Complexes with N-H(+)-P hydrogen bonds: structures, binding energies, and spin-spin coupling constants

Ab-initio MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations have been performed to determine the structures and binding energies of proton-bound complexes stabilized by N-H+-P hydrogen bonds and to investigate the nature of the proton-transfer coordinate in these systems. Double minima are found only when the difference between the protonation energies of the N and P bases is less than about 4 kcal/mol. The isomer in which the protonated nitrogen base is the donor lies lower on the potential surface and also has a greater binding energy relative to the corresponding isolated monomers. Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been employed to obtain one- and two-bond spin-spin coupling constants across these hydrogen bonds. Two-bond coupling constants (2h)J(N-P) correlate with N-P distances, irrespective of whether the donor ion is N-H+ or P-H+. One-bond coupling constants (1)J(N-H) and (1h)J(H-P) for complexes stabilized by N-H+...P hydrogen bonds correlate with corresponding distances, but similar correlations are not found for (1)J(P-H) and (1h)J(H-N) for complexes with P-H+...N hydrogen bonds. Negative values of (1h)K(H-N) and (1h)K(H-P) indicate that the hydrogen bonds in these complexes are traditional. Comparisons are made with complexes stabilized by N-H+-N and P-H+-P hydrogen bonds.     

HC[triple bond]P and H3C-C[triple bond]P as proton acceptors in protonated complexes containing two phosphorus bases: structures, binding energies, and spin-spin coupling constants

Ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ level have been carried out to investigate the structures and binding energies of cationic complexes involving protonated sp, sp2, and sp3 phosphorus bases as proton donor ions and the sp-hybridized phosphorus bases H-C[triple bond]P and H3C-C[triple bond]P as proton acceptors. These proton-bound complexes exhibit a variety of structural motifs, but all are stabilized by interactions that occur through the pi cloud of the acceptor base. The binding energies of these complexes range from 6 to 15 kcal/mol. Corresponding complexes with H3C-C[triple bond]P as the proton acceptor are more stable than those with H-C[triple bond]P as the acceptor, a reflection of the greater basicity of H3C-C[triple bond]P. In most complexes with sp2- or sp3-hybridized P-H donor ions, the P-H bond lengthens and the P-H stretching frequency is red-shifted relative to the corresponding monomers. Complex formation also leads to a lengthening of the C[triple bond]P bond and a red shift of the C[triple bond]P stretching vibration. The two-bond coupling constants 2pihJ(P-P) and 2pihJ(P-C) are significantly smaller than 2hJ(P-P) and 2hJ(P-C) for complexes in which hydrogen bonding occurs through lone pairs of electrons on P or C. This reflects the absence of significant s electron density in the hydrogen-bonding regions of these pi complexes.     

(3h)J((15)N-(31)P) spin-spin coupling constants across N[bond]H....O[bond]P hydrogen bonds

Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been performed to evaluate three-bond (15)N-(31)P coupling constants ((3h)J(N[bond]P)) across N[bond]H....O[bond]P hydrogen bonds in model cationic and anionic complexes including NH(4)(+):OPH, NH(4)(+):OPH(3), NH(3):(-)O(2)PH(2), NFH(2):(-)O(2)PH(2), and NF(2)H:(-)O(2)PH(2). Three-bond coupling constants can be appreciable when the phosphorus is P(V), but are negligible with P(III). (3h)J(N[bond]P) values in complexes with cyclic or open structures are less than 1 Hz, a consequence of the nonlinear arrangement of N, H, O, and P atoms. For complexes with these structures, (3h)J(N[bond]P) may not be experimentally measurable. In contrast, complexes in which the N, H, O, and P atoms are collinear or nearly collinear have larger values of (3h)J(N[bond]P), even though the N[bond]P distances are longer than N[bond]P distances in cyclic and open structures. In linear complexes, (3h)J(N[bond]P) is dominated by the Fermi-contact term, which is distance dependent. Therefore, N[bond]P (and hydrogen-bonding N[bond]O) distances in these complexes can be determined from experimentally measured (15)N-(31)P coupling constants.     

