On a Topological Property of certain Calkin Algebras

Let X = 1^p, 1 p < , or X = c₀, B(X) be the algebra of allbounded linear operators on X, H(X) be the ideal of compactoperators in B(X), and C(X) = B(X)/H(X) be the Calkin algebraon X. For TB(X), let ||T||_c = dist(T, H(X)) be the essentialnorm of T that is the norm of T+H(X) in C(X). It is shown thatfor any operator TB(X) and any number 0 < t < 1, thereexists a closed infinite dimensional subspace Z Z X such that ||Tx|| t||T||_c, for all x Z. As a consequence, it is shown that every (not necessarily complete)submultiplicative norm on the Calkin algebra C(X) is equivalentto the quotient norm || ||_c on C(X).     

Tensor Products and Operators in Spaces of Analytic Functions

Let X be an infinite dimensional Banach space. The paper provesthe non-coincidence of the vector-valued Hardy space H^p(T, X)with neither the projective nor the injective tensor productof H^p(T) and X, for 1 < p < . The same result is provedfor some other subspaces of L^p. A characterization is givenof when every approximable operator from X into a Banach spaceof measurable functions F(S) is representable by a functionF:S X* as x F(·), x. As a consequence the existenceis proved of compact operators from X into H^p(T) (1 p <) which are not representable. An analytic Pettis integrablefunction F:T X is constructed whose Poisson integral does notconverge pointwise.     

On Positive Multipeak Solutions of a Nonlinear Elliptic Problem

In this paper we continue our investigation in [5, 7, 8] onmultipeak solutions to the problem –²u+u=Q(x)|u|^q–2u, xR^N, uH¹(R^N) (1.1) where = ^N_i=1²/x²_i is the Laplace operator in R^N, 2 < q < for N = 1, 2, 2 < q < 2N/(N–2) for N3, and Q(x)is a bounded positive continuous function on R^N satisfying thefollowing conditions. (Q₁) Q has a strict local minimum at some point x₀R^N, that is,for some > 0 Q(x)>Q(x₀) for all 0 < |x–x₀| < . (Q₂) There are constants C, > 0 such that |Q(x)–Q(y)|C|x–y| for all |x–x₀| , |y–y₀| . Our aim here is to show that corresponding to each strict localminimum point x₀ of Q(x) in R^N, and for each positive integerk, (1.1) has a positive solution with k-peaks concentratingnear x₀, provided is sufficiently small, that is, a solutionwith k-maximum points converging to x₀, while vanishing as 0 everywhere else in R^N.     

Orbits in the Maximal Ideal Space of H{infty}

Let H be the Banach algebra of bounded analytic functions inthe open unit disc D. We can define the rotation in the maximalideal space M(H). For a point x in M(H)\D, an orbit O(x) isnot closed in M(H). It is proved that there exists a point xin M(H) such that x is not contained in the Shilov boundaryX and cl O(x), the closure of O(x), contains X, and there existsa point y in M(H)\(D X) such that cl O(y) X. The rotationpresents many problems concerning H. The purpose of this paperis to discuss these problems.     

A Class of Infinite Dimensional Simple Lie Algebras

Let A be an abelian group, F be a field of characteristic 0,and , ß be linearly independent additive maps fromA to F, and let ker()\{0}. Then there is a Lie algebra L = L(A,, ß, ) = _xA Fe_x under the product [e_x, e_y]]=(x–y)e_x+y+(ß) (x, y) e_x+y–. If, further, ß() = 1, and ß(A) = Z, thereis a subalgebra L⁺:=L(A⁺, , ß, ) = _xA⁺ Fe_x, whereA⁺ = {xA|ß(x)0}. The necessary and sufficient conditionsare given for L' = [L, L] and L⁺ to be simple, and all semi-simpleelements in L' and L⁺ are determined. It is shown that L' andL⁺ cannot be isomorphic to any other known Lie algebras andL' is not isomorphic to any L⁺, and all isomorphisms betweentwo L' and all isomorphisms between two L⁺ are explicitly described.     

