远拍摄距离数码望远镜分辨率测试及自动判读方法研究

数码望远镜实现了数码相机与望远镜的有机组合,因此可用评价数码相机成像质量的指标——分辨率来评价数码望远镜的成像质量。但国际标准的数码相机分辨率检测如果不加改进,很难直接应用于数码望远镜的分辨率检测中。为此,提出了采用平行光管来测试数码望远镜分辨率的新方法,并在理论推导可行的基础上对单个数码望远镜进行了重复实验,最后采用自行编制的软件自动判读分辨率,测得数码望远镜的水平分辨率均值为814LW/PH,标准差为24LW/PH。结果表明,实验重复性好、可靠性较高,且采用软件自动判读分辨率比人工目视判读更客观、准确。     

Evaluating NIR-Red and NIR-Red edge external filters with digital cameras for assessing vegetation indices under different illumination

Consumer-grade digital cameras with or without external filters are recognized as a cost-effective method of vegetation monitoring. These cameras could produce time series information related to biophysical properties of vegetation. This paper evaluates the use of low-cost external filters with digital cameras for assessing vegetation indices (VIs). The system was implemented for ground-based (handheld) remote sensing in assessing biophysical properties of vegetation like plant phenology and Chlorophyll content. It also has high potential for above-canopy measurement using low-altitude remote sensing (LARS). In this study the modified cameras were used to capture near-infrared (NIR), red-edge (RE), and red (R) bands using proposed external filters. We use the low-cost NIR-R and NIR-RE external filters with modified cameras and tested the cameras performance using custom chamber under different illumination. Based on our findings, a method was proposed for enhancing the value of VI, which comprised the extracted DN of two broadbands like NIR and R. New ranges of broadband in red edge area (RE_high and RE_low) are proposed as alternative bands in estimating Chlorophyll content. In addition, evaluation and implementation for assessing VIs are detailed in this study.     

Holographic storage of three-dimensional image and data using photopolymer and polymer dispersed liquid crystal films

We present holographic storage of three-dimensional(3D) images and data in a photopolymer film without any applied electric field.Its absorption and diffraction efficiency are measured,and reflective analog hologram of real object and image of digital information are recorded in the films.The photopolymer is compared with polymer dispersed liquid crystals as holographic materials.Besides holographic diffraction efficiency of the former is little lower than that of the latter,this work demonstrates that the photopolymer is more suitable for analog hologram and big data permanent storage because of its high definition and no need of high voltage electric field.Therefore,our study proposes a potential holographic storage material to apply in large size static 3D holographic displays,including analog hologram displays,digital hologram prints,and holographic disks.     

High-efficiency and high-accuracy digital image correlation for three-dimensional measurement

The computational efficiency and measurement accuracy of the digital image correlation (DIC) have become more and more important in recent years. For the three-dimensional DIC (3D-DIC), these issues are much more serious. First, there are two cameras employed which increases the computational amount several times. Second, because of the differences in view angles, the must-do stereo correspondence between the left and right images is equivalently a non-uniform deformation, and cannot be weakened by increasing the sampling frequency of digital cameras. This work mainly focuses on the efficiency and accuracy of 3D-DIC. The inverse compositional Gauss–Newton algorithm (IC-GN²) with the second-order shape function is firstly proposed. Because it contains the second-order displacement gradient terms, the measurement accuracy for the non-uniform deformation thus can be improved significantly, which is typically one order higher than the first-order shape function combined with the IC-GN algorithm (IC-GN¹), and 2 times faster than the second-order shape function combined with the forward additive Gauss–Newton algorithm (FA-GN²). Then, based on the features of the IC-GN¹ and IC-GN² algorithms, a high-efficiency and high-accuracy measurement strategy for 3D-DIC is proposed in the end.     

Anomalous interaction between phonons and IVAP-originated two-level systems

Summary The first-principle dynamics of IVAP-originated two-level systems is developed with reference to phonon-scattering and thermally activated processes. It is shown that the anomalous coupling term βδ, appearing in the phonon-IVAP interaction, originates from the elastic polarity ξ characteristic of the IVAP-like defects. The formal expressions for the quantities of interest, such as the resonant-scattering rate of phonons and the time-dependent density of TLS states, are given analytically. Since the tunnelling-atom theory is a limit case (β=0) of the present general approach, a point-by-point comparison with the standard formalism of tunnelling-originated TLS is performed. This work was partially supported by Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione.     