Ab initio study of ternary complexes X:(HCNH)(+):Z with X, Z = NCH, CNH, FH, ClH, and FCl: diminutive cooperative effects on structures, binding energies, and spin-spin coupling constants across hydrogen bonds

Ab initio calculations have been performed on a series of complexes in which (HCNH)(+) is the proton donor and CNH, NCH, FH, ClH, and FCl (molecules X and Z) are the proton acceptors in binary complexes X:HCNH(+) and HCNH(+):Z, and ternary complexes X:HCNH(+):Z. These complexes are stabilized by C-H(+)···A and N-H(+)···A hydrogen bonds, where A is the electron-pair donor atom of molecules X and Z. Binding energies of the ternary complexes are less than the sum of the binding energies of the corresponding binary complexes. In general, as the binding energy of the binary complex increases, the diminutive cooperative effect increases. The structures of these complexes, data from the AIM analyses, and coupling constants (1)J(N-H), (1h)J(H-A), and (2h)J(N-A) for the N-H(+)···A hydrogen bonds, and (1)J(C-H), (1h)J(H-A), and (2h)J(C-A) for the C-H(+)···A hydrogen bonds provide convincing evidence of diminutive cooperative effects in these ternary complexes. In particular, the symmetric N···H(+)···N hydrogen bond in HCNH(+):NCH looses proton-shared character in the ternary complexes X:HCNH(+):NCH, while the proton-shared character of the C···H(+)···C hydrogen bond in HNC:HCNH(+) decreases in the ternary complexes HNC:HCNH(+):Z and eventually becomes a traditional hydrogen bond as the strength of the HCNH(+)···Z interaction increases.     

Ab initio study of the influence of trimer formation on one- and two-bond spin-spin coupling constants across an X-H-Y hydrogen bond: AH:XH:YH3 complexes for A, X = 19F, 35Cl and Y = 15N, 31P

Ab initio equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been carried out to investigate the effect of a third polar near-neighbor on one-bond ((1)J(X)(-)(H) and (1h)J(H)(-)(Y)) and two-bond ((2h)J(X)(-)(Y)) spin-spin coupling constants in AH:XH:YH(3) complexes, where A and X are (19)F and (35)Cl and Y is either (15)N or (31)P. The changes in both one- and two-bond spin-spin coupling constants upon trimer formation indicate that the presence of a third molecule promotes proton transfer across the X-H-Y hydrogen bond. The proton-shared character of the X-H-Y hydrogen bond increases in the order XH:YH(3) < ClH:XH:YH(3) < FH:XH:YH(3). This order is also the order of decreasing shielding of the hydrogen-bonded proton and decreasing X-Y distance, and is consistent with the greater hydrogen-bonding ability of HF compared to HCl as the third molecule. For all complexes, the reduced X-H and X-Y spin-spin coupling constants ((1)K(X)(-)(H) and (2h)K(X)(-)(Y)) are positive, consistent with previous studies of complexes in which X and Y are second-period elements in hydrogen-bonded dimers. (1h)K(H)(-)(Y) is, as expected, negative in these complexes which have traditional hydrogen bonds, except for ClH:FH:NH(3) and FH:FH:NH(3). In these two complexes, the F-H-N hydrogen bond has sufficient proton-shared character to induce a change of sign in (1h)K(H)(-)(Y). The effects of trimer formation on spin-spin coupling constants are markedly greater in complexes in which NH(3) rather than PH(3) is the proton acceptor.     

