浅海中的混响衰减

本文定义混响衰减作为描述浅海混响的基本物理量。对不同的声速剖面和海底散射模型，分别用射线方法和ＷＫＢＺ简正波方法（考虑和不考虑复本征值的影响）计算了混响衰减随时间（距离）的变化。数值模拟结果表明复本征值的影响不能忽略，在中等距离上按射线方法计算的混响衰减与考虑了复本征值影响的ＷＫＢＺ方法计算结果相一致。负跃层浅海中的实验结果表明混响衰减与源和接收器的深度有关，但与带宽无关。理论预示的混响强度的几何平均规律也从实验得到了证实。     

水平缓变声道中的WKBZ绝热简正波理论

本文利用具有海面相移修正的本征函数的ＷＫＢＺ近似，并同时考虑波导简正波和海底反射简正波的贡献，提出了适合于水平缓变水下声道的ＷＫＢＺ绝热简正波理论。数值结果表明，会聚区声场主要由波导简正波决定，而影区声场主要由海底反射简正波决定。在菲律宾海中，频率范围在１０９ＨＺ至８６０ＨＺ，距离至２５０ｋｍ范围时，用ＷＫＢＺ绝热简正波理论计算的结果与实验数据符合得很好。     

The WKBZ mode approach to sound propagation in range-independent ocean channels

I.IntroductionThenorma1-modeapproachcangiveanexactso1utiontotheacousticfie1dinastratifiedmedium,soitisoftenusedtocomparewithotherapproximatemethodssuchasraytheory,parabo1icequationl'](PE)methodandGaussianbeam[21approach,andtakenasacriteriontochecktheaccuracyofapproximatemeth0dsl3J.Themodeapproachmayalsobeextendedtorange-dcpendente..i,onmentsl4.5l.Thoughtherearemanynumerica1propagationcodesbasedonthemodeapproachI'],theconventionalmodeapproachisawkwardtoapplyt0'higherfrequencya-ndbroadbandprop…     

The combined effects of reverberation and nonstationary noise on sentence intelligibility

Listening conditions in everyday life typically include a combination of reverberation and nonstationary background noise. It is well known that sentence intelligibility is adversely affected by these factors. To assess their combined effects, an approach is introduced which combines two methods of predicting speech intelligibility, the extended speech intelligibility index (ESII) and the speech transmission index. First, the effects of reverberation on nonstationary noise (i.e., reduction of masker modulations) and on speech modulations are evaluated separately. Subsequently, the ESII is applied to predict the speech reception threshold (SRT) in the masker with reduced modulations. To validate this approach, SRTs were measured for ten normal-hearing listeners, in various combinations of nonstationary noise and artificially created reverberation. After taking the characteristics of the speech corpus into account, results show that the approach accurately predicts SRTs in nonstationary noise and reverberation for normal-hearing listeners. Furthermore, it is shown that, when reverberation is present, the benefit from masker fluctuations may be substantially reduced.     

低频混响信号中的简正波衰减系数提取方法

提出一种从低频混响信号中提取简正波衰减系数的方法。利用简正波过滤技术对垂直阵混响信号进行分析,获得单阶简正波混响声场。假设海底反向散射矩阵可分离,从单阶简正波平均混响强度中提取出有效海底反向散射矩阵元素,最后利用不同距离上的有效海底反向散射矩阵元素计算出简正波的衰减系数。利用该方法从混响信号中提取出的简正波衰减系数预报的声传播损失和相同海域实测声传播损失一致。该简正波衰减系数提取方法有效避免了海底散射衰减和简正波传播衰减耦合的问题,同时对海底参数反演和水声环境的快速评估也具有重要的意义。      

The WKBZ mode approach to pulsed propagation in ocean channels

In the paper, the WKBZ normal mode approach has been applied to the propagation of the pulsed energy and waveform in ocean channels. The numerical results in two different channels are given. Comparison between the WKBZ and conventional normal mode codes shows that the WKBZ mode approach is a fast and accurate method and the running time by the WKBZ approach is reduced by about two orders of magnitude.     

双模环型激光增益噪声模型的非线性效应

讨论了一个双模环型激光增益噪声模型，其中考虑了完全饱和效应且乘法噪声由增益系数涨落引起。在共振及两模具有相同泵参数时，获得了光强联合定态分布的精确解析表达式。通过与现有的双模激光摸型（其中乘法噪声由损失系数涨落引起）的比较，发现乘法噪声系数的非线性效应减弱了乘法噪声给激光光强统计性质带来的反常特性，并且这种减弱随着乘法噪声增强或损失系数减小而愈加明显。     

基于BDRM理论的深海声场快速预报研究

深海存在深海声道和双轴声道两种典型环境，WKBZ简正波方法已实现了深海声道中声场的快速准确预报，而对于双轴海洋声道则存在一定的误差。本文在WKBZ本征函数的基础上，推导出了参考界面相位修正的一致表达式，并将浅海声传播的波束位移射线简正波（BDRM）理论应用于计算双轴海洋声道中的声场，进行了数值模拟并与传统简正波方法进行比较，结果表明应用BDRM理论计算的传播损失具有很高的精度和速度。     

