A synopsis of Combinatorial Integral Geometry

A Lie coalgebra is a coalgebra whose comultiplication Δ : M → M ? M satisfies the Lie conditions. Just as any algebra A whose multiplication ? : A ? A → A is associative gives rise to an associated Lie algebra $\text{L}$(A), so any coalgebra C whose comultiplication Δ : C → C ? C is associative gives rise to an associated Lie coalgebra $\text{L}$^c(C). The assignment C ? $\text{L}$^c(C) is functorial. A universal coenveloping coalgebra Uc(M) is defined for any Lie Lie coalgebra M by asking for a right adjoint U^c to $\text{L}$^c. This is analogous to defining a universal enveloping algebra U(L) for any Lie algebra L by asking for a left adjoint U to the functor $\text{L}$. In the case of Lie algebras, the unit (i.e., front adjunction) 1 → $\text{L}$ o U of the adjoint functor pair U ? $\text{L}$ is always injective. This follows from the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem, and is equivalent to it in characteristic zero (x = 0). It is, therefore, natural to inquire about the counit (i.e., back adjunction) $\text{L}$^c o U^c → 1 of the adjoint functor pair $\text{L}$^c ? U^c.Theorem. For any Lie coalgebra M, the natural map$\text{L}$^c(U^cM) → M is surjective if and only if M is locally finite, (i.e., each element of M lies in a finite dimensional sub Lie coalgebra of M).An example is given of a non locally finite Lie coalgebra. The existence of such an example is surprising since any coalgebra C whose diagonal Δ is associative is necessarily locally finite by a result of that theory. The present paper concludes with a development of an analog of the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem for Lie algebras which we choose to call the Dual Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt Theorem and abbreviate by “The Dual PBWθ.” The constraints of the present paper, however, allow only a sketch of this theorem. A complete proof will appear in a subsequent paper. The reader may, however, consult [12], in the meantime, for details. The Dual PBWθ shows for any locally finite Lie coalgebra M the existence (in χ = 0) of a natural isomorphism of the graded Hopf algebras ₀E(U^cM) and ₀E(S^cM) associated to U^cM and to S^cM = U^c(TrivM) when U^c(M) and S^c(M) are given the Lie filtrations. [Just as U^c(M) is the analog of the enveloping algebra U(L) of a Lie algebra L, so S^c(V) is the analog of the symmetric algebra S(V) on a vector space V. Triv(M) denotes the trivial Lie coalgebra structure on the underlying vector space of M obtained by taking the comultiplication to be the zero map.]     

Uniform topologies on enveloping algebras

Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra $\text{g}$ and $\text{E}$(G) the unversal enveloping algebra of $\text{g}$ realized as the algebra of left-invariant differential operators on G. It is proved that the uniform topology on $\text{E}$(G), i.e., the topology of uniform convergence on weakly bounded sets of vector states, coincides with the strongest locally convex topology on $\text{E}$(G). This implies that each linear functional on $\text{E}$(G) is a linear combination of strictly positive functionals.     

Symmetry and nonsymmetry for locally compact groups

The class [S] of locally compact groups G is considered, for which the algebra L¹(G) is symmetric (=Hermitian). It is shown that [S] is stable under semidirect compact extensions, i.e., H ? [S] and K compact implies K ×_sH? [S]. For connected solvable Lie groups inductive conditions for symmetry are given. A construction for nonsymmetric Banach algebras is given which shows that there exists exactly one connected and simply solvable Lie group of dimension ?4 which is not in [S]. This example shows that $\text{G}\text{Z}\text{?}$ [S]. Z the center of G, in general does not imply G ?[S]. It is shown that nevertheless for discrete groups and a (possibly) stronger form of symmetry this implication holds, implying a new and shorter proof of the fact that [S] contains all discrete nilpotent groups.     

Analyse harmonique sur les espaces symétriques nilpotents

Let G be a connected simply connected nilpotent Lie group and H the set of fixed points of an involution of G; we give the Plancherel formula of the representation Ind_H^G(1) and infer from it the existence of an H-invariant tempered elementary solution for every nonzero G-invariant differential operator on $\text{G}\text{H}$.     

Harmonic analysis on unitary groups

A theory of harmonic analysis on a metric group (G, d) is developed with the model of U$\text{U}$, the unitary group of a C¹-algebra $\text{U}$, in mind. Essential in this development is the set $\text{G}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{d}}$ of contractive, irreducible representations of G, and its concomitant set P_d(G) of positive-definite functions. It is shown that $\text{G}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{d}}$ is compact and closed in $\text{G}\text{?}$. The set $\text{G}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{d}}$ is determined in a number of cases, in particular when G = U($\text{U}$) with $\text{U}$ abelian. If $\text{U}$ is an AW¹-algebra, it is shown that $\text{G}\text{?}$_d is essentially the same as $\text{U}\text{?}$. Unitary groups are characterised in terms of a certain Lie algebra $\text{g}$_u and several characterisations of G = U($\text{U}$) when $\text{U}$ is abelian are given.     