The hydrogen bonding properties of cytosine: a computational study of cytosine complexed with hydrogen fluoride, water, and ammonia

Density functional theory is used to study the hydrogen bonding pattern in cytosine, which does not contain alternating proton donor and acceptor sites and therefore is unique compared with the other pyrimidines. Complexes between various small molecules (HF, H(2)O, and NH(3)) and four main binding sites in (neutral and (N1) anionic) cytosine are considered. Two complexes (O2(N1) and N3(N4)) involve neighboring cytosine proton acceptor and donor sites, which leads to cooperative interactions and bidendate hydrogen bonds. The third (less stable) complex (N4) involves a single cytosine donor. The final (O2-N3) complex involves two cytosine proton acceptors, which leads to an anticooperative hydrogen bonding pattern for H(2)O and NH(3). On the neutral surface, the anticooperative O2-N3 complex is less stable than those involving bidentate hydrogen bonds, and the H(2)O complex cannot be characterized when diffuse functions are included in the (6-31G(d,p)) basis set. On the contrary, the anionic O2-N3 structure is the most stable complex, while the HF and H(2)O N3(N4) complexes cannot be characterized with diffuse functions. B3LYP and MP2 potential energy surface scans are used to consider the relationship between the water N3(N4) and O2-N3 complexes. These calculations reveal that diffuse functions reduce the conversion barrier between the two complexes on both the neutral and anionic surfaces, where the reduction leads to a (O2-N3) energy plateau on the neutral surface and complete (N3(N4)) complex destabilization on the anionic surface. From these complexes, the effects of hydrogen bonds on the (N1) acidity of cytosine are determined, and it is found that the trends in the effects of hydrogen bonds on the (N1) acidity are similar for all pyrimidines.     

Ab initio EOM-CCSD spin-spin coupling constants for hydrogen-bonded formamide complexes: bridging complexes with NH3, (NH3)2, H2O, (H2O)2, FH, and (FH)2

EOM-CCSD spin-spin coupling constants across hydrogen bonds have been computed for complexes in which NH3, H2O, and FH molecules and their hydrogen-bonded dimers form bridging complexes in the amide region of formamide. The formamide one-bond N-H coupling constant [(1)J(N-H)] across N-H...X hydrogen bonds increases in absolute value upon complexation. The signs of the one-bond coupling constants (1h)J(H-X) indicate that these complexes are stabilized by traditional hydrogen bonds. The two-bond coupling constants for hydrogen bonds with N-H as the donor [(2h)J(N-X)] and the carbonyl oxygen as the acceptor [(2h)J(X-O)] increase in absolute value in the formamide/dimer relative to the corresponding formamide/monomer complex as the hydrogen bonds acquire increased proton-shared character. The largest changes in coupling constants are found for complexes of formamide with FH and (FH)2, suggesting that bridging FH monomers and dimers in particular could be useful NMR spectroscopic probes of amide hydrogen bonding.     

Insignificance of P-H...P hydrogen bonding: structural chemistry of neutral and protonated 1,8-di(phosphinyl)naphthalene