The average absorption coefficient for enclosed spaces with non uniformly distributed absorption

This study concerns the determination of an equivalent acoustic absorption model of the flat heterogeneous walls present in industrial rooms. Numerous measurements of the reverberation time in reverberant room were carried out for several facings with different distributed spatial absorption. Experimental results were compared to classical reverberation time models. The measurements showed that the change in average acoustic absorption depends on the relative distance between the sound source and the absorbent panels, as it is this which creates heterogeneity. Therefore, taking into consideration, in the theoretical models of average acoustic absorption studied, the solid angles representing the equivalent area of the panels as viewed by the source, improved the accuracy of the calculated reverberation time compared to the measurements. This equivalent acoustic absorption model, based on Sabine's absorption coefficient and employing the solid angle ratio, was used to calculate the reverberation time of several industrial rooms. The results obtained are better than those obtained with the standard formula.     

SOUND TRANSMISSION THROUGH ELASTOMERIC BULB SEALS

The sound barrier performance of elastomeric vehicle weather seals was investigated. Experiments were performed on a single bulb seal specimen using a reverberation room method. The seal wall velocity was measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The sound pressure near the velocity measurement location was measured simultaneously, which allowed the sound intensity on both sides of the seal and the sound transmission loss to be determined. The vibration response and the sound transmission loss of the bulb seal were then computed using finite element analysis. Acoustic-structure interactions were considered for a partially coherent spatially distributed pressure excitation. The experimental data obtained using the reverberation room method allowed the validation of the numerical models. The resonance frequency due to the mass-air-mass mode of vibration was accurately predicted. The model was then used to numerically investigate the influence of various design parameters. It was found that the elastic modulus significantly affects the bulb seal resonance frequency, and that the loss factor of the material has major effects on the sound transmission loss around resonance.     

非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型

研究了浅海非线性内波对远程混响场的影响。通过分析非线性内波活动引起声源到海底散射元以及散射元到接收点之间的声传播变化,给出了非线性内波引起远程混响强度变化的表示,建立了非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型,数值计算了非线性内波运动引起远程混响强度的变化。理论和数值计算表明,非线性内波的活动能够引起远程混响强度的变化,在某些情况下会导致远程混响强度增强。通过讨论非线性内波引声简正波的耦合效应,给出了其引起远程混响强度增强的原因。      

The influence of tie strength on evolutionary games on networks: An empirical investigation

Extending previous work on unweighted networks, we present here a systematic numerical investigation of standard evolutionary games on weighted networks. In the absence of any reliable model for generating weighted social networks, we attribute weights to links in a few ways supported by empirical data ranging from totally uncorrelated to weighted bipartite networks. The results of the extensive simulation work on standard complex network models show that, except in a case that does not seem to be common in social networks, taking the tie strength into account does not change in a radical manner the long-run steady-state behavior of the studied games. Besides model networks, we also included a real-life case drawn from a coauthorship network. In this case also, taking the weights into account only changes the results slightly with respect to the raw unweighted graph, although to draw more reliable conclusions on real social networks many more cases should be studied as these weighted networks become available.     

An oscillation phenomenon of low frequency reverberation in the shallow water and its physical explanation

~~An oscillation phenomenon of low frequency reverberation in the shallow water and its physical explanation1 Zhang, R.. Jin. G. Normal-mode theory of average reverberation intensity in shallow water, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1987 19(2):215-223 2. Ellis, D. D., A shallow-water normal-mode reverberation model, J. Acoust. Soc, Am., 1995, 97(5): 2804-2814. 3. McDaniel, S. T., Seafloor reverberation fluctuations, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1990, 88(3): 1530-1535. 4. Abraham, …     

Manifestation of exchange effects in heavy-ion interactions

Three different approaches to taking into account exchange effects in heavy-ion collisions are studied. Within the first of them, the lowest eigenstates of the Hamiltonian are treated as forbidden states. In the second approach, the eigenstates of the normalization kernel of the resonating-group model that correspond to zero eigenvalues are treated as forbidden states. The third approach takes additionally into account semiforbidden states. The ¹⁶O + ¹⁶O system is considered. A hybrid approach that combines the methods of discrete and continuous mathematics is developed for calculating the widths of narrow resonance states. The resonance width calculated within the approach that takes into account semiforbidden states proves to be sharply different from the widths obtained within traditional approaches.     

The space-time coupling statistical model of reverberation from moving platforms

The space-time coupling characteristic of reverberation is one of key problems in the range of reverberation suppression with space-time processing methods.Traditional methods are not based on statistical characteristics of reverberation and not suitable to analyze the space-time coupling characteristics of reverberation in dealing with problems of reverberation extensions in the actual sea environment and non-ideal arrays.The space-time coupling relationship of moving platforms is deduced and then its space-time coupling statistical model is presented.The model describes the space-time coupling law of reverberation under the conditions as complex acoustic reverberation environments and an arbitrarily specified array.The mathematical expressions of space-time coupling relationship are described when the arrays have ideal narrow beams.The space-time distribution laws of reverberation from moving platforms are shown clearly by the analytical results and computer simulations,which validates the statistical model above.The space-time distribution law of reverberation from an uniform linear array(ULA),which is a non-ideal array,is also calculated by numerical methods.It is shown that the space-time distribution law of reverberation from any actual array can be acquired with the statistical model,and to support theoretically for reverberation suppression algorithms and systems design based on space-time processing.     