Unbounded derivations tangential to compact groups of automorphisms,II

Let G be a compact abelian group, and τ an action of G on a C¹-algebra $\text{U}$, such that $\text{U}$^τ(γ)$\text{U}$^τ(γ)¹ = $\text{U}$^τ(0) $\text{U}$^τ for all $\text{γ ?}\text{G}\text{?}$, where $\text{U}$^τ(γ) is the spectral subspace of $\text{U}$ corresponding to the character γ on G. Derivations δ which are defined on the algebra $\text{U}$_F of G-finite elements are considered. In the special case δ¦_{$\text{U}$^τ} = 0 these derivations are characterized by a cocycle on $\text{G}\text{?}$ with values in the relative commutant of $\text{U}$^τ in the multiplier algebra of $\text{U}$, and these derivations are inner if and only if the cocycles are coboundaries and bounded if and only if the cocycles are bounded. Under various restrictions on G and τ properties of the cocycle are deduced which again give characterizations of δ in terms of decompositions into generators of one-parameter subgroups of τ(G) and approximately inner derivations. Finally, a perturbation technique is devised to reduce the case δ($\text{U}$_F) ? $\text{U}$_F to the case δ($\text{U}$_F) ? $\text{U}$_F and δ¦_{$\text{U}$^τ} = 0. This is used to show that any derivation δ with D(δ) = $\text{U}$_F is wellbehaved and, if furthermore G = T¹ and δ($\text{U}$_F) ? $\text{U}$_F the closure of δ generates a one-parameter group of ¹-automorphisms of $\text{U}$. In the case G = T^d, d = 2, 3,… (finite), and δ($\text{U}$_F) ? $\text{U}$_F it is shown that δ extends to a generator of a group of ¹-automorphisms of the σ-weak closure of $\text{U}$ in any G-covariant representation.     

Spherical orbits and representations of Uε(g)

Let U_ε(g) be the simply connected quantized enveloping algebra at roots of one associated to a finite dimensional complex simple Lie algebra g. The De Concini-Kac-Procesi conjecture on the dimension of the irreducible representations of U_ε(g) is proved for the representations corresponding to the spherical conjugacy classes of the simply connected algebraic group G with Lie algebra g. We achieve this result by means of a new characterization of the spherical conjugacy classes of G in terms of elements of the Weyl group.     

Representations of differential operators on a Lie group

In this paper we apply the theory of second-order partial differential operators with nonnegative characteristic form to representations of Lie groups. We are concerned with a continuous representation U of a Lie group G in a Banach space $\text{B}$. Let $\text{E}$ be the enveloping algebra of G, and let dU be the infinitesimal homomorphism of $\text{E}$ into operators with the Gårding vectors as a common invariant domain. We study elements in $\text{E}$ of the form

$\text{P=}\text{∑}\text{1}\text{r}\text{X}{}^2{}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{|X}{}_0$

with the X_j,'s in the Lie algebra $\text{G}$.If the elements X₀, X₁,…, X_r generate $\text{G}$ as a Lie algebra then we show that the space of C^∞-vectors for U is precisely equal to the C^∞-vectors for the closure $\text{dU(P)}\text{,}\text{of}\text{dU(P)}$. This result is applied to obtain estimates for differential operators.The operator $\text{dU(P)}$ is the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous semigroup of operators in $\text{B}$. If X₀ = 0 we show that this semigroup can be analytically continued to complex time ζ with Re ζ > 0. The generalized heat kernels of these semigroups are computed. A space of rapidly decreasing functions on G is introduced in order to treat the heat kernels.For unitary representations we show essential self-adjointness of all operators $\text{dU(Σ}{}_1{}^{\mathrm{r}}\text{X}{}_{\mathrm{j}}{}^2\text{+ (?1)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{X}{}_0$ with X₀ in the real linear span of the X_j's. An application to quantum field theory is given.Finally, the new characterization of the C^∞-vectors is applied to a construction of a counterexample to a conjecture on exponentiation of operator Lie algebras.Our results on semigroups of exponential growth, and on the space of C^∞ vectors for a group representation can be viewed as generalizations of various results due to Nelson-Stinespring [18], and Poulsen [19], who prove essential self-adjointness and a priori estimates, respectively, for the sum of the squares of elements in a basis for $\text{G}$ (the Laplace operator). The work of Hörmander [11] and Bony [3] on degenerate-elliptic (hypoelliptic) operators supplies the technical basis for this generalization. The important feature is that elliptic regularity is too crude a tool for controlling commutators. With the aid of the above-mentioned hypoellipticity results we are able to “control” the (finite dimensional) Lie algebra generated by a given set of differential operators.     