While there is extensive information on 1,8-di(amino)naphthalene (i.e., the parent compound of the "proton sponge" series), the corresponding phosphorus compound has not been described. A high-yield synthesis of 1,8-di(phosphinyl)naphthalene (9) and the 1-naphthylphosphine reference compound (4) is now reported. Thermal decomposition of 9 leads to intramolecular dehydrogenative P-P coupling to afford 1,2-dihydro-1,2-diphosphaacenaphthene (10). Protonation of 9 and 4 with CF(3)SO(3)H gives quantitative yields of the monophosphonium salts 11 and 5, respectively. With excess acid and traces of moisture, the hydronium salt [C(10)H(6)(PH(2))(PH(3))](+)[H(3)O](+)2[CF(3)SO(3)](-) (13) is obtained. The structures of 9, 11, and 13 have been determined. Molecules of 9 have a planar naphthalene skeleton, C(10)H(6)P(2), with the two -PH(2) groups in a transoid conformation. The molecules form loose dimers in the crystal, the individual chiral enantiomers of which are related by a center of inversion. In contrast to the situation for the amino analogue, and despite the proximity of the two -PH(2) functions, there is no intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Solutions of 9 (in CD(2)Cl(2)) show equivalent P-bound hydrogen atoms due to conformational fluctionality. By analysis of the ABCD(2)XX'D'(2)C'B'A' spin system, it was shown that, in 9, there are strong through-space pericouplings [(n)J(P(X)P(X)(')) = 221.6 Hz, (n)J(P(X)H(D)(')) = 31.7 Hz, (n)J(H(D)H(D)(')) = 3.9 Hz]. In the cations of 11, the C(10)H(6)P(2) skeleton is also planar (by C(s) symmetry), with the -PH(2) and -PH(3)(+) groups in a conformation which rules out any P-H...P hydrogen bonding. The hydronium cation and the two triflate anions in 13 are associated into an anionic network through extensive hydrogen bonding surrounding stacks of the phosphonium cations. In solution, the cations of 11 and 13 show separate (31)P resonances for the two phosphorus atoms with fully resolved (1)J(PH) couplings, which indicate that there is no intra- or intercationic proton exchange. By contrast, the NMR spectra of solutions of [C(10)H(6)(NH(2))(NH(3))](+)X(-) salts show proton scrambling equilibrating all five N-bound hydrogen atoms, and in the crystal, the conformations of the cations feature intramolecular N-H...N hydrogen bonding.     

Spectroscopic characterization of primary and secondary phosphine ligation on ruthenium(II) complexes

Ruthenium(II) complexes of the primary phosphines PH2Fc and PH2CH2Fc and the secondary phosphine PH(CH2Fc)2, including [(p-cymene)RuCl(L)2](PF6) (p-cymene = p-iPrC6H4Me, L = PH2CH2Fc and PH(CH2Fc)2, 2b and 2c, respectively) and trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = PH2Fc, PH2CH2Fc, and PH(CH2Fc)2, 3a-c, respectively) were prepared and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. 3b was additionally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The spectroscopic effects of phosphine ligation were determined. Characteristic downfield shifts of the 31P NMR resonances and increases in energy of the nu(P-H) modes were observed in all cases. Iterative fitting of coupling constants to second-order NMR spectra also resulted in a complete elucidation of 31P-1H and 31P-31P couplings. This analysis provides a basis for considering the influence of coordinate bonding on the observed 1J(PH) and 2J(PP) constants.     

Structures, energies, and spin-spin coupling constants of fluoro-substituted 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutanes: four-member B-P-B-P rings B2P2F(n)H(8-n) with n = 0, 1, 2, 4

An ab initio study has been carried out to determine the structures, relative stabilities, and spin-spin coupling constants of a set of 15 fluoro-substituted 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutanes B(2)P(2)F(n)H(8-n), for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, with four-member B-P-B-P rings. Except for B(2)P(2)F(4)H(4) with four fluorines bonded to two borons, these rings are puckered in a butterfly conformation. For a fixed number of fluorines, the isomers with B-F bonds are significantly more stable than those with P-F bonds. As the number of fluorines increases, the energy difference between the most stable isomer and the other isomers increases. Transition structures which interconvert axial and equatorial positions present relatively small inversion barriers. Coupling constants involving (31)P, namely, (1)J(B-P), (1)J(P-F), (2)J(P-P), (2)J(P-F), and (3)J(P-F) are large and are capable of providing structural information. They are sensitive to the number of fluorines present and can discriminate between axial, equatorial, and geminal B-F and P-F bonds, although not all do this to the same extent. (1)J(B-P) and (2)J(P-P) are similar in equilibrium and transition structures. Although transition structures no longer discriminate between axial and equatorial bonds, (1)J(P-F) and (3)J(P-F) remain sensitive to the number of fluorine atoms present.     