Irregularities of Point Distribution Relative to Convex Polygons III

Suppose that P is a distribution of N points in the unit squareU=[0, 1]². For every x=(x₁, x₂)U, let B(x)=[0, x₁]x[0, x₂] denotethe aligned rectangle containing all points y=(y₁, y₂)U satisfying0y₁x₁ and 0y₂x₂. Denote by Z[P; B(x)] the number of points ofP that lie in B(x), and consider the discrepancy function D[P; B(x)]=Z[P; B(x)]–Nµ(B(x)), where µ denotes the usual area measure.     

On Ratio Inequalities for Heat Content

Let U be a domain, convex in x and symmetric about the y-axis,which is contained in a centered and oriented rectangle S. Itis proved that H_t(U⁺)/H_t(U)H_t(S⁺)/H_t(S) where H_t stands forheat content, that is, the remaining heat in the domain at timet if it initially has uniform temperature 1, with Dirichletboundary conditions, where A⁺=A{(x,y):x>0}. It is also shownthat the analog of this inequality holds for some other Schrödingeroperators.     

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Exponential Stability and Ultimate Boundedness of Systems Governed by Stochastic Partial Differential Equations

Consider the following infinite dimensional stochastic evolutionequation over some Hilbert space H with norm |·|: It is proved that under certain mild assumptions, the strongsolution X_t(x₀)VHV*, t 0, is mean square exponentially stableif and only if there exists a Lyapunov functional (·,·):HxR₊R¹ which satisfies the following conditions: (i)c₁|x|²–k₁e^–µ₁t(x,t)c₂|x|²+k₂+k₂e^–µ₂t; (ii) L(x,t)–c₃(x,t)+k₃e^–µ₃t, xV, t0; where L is the infinitesimal generator of the Markov processX_t and c_i, k_i, µ_i, i = 1, 2, 3, are positive constants.As a by-product, the characterization of exponential ultimateboundedness of the strong solution is established as the nulldecay rates (that is, µ_i = 0) are considered.     

A Remark on Contraction Semigroups on Banach Spaces

Let X be a complex Banach space and let J:XX^* be a duality sectionon X (that is, x,J(x)=||J(x)||||x||=||J(x)||²)=||x||²). Forany unit vector x and any (C⁰) contraction semigroup T={e^tA:t0}, Goldstein proved that if X is a Hilbert space and |T(t)x,j(x)|1 as t, then x is an eigenvector of A corresponding toa purel imaginary eigenvalue. In this article, we prove thata similar result holds if X is a strictly convex complex Banachspace.     

A Characterization of Finite Soluble Groups by Laws in Two Variables

Define a sequence (s_n) of two-variable words in variables x,y as follows: s₀(x, y) = x, s_n+1(x,y)=[s_n(x, y]^–y, s_n(x,y)for n 0. It is shown that a finite group G is soluble if andonly if s_n is a law of G for all but finitely many values ofn. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 20D10, 20D06.     

Lorentz Spaces Of Vector-Valued Measures

Given a non-atomic, finite and complete measure space (,,µ)and a Banach space X, the modulus of continuity for a vectormeasure F is defined as the function _F(t) = sup_µ(E)t |F|(E)and the space V^p,q(X) of vector measures such that t^–1/p'_F(t) L^q((0,µ()],dt/t) is introduced. It is shown thatV^p,q(X) contains isometrically L^p,q(X) and that L^p,q(X) = V^p,q(X)if and only if X has the Radon–Nikodym property. It isalso proved that V^p,q(X) coincides with the space of cone absolutelysumming operators from L^p',q^' into X and the duality V^p,q(X^*)=(Lp^',q^'(X))^*where 1/p+1/p^'= 1/q+1/q^' = 1. Finally, V^p,q(X) is identifiedwith the interpolation space obtained by the real method (V¹(X),V(X))_1/p^',q. Spaces where the variation of F is replaced bythe semivariation are also considered.     