Group structure and the pointwise ergodic theorem for connected amenable groups

Let G be a connected amenable group (thus, an extension of a connected normal solvable subgroup R by a connected compact group $\text{K =}\text{G}\text{R}$). We show how to explicitly construct sequences {U_n} of compacta in G in terms of the structural features of G which have the following property: For any “reasonable” action G × L^p(X, μ) ↓ L^p(X, μ) on an L^p space, 1 <p < ∞, and any f ∈ L^p(X, μ), the averages

$\text{A}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{f=}\text{1}\text{|U}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{|}\text{∫}\text{U}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{g}}{}^{\mathrm{?1f}}\text{dg (|E|=}\text{left Haar measure in}\text{G)}$

converge in L^p norm, and pointwise μ-a.e. on X, to G-invariant functions $\text{f1}$ in L^p(X, μ). A single sequence {U_n} in G works for all L^p actions of G. This result applies to many nonunimodular groups, which are not handled by previous attempts to produce noncommutative generalizations of the pointwise ergodic theorem.     

Bernstein's theorem for compact groups

In this paper we generalize the classical Bernstein theorem concerning the absolute convergence of the Fourier series of Lipschitz functions. More precisely, we consider a group G which is finite dimensional, compact, and separable and has an infinite, closed, totally disconnected, normal subgroup D, such that $\text{G}\text{D}$ is a Lie group. Using this structure, we define in a natural way the notion of Lipschitz condition, and then prove that a function which satisfies a Lipschitz condition of order greater than $\text{(}\text{dim}\text{G + 1)}\text{2}$ belongs to the Fourier algebra of G.     

On the failure of spectral synthesis for compact semisimple Lie groups

Let G be a compact connected semisimple Lie group with Lie algebra $\text{g}$. We show that the conjugacy class of a regular element of G is not a set of synthesis for the Fourier algebra of G. Similarly, the Ad(G)-orbit of a regular element of $\text{g}$ is not a set of synthesis for the algebra of Fourier transforms on $\text{g}$. In proving this latter result we demonstrate a regularity property of Ad-invariant Fourier transforms, analogous to the differentiability of radial Fourier transforms.     

Lie superalgebras whose enveloping algebras satisfy a non-matrix polynomial identity

Let L be a Lie superalgebra with its enveloping algebra U(L) over a field F. A polynomial identity is called non-matrix if it is not satisfied by the algebra of 2×2 matrices over F. We characterize L when U(L) satisfies a non-matrix polynomial identity. We also characterize L when U(L) is Lie solvable, Lie nilpotent, or Lie super-nilpotent.     

Automorphisms of the canonical anticommutation relations and index theory

Let H be a complex Hilbert space, P₊ an orthogonal projection on H, and P_? the complementary projection. If $\text{G}$ is any symmetrically normed ideal in the ring of bounded operators on H, then we consider the group of unitary operators on H such that P₊UP_?and P_?UP₊ lie in $\text{G}$. When $\text{G}$ is the Hilbert-Schmidt class, these unitaries define automorphisms of the C¹-algebra $\text{b}$ of the canonical anticommutation relations over H which are implementable in the representation of $\text{b}$ determined by P_?. We investigate the structure of the group $\text{U}$, proving in particular that it has infinitely many connected components, $\text{U}$_k, labelled by the Fredholm index of P₊UP₊. The connected component of the identity, $\text{U}$₀, is generated by unitaries of the form exp(iA), with A self-adjoint and P₊AP_? in $\text{G}$. Finally we consider an application of these results to two dimensional field theory, showing in particular that the charge and chiral charge quantum numbers arise as the Fredholm indices of P_±UP_± for certain unitary U on L²($\text{R}$, $\text{C}$²)     

The spherical Bochner theorem on semisimple Lie groups

Let G be a connected semisimple Lie group with finite center and K a maximal compact subgroup. Denote (i) Harish-Chandra's Schwartz spaces by $\text{C}$^p(G)(0<p?2), (ii) the K-biinvariant elements in $\text{C}$^p(G) by $\text{I}$^p(G), (iii) the positive definite (zonal) spherical functions by $\text{P}$, and (iv) the spherical transform on $\text{C}$^p(G) by ? → $\text{}\text{?}$gj. For T a positive definite distribution on G it is established that (i) T extends uniquely onto $\text{C}$^l(G), (ii) there exists a unique measure μ of polynomial growth on $\text{P}$ such that T[ψ]=∫pψdμ for all ψ?I¹(G) (iii) all measures μ of polynomial growth on $\text{P}$ are obtained in this way, and (iv) T may be extended to a particular $\text{I}$^p(G) space (1 ? p ? 2) if and only if the support of μ lies in a certain easily defined subset of $\text{P}$. These results generalize a well-known theorem of Godement, and the proofs rely heavily on the recent harmonic analysis results of Trombi and Varadarajan.     