Structures, energies, and spin-spin coupling constants of methyl-substituted 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutanes: four-member B-P-B-P rings B2P2(CH3)(n)H(8-n), with n = 0, 1, 2, 4

An ab initio study has been carried out to determine the structures, relative stabilities, and spin-spin coupling constants of a set of 17 methyl-substituted 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutanes B(2)P(2)(CH(3))(n)H(8-n), for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, with four-member B-P-B-P rings. The B-P-B-P rings are puckered in a butterfly conformation, in agreement with experimental data for related molecules. Isomers with the CH(3) group bonded to P are more stable than those with CH(3) bonded to B. If there is only one methyl group or if two methyl groups are bonded to two different P or B atoms, isomers with equatorial bonds are more stable than those with axial bonds. However, when two methyl groups are present, the gem isomers are the most stable for molecules B(2)P(2)(CH(3))(2)H(6) with P-C and B-C bonds, respectively. Transition structures present barriers to the interconversion of two equilibrium structures or to the interchange of axial and equatorial positions in the same isomer. These barriers are very low for the isomer with two methyl groups bonded to B in axial positions for the isomer with four axial bonds and for the isomer with geminal B-C bonds at both B atoms. Coupling constants (1)J(B-P), (1)J(P-C), (1)J(B-C), (2)J(P-P), and (3)J(P-C) are capable of providing structural information. They are sensitive to the number of methyl groups present and can discriminate between axial, equatorial, and geminal bonds, although not all do this to the same extent. The one-bond coupling constants (1)J(B-P), (1)J(P-C), and (1)J(B-C) are similar in equilibrium and transition structures, but (3)J(P-C) and (2)J(P-P) are not. These coupling constants and those of the corresponding fluoro-derivatives of the 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutanes demonstrate the great sensitivity of phosphorus coupling to structural and electronic effects.     

Hydrogen-bond interaction in organic conductors: redox activation, molecular recognition, structural regulation, and proton transfer in donor-acceptor charge-transfer complexes of TTF-imidazole

Hydrogen-bond interaction in donor-acceptor charge-transfer complexes of TTF-imidazole demonstrated the electronic effects in terms of control of component ratio and redox activation. These unprecedented effects of hydrogen bonds renewed the criteria giving "a high probability of being organic metals" and produced a number of highly conductive complexes with various acceptors having a wide range of electron-accepting ability. In p-chloranil complex, both molecules were linked by hydrogen bonds and formed a D-A-D triad, regulating the donor-acceptor composition to be 2:1. Theoretical calculations have revealed that the polarizability of hydrogen bonds controls the redox ability of the donor and p-benzoquinone-type acceptors and afforded different ionicity in complexes from those expected by the difference of redox potentials between donor and acceptors. In the p-chloranil complex, this electronic and structural regulation by hydrogen bond realized the first metallic donor-acceptor charge-transfer complex based on hydrogen bond functionalized TTF. Hydrogen bonds controlled also molecular arrangements in charge-transfer complexes, giving diverse and highly ordered assembled structures, D-A-D triad in the p-chloranil complex, one-dimensional zigzag chain in I(5) salt, alternating donor-acceptor chain in chloranilic acid complex, and D-A-D-A cyclic tetramer in nitranilic acid complex. Furthermore, TTF-imidazole acted as electron donor as well as proton acceptor in anilic acid complexes and realized the simultaneous charge- and proton-transfer complexes. These investigations demonstrated the new and intriguing potentials of the hydrogen bond in the development of organic conductors and multifunctional molecular materials.     