Hypersurface Singularities with 2-Dimensional Critical Locus

Consider an analytic germ f:(C^m, 0)(C, 0) (m3) whose criticallocus is a 2-dimensional complete intersection with an isolatedsingularity (icis). We prove that the homotopy type of the Milnorfiber of f is a bouquet of spheres, provided that the extendedcodimension of the germ f is finite. This result generalizesthe cases when the dimension of the critical locus is zero [8],respectively one [12]. Notice that if the critical locus isnot an icis, then the Milnor fiber, in general, is not homotopicallyequivalent to a wedge of spheres. For example, the Milnor fiberof the germ f:(C⁴, 0)(C, 0), defined by f(x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄) =x₁x₂x₃x₄ has the homotopy type of S¹xS¹xS¹. On the other hand,the finiteness of the extended codimension seems to be the rightgeneralization of the isolated singularity condition; see forexample [9–12, 17, 18]. In the last few years different types of ‘bouquet theorems’have appeared. Some of them deal with germs f:(X, x)(C, 0) wheref defines an isolated singularity. In some cases, similarlyto the Milnor case [8], F has the homotopy type of a bouquetof (dim X–1)-spheres, for example when X is an icis [2],or X is a complete intersection [5]. Moreover, in [13] Siersmaproved that F has a bouquet decomposition FF₀Sⁿ...Sⁿ (whereF₀ is the complex link of (X, x)), provided that both (X, x)and f have an isolated singularity. Actually, Siersma conjecturedand Tibr proved [16] a more general bouquet theorem for thecase when (X, x) is a stratified space and f defines an isolatedsingularity (in the sense of the stratified spaces). In thiscase F_iF_i, where the F_i are repeated suspensions of complexlinks of strata of X. (If (X, x) has the ‘Milnor property’,then the result has been proved by Lê; for details see[6].) In our situation, the space-germ (X, x) is smooth, but f hasbig singular locus. Surprisingly, for dim Sing f^–1(0)2,the Milnor fiber is again a bouquet (actually, a bouquet ofspheres, maybe of different dimensions). This result is in thespirit of Siersma's paper [12], where dim Sing f^–1(0)= 1. In that case, there is only a rather small topologicalobstruction for the Milnor fiber to be homotopically equivalentto a bouquet of spheres (as explained in Corollary 2.4). Inthe present paper, we attack the dim Sing f^–1(0) = 2 case.In our investigation some results of Zaharia are crucial [17,18].     

Coherent Products in a Finite Group along a Linear Ordering

Let C = (C, ) be a linear ordering, E a subset of {(x, y):x< y in C} whose transitive closure is the linear orderingC, and let :E G be a map from E to a finite group G = (G, •).We showed with M. Pouzet that, when C is countable, there isF E whose transitive closure is still C, and such that (p) = (x_o, x₁)•(x₁, x₂)•....•(x_{n– 1}, x_n) G depends only upon the extremities x₀, x_n ofp, where p = (x_o, x₁...,x_n) (with 1 n < ) is a finite sequencefor which (x_i, x_{i + 1}) F for all i < n. Here, we show thatthis property does not hold if C is the real line, but is stilltrue if C does not embed an ₁-dense linear ordering, or evena 2-dense linear ordering when Martin's Axiom holds (it followsin particular that it is independent of ZFC for linear orderingsof size ). On the other hand, we prove that this property isalways valid if E = {(x,y):x < y in C}, regardless of anyother condition on C.     