Unbounded derivations tangential to compact groups of automorphisms

We consider unbounded derivations in C¹-algebras commuting with compact groups of ¹-automorphisms. A closed ¹-derivation δ in a C¹-algebra $\text{U}$ is said to be a generator if there exists a strongly continuous one-parameter subgroup t∈$\text{R}$→τ(t)? Aut($\text{U}$) such that $\text{δ =}\text{d}\text{dt}\text{τ(t)¦}{}_{\mathrm{t\; =\; 0}}$. If δ is known to commute with a compact abelian action α:G→Aut($\text{U}$), and if δ(a) = 0 for all a in the fixed point algebra $\text{U}$^α of the action G, then we show that δ is necessarily a generator. Moreover, in any faithful G-covariant representation, there is a commutative operator field γ ∈ ? → v(γ) such that $\text{v(γ)}{}^1\text{= ?v(γ), v(γ)}$ is possibly unbounded but affiliated with the center of {$\text{U}$^α}″, and e^tδ(x) = xe^tv(γ) for all x in the Arveson spectral subspace $\text{U}$^α(γ). In particular, if $\text{U}$ is the CAR algebra over an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and α is the gauge group, then any such derivation δ is a scalar multiple of the generator of the gauge group.     

Semi-crossed products of C1-algebras

Given a C¹-algebra $\text{U}$ and endomorphim α, there is an associated nonselfadjoint operator algebra $\text{Z}$⁺ X_α$\text{U}$, called the semi-crossed product of $\text{U}$ with α. If α is an automorphim, $\text{Z}$⁺ X_α$\text{U}$ can be identified with a subalgebra of the C¹-crossed product $\text{Z}$⁺ X_α$\text{U}$. If $\text{U}$ is commutative and α is an automorphim satisfying certain conditions, $\text{Z}$⁺ X_α$\text{U}$ is an operator algebra of the type studied by Arveson and Josephson. Suppose S is a locally compact Hausdorff space, φ: S → S is a continuous and proper map, and α is the endomorphim of U=C₀(S) given by α(?) = ? ō φ. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the map φ are given to insure that the semi-crossed product Z⁺X_αC₀(S) is (i) semiprime; (ii) semisimple; (ii) strongly semisimple.     

The Zassenhaus variety of a reductive Lie algebra in positive characteristic

Let g be the Lie algebra of a connected reductive group G over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p>0. Let Z be the centre of the universal enveloping algebra U=U(g) of g. Its maximal spectrum is called the Zassenhaus variety of g. We show that, under certain mild assumptions on G, the field of fractions Frac(Z) of Z is G-equivariantly isomorphic to the function field of the dual space g^∗ with twisted G-action. In particular Frac(Z) is rational. This confirms a conjecture of J. Alev. Furthermore we show that Z is a unique factorisation domain, confirming a conjecture of A. Braun and C. Hajarnavis. Recently, A. Premet used the above result about Frac(Z), a result of Colliot-Thelene, Kunyavskii, Popov and Reichstein and reduction mod p arguments to show that the Gelfand-Kirillov conjecture cannot hold for simple complex Lie algebras that are not of type A, C or G₂.     

Extremal traces on some group-invariant C1-algebras

Let $\text{U}$ be a UHF-algebra of Glimm type n^∞, and {α_g: g?G} a strongly continuous group of ¹-automorphisms of product type on $\text{U}$, for G compact. Let $\text{U}$^α be the C¹-subalgebra of fixed elements of $\text{U}$. We show that any extremal normalized trace on $\text{U}$^α arises as the restriction of a symmetric product state ? on $\text{U}$ of the form ? = ?_k?1 ω. As an example we classify the extremal traces on $\text{U}$^α for the case G = SU(n), α_g = ?_{k ? 1} Ad(g).     

Caractères des groupes de Lie

Let G be a real Lie group with Lie algebra $\text{G}$. M. Duflo has constructed irreducible unitary representations of G associated to some G-orbits Ω in the dual $\text{G}$¹ of $\text{G}$. We prove a character formula when Ω is tempered, closed, and of maximal dimension.