Ab initio study of complexes with two cations as N-H donors to F-: structures and spin-spin coupling constants across N-H-F hydrogen bonds

A systematic ab initio study has been carried out to determine the MP2/6-31+G(d,p) structures and EOM-CCSD coupling constants across N-H-F-H-N hydrogen bonds for a series of complexes F(H(3)NH)(2)(+), F(HNNH(2))(2)(+), F(H(2)CNH(2))(2)(+), F(HCNH)(2)(+), and F(FCNH)(2)(+). These complexes have hydrogen bonds with two equivalent N-H donors to F(-). As the basicity of the nitrogen donor decreases, the N-H distance increases and the N-H-F-H-N arrangement changes from linear to bent. As these changes occur and the hydrogen bonds between the ion pairs acquire increased proton-shared character, (2h)J(F)(-)(N) increases in absolute value and (1h)J(H)(-)(F) changes sign. F(H(3)NH)(2)(+) complexes were also optimized as a function of the N-H distance. As this distance increases and the N-H...F hydrogen bonds change from ion-pair to proton-shared to traditional F-H...N hydrogen bonds, (2h)J(F)(-)(N) initially increases and then decreases in absolute value, (1)J(N)(-)(H) decreases in absolute value, and (1h)J(H)(-)(F) changes sign. The signs and magnitudes of these coupling constants computed for F(H(3)NH)(2)(+) at short N-H distances are in agreement with the experimental signs and magnitudes determined for the F(collidineH)(2)(+) complex in solution. However, even when the N-H and F-H distances are taken from the optimized structure of F(collidineH)(2)(+), (2h)J(F)(-)(N) and (1h)J(H)(-)(F) are still too large relative to experiment. When the distances extracted from the experimental NMR data are used, there is excellent agreement between computed and experimental coupling constants. This suggests that the N-H-F hydrogen bonds in the isolated gas-phase F(collidineH)(2)(+) complex have too much proton-shared character relative to those that exist in solution.     

Theoretical study on structures and aromaticities of P5(-) anion, [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]- and sandwich complex [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2-

The equilibrium geometries, energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICSs) of the ground state of P5(-) (D(5h)) anion, the [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]- fragment (C(5v)), and the sandwich complex [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2- (D(5h) and D(5d)) are calculated by the three-parameter fit of the exchange-correlation potential suggested by Becke in conjunction with the LYP exchange potential (B3LYP) with basis sets 6-311+G(2d) (for P) and 6-311+G(2df) (for Ti). In each of the three molecules, the P-P and Ti-P bond distances are perfectly equal: five P atoms in block P5(-) lie in the same plane; the P-P bond distance increases and the Ti-P bond distance decreases with the order P5(-), [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2-, and [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]-. The binding energy analysis, which is carried out according to the energy change of hypothetic reactions of the three species, predicts that the three species are all very stable, and [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]- (C(5v)), more stable than P5(-) and [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2- synthesized in the experiment, could be synthesized. NICS values, computed for the anion and moiety of the three species with GIAO-B3LYP, reveal that the three species all have a larger aromaticity, and NICS (0) of moiety, NICS (1) of moiety, and minimum NICS of the inner side of ring P5 plane in magnitude increase with the order P5(-), [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2-, and [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]-. By analysis of the binding energetic and the molecular orbital (MO) and qualitative MO correlation diagram, and the dissection of total NICS, dissected as NICS contributions of various bonds, it is the main reason for P5(-) (D(5h)) having the larger aromaticity that the P-P sigma bonds, and pi bonds have the larger diatropic ring currents in which NICS contribution are negative, especially the P-P sigma bond. However, in [Ti (eta(5)-P5)]- (C(5v)) and [Ti(eta(5)-P5)2]2- (D(5h), and D(5d)), the reason is the larger and more negative diatropic ring currents in which the NICS contributions of P-P pi bonds and P5-Ti bonds including pi, delta, and sigma bonds, especially P5-Ti bonds, are much more negative and canceled the NICS contributions of P and Ti core and lone pair electrons.     

Molecular Structure of Complexes with Bifurcated Hydrogen Bond: II. Theoretical Study of Solvate H-Complexes Formed by the Cyclic Dimer of N-Methyltrifluoromethanesulfonamide

According to the DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*), the structure of solvate complexes formed by N-methyltrifluoromethanesulfonamide with phosgene, formaldehyde, and DMSO and the mode of hydrogen bonding therein (two-center or bifurcate three-center) depend on the proton affinity of the onium base and composition of the complex. The 1 : 1 cyclic dimer–phosgene complex and 1 : 2 cyclic dimer–formaldehyde complex are stabilized by one or two bifurcated hydrogen bonds, respectively.     