High resolution digital holography

In digital Fresnel holography, present specifications of charge-coupled device cameras require the incident beams to be quasi-parallel. That implies large speckle grain size and low lateral resolution in reconstructed images. Better lateral resolutions are demonstrated in our work, down to 8 μm, allowing the observation of sub-millimetre objects by digital holography. The experimental set-up built samples the incident light distribution with a definition of 500 pixels mm⁻¹. The maximum acceptable angle is then widened and the hologram recording and reconstruction distances are drastically reduced, as well as the speckle size. Interferometric holography was implemented for the measurement of the deformation of a sub-millimetre silicon cantilever and results in phase-contrasts imaging are also reported. The design of dedicated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor active pixel sensor cameras is also discussed.     

Whole-field thickness strain measurement using multiple camera digital image correlation system

Three Dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC) has been widely used by industry, especially for strain measurement. The traditional 3D-DIC system can accurately obtain the whole-field 3D deformation. However, the conventional 3D-DIC system can only acquire the displacement field on a single surface, thus lacking information in the depth direction. Therefore, the strain in the thickness direction cannot be measured. In recent years, multiple camera DIC (multi-camera DIC) systems have become a new research topic, which provides much more measurement possibility compared to the conventional 3D-DIC system. In this paper, a multi-camera DIC system used to measure the whole-field thickness strain is introduced in detail. Four cameras are used in the system. two of them are placed at the front side of the object, and the other two cameras are placed at the back side. Each pair of cameras constitutes a sub stereo-vision system and measures the whole-field 3D deformation on one side of the object. A special calibration plate is used to calibrate the system, and the information from these two subsystems is linked by the calibration result. Whole-field thickness strain can be measured using the information obtained from both sides of the object. Additionally, the major and minor strain on the object surface are obtained simultaneously, and a whole-field quasi 3D strain history is acquired. The theory derivation for the system, experimental process, and application of determining the thinning strain limit based on the obtained whole-field thickness strain history are introduced in detail.     

基于Zynq的不规则物体体积测量系统的设计与实现

为解决工业生产中原始物料体积的快速、准确测量与分级问题,设计了一种以Zynq-7000可扩展处理平台为核心的基于机器视觉的不规则物体体积测量系统。该系统通过摄像头采集物料图像,结合ARM与FPGA技术,并使用Vivado开发软件在ZyBo开发平台中进行了软硬件协同设计,最终实现了不规则物体体积测量算法的硬件加速。实验结果表明该系统可以准确的计算出不规则物体的体积,并能够达到工业生产的实时性要求,这将有效地提升原始物料分级的准确性,提高企业的经济效益和社会效益。     

傅立叶变换用于全息三维物体面形测量

介绍了将傅立叶变换用于全息三维面形测量的基本原理和实验装置。首先用全息干涉条纹替代投影条纹投影到待测物体上 ,在相位解调中 ,结合Gerchberg迭代算法对变形条纹进行处理 ,然后用汉宁窗口进行数字加权滤波。结果表明 ,该测量系统实验装置简单 ,测量精度高 ,速度快 ,适用于复杂大物体三维面形测量     

一种基于亮度直方图的自动曝光控制方法

自动曝光控制是现代相机和摄像机必备功能之一。提出一种基于亮度直方图的自动曝光控制算法。基于人类视觉系统(HVS)的视觉注意机制,可认为直方图中大而陡峭的峰值区域对应于图像中的不感兴趣区域。算法寻找直方图中最大的两个峰值区域,并依据峰值区域的大小确定它们中像素亮度的加权值,从而计算图像的加权亮度均值。像素亮度的加权值与其所属峰值区域的大小之间的关系由一组二次型曲线描述,二次型曲线的参量是由图像的背景亮度决定,其中背景亮度由自动曝光系统参量计算得到。在实际应用中采用了模糊逻辑确定最大的两个峰值区域的加权值。实验结果表明该算法对各种场景均能进行有效的自动曝光控制。     

立体摄影术与数字散斑相关方法相结合用于研究三维变形场

采用立体摄影术与数字图像相关技术相结合的方法测量了三维位移场。首先利用两个CCD摄像机在空间两个不同位置拍摄物体表面在变形前后同一个区域之间的散斑图像;然后利用数字散斑相关技术求解这四幅散斑图像之间的相对位移;最后利用立体摄影的几何转换公式来确定物体表面的三维变形场。给出了该立体摄影测试系统的标定结果以及编织复合材料试件的三维变形测量结果。     