Serre's Theorem on the Cohomology Algebra of a p-Group

The purpose of this note is to give a proof of a theorem ofSerre, which states that if G is a p-group which is not elementaryabelian, then there exist an integer m and non-zero elementsx₁, ..., x_m H¹ (G, Z/p) such that with ß the Bockstein homomorphism. Denote by m_G thesmallest integer m satisfying the above property. The theoremwas originally proved by Serre [5], without any bound on m_G.Later, in [2], Kroll showed that m_G p^k – 1, with k =dim_Z/pH¹ (G, Z/p). Serre, in [6], also showed that m_G (p^k –1)/(p – 1). In [3], using the Evens norm map, Okuyamaand Sasaki gave a proof with a slight improvement on Serre'sbound; it follows from their proof (see, for example, [1, Theorem4.7.3]) that m_G (p + 1)p^k–2. However, m_G can be sharpenedfurther, as we see below. For convenience, write H^*(G, Z/p) = H^*(G). For every x_i H¹(G),set 1991 Mathematics SubjectClassification 20J06.     

Isoperimetric Inequalities for Volumes Associated with Decomposable Forms

We give sharp estimates for volumes in Rⁿ defined by decomposableforms. In particular, we show that if F(X₁..., X_n) = (_i1X₁ + ... + _inX_n) is a decomposableform with _ij C, degree d > n, and discriminant D_F 0, andif V_F is the volume of the region {xRⁿ:|F(x)| 1}, then |D_F|^(d–n)!/d!V_F C_n, where C_n is the value of |D_F|^(d–n)!/d! V_F whenF(X₁..., X_n) = X₁... X_n(X₁ +... + X_n); moreover, we show thatthe sequence {C_n} is asymptotic to (2/)e^1–(2n)ⁿ. Theseresults generalize work of the first author on binary formsand will likely find application in the enumeration of solutionsof decomposable form inequalities.     

The Natural Morphisms between Toeplitz Algebras on Discrete Groups

Let G be a discrete group and (G, G₊) be a quasi-ordered group.Set G₊(G₊)^–1 and G₁= (G₊\){e}. Let F^G₁(G) andF^G₊(G) be the corresponding Toeplitz algebras. In the paper,a necessary and sufficient condition for a representation ofF^G₊(G) to be faithful is given. It is proved that when G isabelian, there exists a natural C*-algebra morphism from F^G₁(G)to F^G₊(G). As an application, it is shown that when G = Z² andG₊ = Z₊ x Z, the K-groups K₀(F^G₁(G)) Z², K₁(F^G₁(G)) Z andall Fredholm operators in F^G₁(G) are of index zero.     

The Derivation Problem for Group Algebras of Connected Locally Compact Groups

The derivation problem for a locally compact group G is to decidewhether for each derivation D from L¹(G) into L¹(G) there isa bounded measure µM(G) with D(a) = aµ–µa(a L¹(G)). In this paper we obtain an affirmative answer forthe case of connected groups. To explain the contents of thispaper we give an equivalent formulation of the problem. Supposethat the group G acts as a group of homeomorphisms of the locallycompact space X. Related to this there is an action of G onM(X). A bounded crossed homomorphism from G to M(X) is a map with bounded range and satisfying (gh) = g(h)+(g) (g, h G).The problem for bounded crossed homomorphisms is to decide iffor each such there is an element µ of M(X) with (g)= gµ– µ (g G). The derivation problem isequivalent to this bounded crossed homomorphism problem forthe special case X = G where G acts on X by conjugation (togetherwith some mild continuity hypotheses about the map :GM(X) whichare often automatically satisfied). The bounded crossed homomorphismproblem always has a positive solution if G is amenable anda closely related calculation shows that in solving the boundedcrossed homomorphism problem we need only solve it for functions which are zero on H where H is a given amenable subgroup ofG. It can happen that this condition of being zero on H forces to be zero even when H is a comparatively small subgroup ofG. If h is an element of G such that ‘hⁿx ’ asn for all x X then for any two measures µ and , forlarge values of n, µ and hⁿ have little overlap so ||µ+ hⁿ|| ||µ|| + ||||. Thus if H is the subgroup generatedby h, for any g G .     