Ab initio study of hydrogen bonding and proton transfer in 3:1 FH:NH3 and FH:collidine complexes: structures and one- and two-bond coupling constants across hydrogen bonds

Ab initio EOM-CCSD calculations have been performed on 3:1 FH:NH3 complexes at their own optimized MP2/6-31+G(d,p) geometries and at the optimized geometries in the hydrogen-bonding regions of corresponding 3:1 FH:collidine complexes. The isolated gas-phase equilibrium 3:1 FH:NH3 complex has an open structure with a proton-shared Fa-Ha-N hydrogen bond, while the isolated equilibrium 3:1 FH:collidine complex has a perpendicular structure with an Fa-Ha-N hydrogen bond that is on the ion-pair side of proton-shared. The Fa-N coupling constant ((2h)J(Fa-N)) for the equilibrium 3:1 FH:NH3 complex is large and negative, consistent with a proton-shared Fa-Ha-N hydrogen bond; (2h)JFb-Fa is positive, reflecting a short Fb-Fa distance and partial proton transfer from Fb to Fa across the Fb-Hb-Fa hydrogen bond. In contrast, (2h)JFa-N has a smaller absolute value and (2h)JFb-Fa is greater for the 3:1 FH:NH3 complex at the equilibrium 3:1 FH:collidine geometry, consistent with the structural characteristics of the Fa-Ha-N and Fb-Hb-Fa hydrogen bonds. Coupling constants computed at proton-transferred 3:1 FH:collidine perpendicular geometries are consistent with experimental coupling constants for the 3:1 FH:collidine complex in solution and indicate that the role of the solvent is to promote further proton transfer from Fa to N across the Fa-Ha-N hydrogen bond, and from Fb to Fa across the two equivalent Fb-Hb-Fa hydrogen bonds. The best correlations between experimental and computed coupling constants are found for complexes with perpendicular proton-transferred structures, one having the optimized geometry of a 3:1 FH:collidine complex at an Fa-Ha distance of 1.80 A, and the other at the optimized 3:1 FH:collidine geometry with distances derived from the experimental coupling constants. These calculations provide support for the proposed perpendicular structure of the 3:1 FH:collidine complex as the structure which exists in solution.     

Study of hydrogen bonds of hypophosphorous acid by 1H, 2H, 31P, and 15N NMR spectroscopy under slow exchange conditions

The NMR spectra of solutions containing partially deuterated anhydrous hypophosphorous acid (H₂POOH) and its complexes with organic bases as proton acceptors were obtained in CD₂Cl₂ in the temperature range 183–253 K. Under these conditions, the state of slow exchange is achieved, as evidenced by the fine spin-spin and isotope (H/D) structure of the NMR signals. The formation and strengthening of the hydrogen bond by the OH group result in strong shielding of the ³¹P nucleus and decrease the spin-spin coupling constants of nuclei in the PH₂ group. Saturation of these effects occurs in going from proton to base. Direct and long-range effects of H/D substitution in the OH and PH groups on the H, ³¹P, and ¹⁵N chemical shifts in complexes were measured. The signs of these effects were explained in terms of a simplified model of dynamic interaction of covalent and hydrogen bonds. The kinetics of the interconversion of a cyclic H₂POOH dimer and a zwitterionic complex with pyridine were studied by dynamic ¹H NMR, and thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the process were measured. A hypothetical mechanism of the reaction with the transition state close to an open-chain dimer with one hydrogen bond was proposed.     