Finite element modeling of reverberation and transmission loss in shallow water waveguides with rough boundaries

A finite element model for the reverberation and propagation in a shallow water waveguide with a sandy bottom was calculated for five different environments at a center frequency of 250 Hz. The various environments included a rough water/sediment interface, a rough air/water interface, roughness at both interfaces and downward and upward refracting sound speed profiles with roughness at both interfaces. When compared to other models of reverberation such as ray theory, coupled modes, and parabolic equations, finite elements predicted higher levels of reverberation. At early times, this is due to the "fathometer" return, energy that is normally incident on the boundaries at zero range. At later times, the increased reverberation was due to high angle scattering paths between the two interfaces. Differences in reverberation levels among the environments indicated that scattered energy from the air/water interface is transmitted into the bottom at steep angles. This led to a large decrease in reverberation for a rough air/water interface relative to a rough water/sediment interface. Sound speed profile effects on reverberation were minimal at this frequency range. Calculations of the scintillation index of the different environments indicated that most of the reverberation was relatively Rayleigh-like with heavier tailed distributions at longer ranges.     

Modeling natural gas market volatility using GARCH with different distributions

In this paper, we model natural gas market volatility using GARCH-class models with long memory and fat-tail distributions. First, we forecast price volatilities of spot and futures prices. Our evidence shows that none of the models can consistently outperform others across different criteria of loss functions. We can obtain greater forecasting accuracy by taking the stylized fact of fat-tail distributions into account. Second, we forecast volatility of basis defined as the price differential between spot and futures. Our evidence shows that nonlinear GARCH-class models with asymmetric effects have the greatest forecasting accuracy. Finally, we investigate the source of forecasting loss of models. Our findings based on a detrending moving average indicate that GARCH models cannot capture multifractality in natural gas markets. This may be the plausible explanation for the source of model forecasting losses.     

Numerical time-domain simulation of diffusive ultrasound in concrete

Certain aspects of diffusive ultrasound fields in concrete are still unknown and thus, systematic parameter studies using numerical time-domain simulations of the ultrasonic propagation process could lead to further insights into theoretical and experimental questions. In the present paper, the elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT) is used to simulate a diffusive reverberation measurement at a concrete specimen taking aggregates, pores, and viscoelastic damping explicitly into account. The numerical results for dissipation and diffusivity are compared with theoretical models. Moreover, the influence of air-filled pores in the cement matrix is demonstrated.     

Numerical solutions of the acoustic eigenvalue equation in the rectangular room with arbitrary (uniform) wall impedances

Two numerical procedures for finding the acoustic eigenvalues in the rectangular room with arbitrary (uniform) wall impedances are developed. One numerical procedure applies Newton's method. Here, starting with soft walls, the eigenvalues are found by increasing the impedances of each wall pair in small increments up to the terminal impedances. Another procedure poses the eigenvalue problem as one of homotopic continuation from a non-physical reference configuration in which all eigenvalues are known and obvious. The continuation is performed by the numerical integration of two differential equations. The latter procedure was found to be faster and finds all possible solutions. The set of eigenvalues allowed the room modal natural frequencies and damping constants to be obtained. From sound decays measured in a hard-walled rectangular room, and from the collective-modal-decay curve, the impedances of the hard walls are estimated. These are then used to find the reverberation times of the modes in the room with the floor lined with sound absorbing material of known acoustic impedance. It was found that a single reverberation time, for all modes, is only supported in the rectangular room with hard walls and at the higher frequency bands, consistent with Sabine's theory, which assumes a diffuse sound field. In the rectangular room with hard walls and at the lower frequency bands, and in the rectangular room with the floor lined with sound absorbing material and for all frequency bands, modes with rather distinctive reverberation times may produce sound decays not always consistent with Sabine's prediction.     

运动平台混响的时空耦合统计模型

混响时空耦合特性是空时处理混响抑制方法中的关键问题之一。传统方法不是建立在统计模型基础上的,对实际海洋混响扩展、海洋混响环境影响及基阵非理想性导致的混响时空耦合分析缺乏有效性。论文在混响概率模型基础上,推导了运动平台的混响时空耦合关系,进一步给出了复杂水声混响环境及具体阵列指向特性下的混响时空耦合规律的统计模型。利用该模型,推导了理想窄波束基阵混响的时空耦合关系。理论解析结果和计算机仿真清晰地展示了理想阵列流形的混响时空分布规律,验证了本文理论推导结果的正确性。最后采用数值计算方法分析非理想基阵的混响空时耦合关系及空时分布规律,结果表明利用本文的混响空时耦合模型,能获得实际基阵的混响空时分布规律,可为空时处理混响抑制算法与系统设计提供一定的理论支撑。