Examination of the upper measurement limit in displacement measurement using fringe compensation in digital holography

Digital holography is a widely used method for displacement measurement in coherent optical metrology. An obvious limit of the method is that too large displacements result in dense fringes, so the fringes are practically invisible. The maximum number of contour fringes in displacement measurement is limited, because the cameras are discrete devices and sampling theory plays an important role. Because of the limited measurement range, compensation methods are promising tools for practical measurements. It can be shown that the practical measurement range can be extended above the Nyquist sampling limit. Compensation methods can be digital, because digital holographic interferometry operates with images recorded with a digital camera. In our research work the upper measurement range of fringe compensation method was examined. Our goal was to perform automatic compensation even if the displacement is higher than the measurement range of the basic method. The operation of the automatic fringe compensation method was based on the combination of two types of out-of-plane displacement measurements with different sensitivities.     

基于数字全息技术的迈克尔逊干涉仪设计与应用

传统的迈克尔逊干涉仪只能简单地呈现光的干涉图像,并不能生动体现光的波动特性及其形貌特征,且测量过程繁琐。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于数字全息技术的新型迈克尔逊干涉仪实验装置。该装置采用2个CCD相机代替传统迈克尔逊干涉仪中的平面反射镜,并引入与球面光相干的平面参考光与球面光发生干涉,利用数字全息技术直接获取2个CCD记录面上的球面光复振幅信息,然后通过最小二乘拟合获取球面波参数,并对球面光复振幅进行解调得到居中后的球面光复振幅,最后通过数字干涉的方法实现两球面光的干涉。实验结果表明,该装置能实时生动地显示入射球面光的三维图像和两球面光的干涉图像,同时根据拟合得到的参数能便捷地测量透明等厚介质的折射率,实验中测量了3种不同材料的折射率,其误差均能控制在±5%以内,有较高的测量精度。     

基于滤波成像的大视角数字全息技术

为提高数字全息再现像视角,提出一种基于滤波成像的数字全息技术来实现大视角的三维物体面型测量.利用离轴像面数字全息技术,通过在4F相干图像处理系统的空间频谱面处放置可移动的低通滤波器,使满足CCD分辨率的物光波与参考光波干涉形成全息图,并控制低通滤波及成像区域分别记录不同谱段的子全息图.再现时,首先对子全息图进行数字傅里叶变换,重构对应频谱段,并对频谱段进行拼接形成完整的物光频谱|而后通过数字再现获得大视角的数字全息再现像.利用该方法测量了圆柱形表面（光滑的缝纫针）的三维形貌,并取得了较好的实验结果.     

Glass transition under confinement-what can be learned from calorimetry

Calorimetry is an effective analytical tool to characterize the glass transition and phase transitions under confinement. Calorimetry offers a broad dynamic range regarding heating and cooling rates, including isothermal and temperature modulated operation. Today 12 orders of magnitude in scanning rate can be covered by combining different types of calorimeters. The broad dynamic range, comparable to dielectric spectroscopy, is especially of interest for the study of kinetically controlled processes like crystallization or glass transition. Accuracy of calorimetric measurements is not very high. Commonly it does not reach 0.1% and often accuracy is only a few percent. Nevertheless, calorimetry can reach high sensitivity and reproducibility. Both are of particular interest for the study of confined systems. Low addenda heat capacity chip calorimeters are capable to measure the step in heat capacity at the glass transition in nanometer thin films. The good reproducibility is used for the study of glass forming materials confined by nanometer sized structures, like porous glasses, semicrystalline structures, nanocomposites, phase separated block copolymers, etc. Calorimetry allows also for the frequency dependent measurement of complex heat capacity in a frequency range covering several orders of magnitude. Here I exclusively consider calorimetry and its application to glass transition in confined materials. In most cases calorimetry reveals only a weak dependence of the glass transition temperature on confinement as long as the confining dimensions are above 10 nm. Why these findings contradict many other studies applying other techniques to similar systems is still an unsolved problem of glass transition in confinement.     