The gradient iteration for approximation in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces

Consider the bounded linear operator, L: F Z, where Z R^N andF are Hilbert spaces defined on a common field X. L is madeup of a series of N bounded linear evaluation functionals, L_i:F R. By the Riesz representation theorem, there exist functionsk(x_i, ^·) F : L_if = f, k(x_i, ^·)_F. The functions,k(x_i, ^·), are known as reproducing kernels and F is areproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). This is a natural frameworkfor approximating functions given a discrete set of observations.In this paper the computational aspects of characterizing suchapproximations are described and a gradient method presentedfor iterative solution. Such iterative solutions are desirablewhen N is large and the matrix computations involved in thebasic solution become infeasible. This is also exactly the casewhere the problem becomes ill-conditioned. An iterative approachto Tikhonov regularization is therefore also introduced. Unlikeiterative solutions for the more general Hilbert space setting,the proofs presented make use of the spectral representationof the kernel.     

Peripheral Spectra of Order-Preserving Normal Operators

Let X be a real Banach space. A set K X is called a total coneif it is closed under addition and non-negative scalar multiplication,does not contain both x and –x for any non-zero xX, andis such that K–K:= {x–y:x, yK} is dense in X. Supposethat T is a bounded linear operator on X which leaves a closedtotal cone K invariant. We denote by (T) and r(T) the spectrumand spectral radius of T. Krein and Rutman [5] showed that if T is compact, r(T) >0 and K is normal (that is, inf{||x + y||: x, y K, ||x|| =||y|| = 1} > 0), then r(T) is an eigenvalue of T with aneigenvector in K. This result was later extended by Nussbaum[6] to any bounded operator T such that r_e(T)<r(T), wherer_e(T) denotes the essential spectral radius of T, without thehypothesis of normality. The more general question of whetherr(T) (T) for all bounded operators T was answered in the negativeby Bonsall [1], who as well as giving counterexamples describeda property of K called the bounded decomposition property, whichis sufficient to guarantee that r(T) (T). More recently, Toland [8] showed that if X is a separable Hilbertspace and T is self-adjoint, then r(T) (T), without any extrahypotheses on K. In this paper we extend Toland's results tonormal operators on Hilbert spaces, removing in passing theseparability hypothesis. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification47B65.     

Limits Along Parallel Lines and the Classical Fine Topology

The fine topology on Rⁿ (n2) is the coarsest topology for whichall superharmonic functions on Rⁿ are continuous. We refer toDoob [11, 1.XI] for its basic properties and its relationshipto the notion of thinness. This paper presents several theoremsrelating the fine topology to limits of functions along parallellines. (Results of this nature for the minimal fine topologyhave been given by Doob – see [10, Theorem 3.1] or [11,1.XII.23] – and the second author [15].) In particular,we will establish improvements and generalizations of resultsof Lusin and Privalov [18], Evans [12], Rudin [20], Bagemihland Seidel [6], Schneider [21], Berman [7], and Armitage andNelson [4], and will also solve a problem posed by the latterauthors. An early version of our first result is due to Evans [12, p.234], who proved that, if u is a superharmonic function on R³,then there is a set ER²x{0}, of two-dimensional measure 0, suchthat u(x, y,·) is continuous on R whenever (x, y, 0)E.We denote a typical point of Rⁿ by X=(X' x), where X'R^n–1and xR. Let :RⁿR^n–1x{0} denote the projection map givenby (X', x) = (X', 0). For any function f:Rⁿ[–, +] andpoint X we define the vertical and fine cluster sets of f atX respectively by C_V(f;X)={l[–, +]: there is a sequence (t_m) of numbersin R\{x} such that t_mx and f(X', t_m)l}| and C_F(f;X)={l[–, +]: for each neighbourhood N of l in [–,+], the set f^–1(N) is non-thin at X}. Sets which are open in the fine topology will be called finelyopen, and functions which are continuous with respect to thefine topology will be called finely continuous. Corollary 1(ii)below is an improvement of Evans' result.