的协方差分析模型的局部影响分析

利用局部影响的方法对一般形式下的协方差分析模型进行了讨论.把数据点或数据子集的扰动拓展到更广泛的扰动模式并进行了局部影响评价,导出了一般形式下的协方差分析模型在方差扰动下局部影响的曲率度量.     

Note on sensitivity analysis of inventory model with partial backorders

In reality, most of the values used for estimating future inventory are parameters derived from the present inventory model. Therefore, researchers must consider how changes in related environments will impact these parameters. A sensitivity analysis explores the impact on the optimal solution when the parameter values vary. This note extends Chu and Chung’s [European Journal of Operational Research 152 (2004) 289–295] paper for the sensitivity analysis of the inventory model with partial backorders. We found the criterion for determining when to run the inventory system. This new discovery deserves careful examination. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate our findings.     

Stability analysis of data-driven local model networks

This article discusses stability analysis of data-driven dynamic local model networks. In contrast to traditional fuzzy modelling, the structure and complexity of such model architectures is not unique when only observed input- and output data are available for their parametrization. The present article complements the well-known trade-off between accuracy and complexity by the notion of stability. For this purpose, existing Lyapunov stability criteria for local model networks are extended by a decay rate which represents a scalar and quantitative stability measure. It allows to compare models with different degrees of complexity also in view of their stability. For some of the commonly available Lyapunov stability criteria, the individual local model transitions are crucial. Therefore, in this article, an approach is introduced to determine the actually occurring model transitions by means of the identification data. The methods presented in the article are illustrated and discussed by means of a simulation example. It is shown how model complexity and the related approximation quality can have an adverse impact on the stability and how the outcome of different Lyapunov criteria is affected by the proper determination of local model transitions.     

Sensitivity analysis of the combined travel demand model with applications

The conventional sequential four-step procedure of travel demand forecasting has been widely adopted by practitioners. However, it suffers from inconsistent consideration of travel times and congestion effects in various steps of the procedure. A combined travel demand model overcomes the problems associated with the sequential four-step procedure by integrating travel-destination-mode-route choice together. In this paper, a standard sensitivity analysis for non-linear programming is employed for conducting the sensitivity analysis of the combined travel demand model. Explicit expressions of the derivatives of model variables with respect to perturbations of input variables and parameters of the combined travel demand model are developed. These derivatives could be used to assess changes in solution variables and various system performance measures when the network characteristics are changed slightly. To gain insight into the usefulness of the sensitivity expressions, five applications, such as identification of critical parameters, paradox analysis, access control, destination choice, and error and uncertainty analysis, are presented with numerical results.     

Stability analysis of a cobweb model with market interactions

This paper explores the steady-state properties and the dynamic behavior of a generalization of the classical cobweb model. Under fairly general demand and cost functions, producers form naïve expectations about future prices and select their output so as to maximize expected profits. Unlike the traditional setup, producers have the choice between two markets, and tend to enter that which was more profitable in the recent past. Such a switching process implies time-varying aggregated supply schedules, thus representing a further source of nonlinearity for the dynamics of prices. Analytical investigations and the numerical simulation of a particular case with linear demand and supply indicate that such interactions may destabilize otherwise stable markets and generate complex dynamics.     

A generalized additive, categorical model in data envelopment analysis

This paper considers efficiency of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with a generalized additive model and a categorical structure. Specifically, it extends the categorical framework in DEA for controllable and noncontrollable situations, and it gives simple, but powerful, tests to determine whether or not a given DMU is efficient.     

Equilibrium and sensitivity analysis of a spatio-temporal host-vector epidemic model

Insect-borne diseases are diseases carried by insects affecting humans, animals or plants. They have the potential to generate massive outbreaks such as the Zika epidemic in 2015–2016 mostly distributed in the Americas, the Pacific and Southeast Asia, and the multi-foci outbreak caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in Europe in the 2010s. In this article, we propose and analyze the behavior of a spatially-explicit compartmental model adapted to pathosystems with fixed hosts and mobile vectors disseminating the disease. The behavior of this model based on a system of partial differential equations is complementarily characterized via a theoretical study of its equilibrium states and a numerical study of its transient phase using global sensitivity analysis. The results are discussed in terms of implications concerning the surveillance and control of the disease over a medium-to-long temporal horizon.