多摄像机同步采集系统的设计与实现

为了实现多摄像机之间同步曝光积分。对摄像机同步的原理和方法进行了研究。结合动态目标多目摄像测量方法设计并实现了同步采集系统,提出了通过编程控制将一种通用的数字输出模块USB-4711A作为同步触发信号发生器,该设备具有USB接口,支持即插即用。利用Visual C＋＋平台开发了控制程序,能够根据图像采集频率和摄像机触发电平调节同步触发信号的周期和波形。经过验证．所设计的同步采集系统同步精度较高,同步误差小于10μs,并且具有设备简单、使用方便、成本低等优点,提供了一种通用的多摄像机同步解决方案。     

Probability distribution of inherent states in models of granular media and glasses

The present paper develops a Statistical Mechanics approach to the inherent states of glassy systems and granular materials by following the original ideas proposed by Edwards for granular media. We consider three lattice models (a diluted spin glass, a system of hard spheres under gravity and a hard-spheres binary mixture under gravity) introduced to describe glassy and granular systems. They are evolved using a “tap dynamics” analogous to that of experiments on granular media. We show that the asymptotic states reached in such a dynamics are not dependent on the particular sample history and are characterized by a few thermodynamical parameters. We assume that under stationarity these systems are distributed in their inherent states satisfying the principle of maximum entropy. This leads to a generalized Gibbs distribution characterized by new “thermodynamical” parameters, called “configurational temperatures” (related to Edwards compactivity for granular materials). Finally, we show by Monte Carlo calculations that the average of macroscopic quantities over the tap dynamics and over such distribution indeed coincide. In particular, in the diluted spin glass and in the system of hard spheres under gravity, the asymptotic states reached by the system are found to be described by a single “configurational temperature”. Whereas in the hard-spheres binary mixture under gravity the asymptotic states reached by the system are found to be described by two thermodynamic parameters, coinciding with the two configurational temperatures which characterize the distribution among the inherent states when the principle of maximum entropy is satisfied under the constraint that the energies of the two species are independently fixed. Received 19 March 2002 and Received in final form 14 June 2002     

The photonical, pure grid method

The paper presents an introduction on the pure grid method for deformation measurements in experimental mechanics. The pure grid method involves that the grid images are processed separately, and subsequently the results of these separate processings are substrated from each other in order to obtain a quantified deformation indication.The recording and processing of the grid images are currently performed photonically by means of digital image measurement systems. The basic data processing relations and set-ups of four different applicabilities of the photonical, pure grid method are presented in this paper. The applicabilities are discussed. Strains can be measured with errors smaller than 200 micro strain and displacements with errors smaller than of the diameter of the object as visible in the grid image. These figures can be improved substantially by future application of high resolving-power CCD cameras. Two examples are shown. The paper also contains an extensive bibliography for further explorations.     

Diffusion of hydrogen in heterogeneous systems

The effective long-range long-time tracer diffusivity D_eff for interstitial diffusion of hydrogen through heterogeneous systems was studied theoretically for model systems consisting of isolated grains of material G embedded in a matrix of material M. Different solubilities of hydrogen in these two materials as well as different diffusivities are allowed for. Additionally, modified diffusion barriers at the phase boundaries were included in the diffusion model. The effect of different sizes, arrangements, and forms of the grains was also considered. D_eff was determined by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations on simple lattice models of the systems described above. An equilibrium distribution of hydrogen atoms among the two constituent materials was assumed. Our main interest was focused on whether and how D_eff may be related to mesoscopic or macroscopic quantities characterizing the heterogeneous system and its constituent materials, such as the volume fractions of the two materials, the fraction of lattice sites in the immediate vicinity of the phase boundary, the hydrogen concentrations c_G and c_M in the grains and in the matrix and the respective hydrogen diffusivities D_G(c_G) and D_M(c_M). In order to obtain good estimates for these relations in terms of analytic formulas, we attempted to model a heterogeneous system by a network of diffusion elements connected in series and in parallel, in analogy to an electric network. The properties of the basic connections, in parallel and in series, were studied on layered structures, for which analytic expressions for D_eff could be derived. The network formulas for different grain–matrix systems were tested by comparing with results of MC simulations. In general, the network formulas describe the corresponding MC results for D_eff fairly well. It was found that differences in the hydrogen solubilities in the two phases as well as modified energy barriers at the phase boundaries may have dramatic effects on D_eff. Received: 19 September 2000 / Accepted: 6 November 2000 / Published online: 9 February 2001     

Display and applied holography in museum practice

Possible applications of holography for cultural heritage study, demonstration and restoration, particularly in practical museum applications, are discussed. In this respect two main applications of holography are of interest: display holography and technical holography. The latter includes holographic NDT methods, three-dimensional measurements of objects, memory systems, and so on.