Intermolecular interactions in uracil–nitrous acid complexes: structures,binding energy,topological properties,and nuclear magnetic resonance study

Molecular interactions between uracil and nitrous acid (U–NA) [C₄N₂O₂H₄? NO₂H] have been studied using B3LYP, B3PW91, and MP2 methods with different basis sets. The optimized geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, charge transfer, topological properties of electron density, nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS), and nuclear magnetic resonance one‐ and two‐bonds spin–spin coupling constants were calculated for U–NA complexes. In interaction between U and NA, eight cyclic complexes were obtained with two intermolecular hydrogen bonds N(C)HU…N(O) and OH_NA…O_U. In these complexes, uracil (U) simultaneously acts as proton acceptor and proton donor. The most stable complexes labeled, UNA1 and UNA2, are formed via NH bond of U with highest acidity and CO group of U with lowest proton affinity. There is a relationship between hydrogen bond distances and the corresponding frequency shifts. The solvent effect on complexes stability was examined using B3LYP method with the aug‐cc‐pVDZ basis set by applying the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The binding energies in the gas phase have also been compared with solvation energies computed using the PCM. Natural bond orbital analysis shows that in all complexes, the charge transfer takes place from U to NA. The results predict that the Lone Pair (LP)(O)_U → σ*(O? H) and LP(N(O)_NA → σ*(N(C)? H)_U donor–acceptor interactions are most important interactions in these complexes. Atom in molecule analysis confirms that hydrogen bond contacts are electrostatic in nature and covalent nature of proton donor groups decreases upon complexation. The relationship between spin–spin coupling constant (^1hJ_H…_Y and ^2hJ_H…_Y) with interaction energy and electronic density at corresponding hydrogen bond critical points and H‐bonds distances are investigated. NICS used for indicating of aromaticity of U ring upon complexation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hydrogen bond of radicals: Interaction of HNO with HCO,HNO, and HOO

Ab initio quantum mechanics methods are employed to investigate hydrogen bonding interactions between HNO and HCO, HOO radicals, and closed‐shell HNO. The systems were calculated at MP2/6‐311++G (2d, 2p) level and G2MP2 level. The topological and NBO analysis were investigated the origin of hydrogen bonds red‐ or blue‐shifts. In addition, the comparisons were performed between HNO‐opened‐shell radical (HCO, HOO) complexes and HNO‐corresponding closed‐shell molecule (H₂CO, HOOH) complexes. It is found that the stabilities of complexes increase from HNO‐HCO to HNO‐HOO. There are blue‐shifts of N? H, C? H stretching vibrational frequencies and a red‐shift of O? H stretching vibrational frequency in the complexes. Rehybridization and electron density redistribution contribute to the blue‐shifts of C? H and N? H stretching vibrational frequencies. Compared with the closed‐shell H₂CO, HCO is weaker proton donor and weaker proton acceptor. For the HOO, it is stronger proton donor and weaker proton acceptor than the HOOH is. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Synthesis, structure, and bonding properties of 5-carbaphosphatranes: a new class of main group atrane

1-Hydro-5-carbaphosphatrane (1) and 1-methyl-5-carbaphosphatrane (2), the first 5-carbon analogues of phosphatranes, were synthesized by a demethylation reaction of cyclic phosphinate 3. X-ray analysis revealed that 1 has a typical trigonal bipyramidal structure with hydrogen and carbon atoms at the apical position and three oxygen atoms at the equatorial positions, indicating that 1 is a phosphorane in the perfectly "anti-apicophilic" arrangement. Apical P-C and P-H bond lengths were 1.921(2) and 1.38(2) A, respectively. The (1)J(PH) value of 1 and the (1)J(PC)(P-CH(3)) value of 2 were 852 and 215 Hz, respectively, which are extraordinarily large for the apical coupling constants of phosphoranes, but close to those of the reported phosphatranes with a 5-nitrogen atom. IR and Raman spectra are also reported. Force constant calculations indicate the transannular bond in carbaphosphatrane is 3 times stronger than in silatrane, due to its covalent character.