Electrical Resistivity, Magnetic Susceptibility, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Electronic Band Structure Studies of Cu2.33−xV4O11

The electronic and physical properties of Cu_2.33V₄O₁₁ were characterized by electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and by tight-binding electronic band structure calculations. Attempts to prepare Cu_2.33−xV₄O₁₁ outside its narrow homogeneity range led to a mixture of Cu_2.33V₄O₁₁, CuVO₃ and β-Cu_xV₂O₅. The magnetic susceptibility data show no evidence for a magnetic/structural transition around 300 K. The XPS spectra of Cu_2.33V₄O₁₁ reveal the presence of mixed valence in both Cu and V. The [Cu⁺]/[Cu²⁺] ratio is estimated to be 1.11 from the Cu 2p_3/2 peak areas, so [V⁴⁺]/[V⁵⁺]=0.56 by the charge balance. Our electronic structure calculations suggest that the oxidation state of the Cu ions is +2 in the channels of CuO₄ tetrahedra, and +1 in the channels of linear CuO₂ and trigonal planar CuO₃ units. This predicts that [Cu⁺]/[Cu²⁺]=1.33 and [V⁴⁺]/[V⁵⁺]=0.50, in good agreement with those deduced from the XPS study.     

Two Novel Oxamidato-bridged Tetranuclear Complexes M[Cu(PMoxd)]3(ClO4)2 (M=Mn, Ni, Cu(PMoxd)=N,N′-bis(pyridyl-methyl)-oxamidatocopper(II)): Syntheses, Spectra, Magnetic and Electrochemical Properties

Two novel oxamidato-bridged Mn[Cu(PMoxd)]₃(ClO₄)₂ (1) Ni[Cu(PMoxd)]₃(ClO₄)₂ (2) tetranuclear complexes were prepared and characterized by i.r., e.p.r., electronic spectra, cyclic voltammograms, and magnetic properties. The magnetic analysis was carried out by means of the theoretical expression of the magnetic susceptibility deduced from the spin Hamiltonian H=−2JS_M(S_Cu1+ S_Cu2 + S_Cu3) (M=Mn, Ni), leading to J=−20.4 cm⁻¹; −121.1 cm⁻¹ for complexes (1) and (2) respectively. Magnetic measurements indicate that the overall magnetic behavior of the tetranuclear species are antiferromagnetic.     

UV/Vis Spectroscopy of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Metal-Ligand Photochemistry

The electronic structure and photochemistry of copper formate clusters, Cu^I₂(HCO₂)₃⁻ and Cu^II_n(HCO₂)_2n+1⁻, n≤8, are investigated in the gas phase by using UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. A clear difference in the spectra of clusters with Cu^I and Cu^II copper ions is observed. For the Cu^I species, transitions between copper d and s/p orbitals are recorded. For stoichiometric Cu^II formate clusters, the spectra are dominated by copper d–d transitions and charge-transfer excitations from formate to the vacant copper d orbital. Calculations reveal the existence of several energetically low-lying isomers, and the energetic position of the electronic transitions depends strongly on the specific isomer. The oxidation state of the copper centers governs the photochemistry. In Cu^II(HCO₂)₃⁻, fast internal conversion into the electronic ground state is observed, leading to statistical dissociation; for charge-transfer excitations, specific excited-state reaction channels are observed in addition, such as formyloxyl radical loss. In Cu^I₂(HCO₂)₃⁻, the system relaxes to a local minimum on an excited-state potential-energy surface and might undergo fluorescence or reach a conical intersection to the ground state; in both cases, this provides substantial energy for statistical decomposition. Alternatively, a Cu^II(HCO₂)₃Cu⁰⁻ biradical structure is formed in the excited state, which gives rise to the photochemical loss of a neutral copper atom.     

On the Controversial Fitting of Susceptibility Curves of Ferromagnetic CuII Cubanes: Insights from Theoretical Calculations

This paper reports a theoretical analysis of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of a tetranuclear Cu^II complex, [Cu₄(HL)₄], which has a 4+2 cubane‐like structure (H₃L=N,N′‐(2‐hydroxypropane‐1,3‐diyl)bis(acetylacetoneimine)). These theoretical calculations indicate a quintet (S=2) ground state; the energy‐level distribution of the magnetic states confirm Heisenberg behaviour and correspond to an S₄ spin–spin interaction model. The dominant interaction is the ferromagnetic coupling between the pseudo‐dimeric units (J₁=22.2 cm^?1), whilst a weak and ferromagnetic interaction is found within the pseudo‐dimeric units (J₂=1.4 cm^?1). The amplitude and sign of these interactions are consistent with the structure and arrangement of the magnetic Cu 3d orbitals; they accurately simulate the thermal dependence of magnetic susceptibility, but do not agree with the reported J values (J₁=38.4 cm^?1, J₂=?18.0 cm^?1) that result from the experimental fitting. This result is not an isolated case; many other polynuclear systems, in particular 4+2 Cu^II cubanes, have been reported in which the fitted magnetic terms are not consistent with the geometrical features of the system. In this context, theoretical evaluation can be considered as a valuable tool in the interpretation of the macroscopic behaviour, thus providing clues for a rational and directed design of new materials with specific properties.     

Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure of Neptunyl(VI) Complexes: Wavefunctions,Orbitals, and Crystal‐Field Models

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of neptunyl(VI), NpO₂²⁺, and two neptunyl complexes, [NpO₂(NO₃)₃]^? and [NpO₂Cl₄]^2?, were studied with a combination of theoretical methods: ab initio relativistic wavefunction methods and density functional theory (DFT), as well as crystal‐field (CF) models with parameters extracted from the ab initio calculations. Natural orbitals for electron density and spin magnetization from wavefunctions including spin–orbit coupling were employed to analyze the connection between the electronic structure and magnetic properties, and to link the results from CF models to the ab initio data. Free complex ions and systems embedded in a crystal environment were studied. Of prime interest were the electron paramagnetic resonance g‐factors and their relation to the complex geometry, ligand coordination, and nature of the nonbonding 5f orbitals. The g‐factors were calculated for the ground and excited states. For [NpO₂Cl₄]^2?, a strong influence of the environment of the complex on its magnetic behavior was demonstrated. Kohn–Sham DFT with standard functionals can produce reasonable g‐factors as long as the calculation converges to a solution resembling the electronic state of interest. However, this is not always straightforward.     

Synthesis,crystal structure and properties of a novel copper(II) complex with tripod ligand tris(1H-benzimidazol- 2-ylmethyl)amine

A five-coordinate copper complex with the tripod ligand tris(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (ntb), of composition [Cu(ntb)(H₂O)] (C1O₄)₂?·?C₅H₄N₂O₃?·?H₂O (C₅H₄N₂O₃?=?4-nitropyridine-N-oxide), was synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analyses, electrical conductivities, thermal analyses, IR, and U.V. The crystal structure of the copper complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and shows that the Cu^II is bonded to a tris(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (ntb) ligand and a water molecule through four N atoms and one O atom, giving a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry with approximate C ₃ molecular symmetry. Cyclic voltammograms of the copper complex indicate a quasi-reversible Cu⁺²/Cu⁺ couple. Electron spin resonance data confirm a trigonal-bipyramidal structure and with g ₂?<?g _ζ and a very small value of A ₂ (20?×?10^?4?cm^?1).     

Low-temperature activation of nitrogen oxide on Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts

The adsorption and activation of NO molecules on Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts with different Cu/Al and Si/Al ratios (from 0.05 to 1.4 and from 17 to 45, respectively) subjected to different pretreatment was studied by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-Vis DR). It was found that the amount of chemisorbed NO and the catalyst activity in NO decomposition increased with an increase in the Cu/Al ratio to 0.35–0.40. The intensity of absorption bands at 18400 and 25600 cm⁻¹ in the UV-Vis DR spectra increased symbatically. It was hypothesized that the adsorption of NO occurs at Cu⁺ ions localized in chain copper oxide structures with the formation of mono- and dinitrosyl Cu(I) complexes, and this process is accompanied by the Cu²⁺...Cu⁺ intervalence transfer band in the region of 18400 cm⁻¹. The low-temperature activation of NO occurs through the conversion of the dinitrosyl Cu(I) complex into the π-radical anion (N₂O₂)⁻ stabilized at the Cu²⁺ ion of the chain structure, [Cu²⁺-cis-(N₂O₂)⁻], by electron transfer from the Cu⁺ ion to the cis dimer (NO)₂. This complex corresponds to the L → M charge transfer band in the region of 25600 cm⁻¹. The subsequent destruction of the complex [Cu²⁺-cis-(N₂O₂)⁻] at temperatures of 150–300°C leads to the release of N₂O and the formation of the complex [Cu²⁺O⁻], which further participates in the formation of the nitrite-nitrate complexes [Cu²⁺(NO₂)⁻], [Cu²⁺(NO)(NO₂)⁻], and [Cu²⁺(NO₃)⁻] and NO decomposition products.     

Interplay of Electronic and Steric Effects to Yield Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation at Metal Single Sites in Defect‐Engineered HKUST‐1

In contrast to catalytically active metal single atoms deposited on oxide nanoparticles, the crystalline nature of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) allows for a thorough characterization of reaction mechanisms. Using defect‐free HKUST‐1 MOF thin films, we demonstrate that Cu⁺/Cu²⁺ dimer defects, created in a controlled fashion by reducing the pristine Cu²⁺/Cu²⁺ pairs of the intact framework, account for the high catalytic activity in low‐temperature CO oxidation. Combining advanced IR spectroscopy and density functional theory we propose a new reaction mechanism where the key intermediate is an uncharged O₂ species, weakly bound to Cu⁺/Cu²⁺. Our results reveal a complex interplay between electronic and steric effects at defect sites in MOFs and provide important guidelines for tailoring and exploiting the catalytic activity of single metal atom sites.     

Crystal structure, magnetic properties and conductivity of CuSbTeO3Cl2

CuSbTeO₃Cl₂ has been isolated during an investigation of the system Cu₂O:TeCl₄:Sb₂O₃:TeO₂. The new compound is light yellow and crystallises in the monoclinic system, space group C2/m, a=20.333(5) Å, b=4.0667(9) Å, c=10.778(2) Å, Z=6. The structure is layered and is built up from corner and edge sharing [(Sb,Te)O₄E] trigonal bipyramids that have the lone pair (E) directed towards one of the equatorial positions, those groups build up [(Sb,Te)₂O₃E₂⁺]_n layers. The copper and the chlorine atoms are located in between those layers. There are two different Cu positions. The [Cu1Cl₄] group is a slightly distorted tetrahedron and these tetrahedra make up chains by corner sharing. The electron density for the half occupied Cu2 atom is spread out in the structure like a worm that run along the b-axis in the space in between two chains of [Cu1Cl₄] tetrahedrons. Analysis of the diamagnetic response in magnetic susceptibility measurements is in perfect agreement with a Cu⁺ valence. Conductivity measurements in the temperature range 355–590 K gives an activation energy of 0.55 eV. The delocalised Cu2 position in the structure suggests that the compound is a Cu⁺ ionic conductor along the b-axis.     

Mechanism of catalytic ascorbic acid oxidation system Cu2+–ascorbic acid–O2

Analysis is made of reported results on the kinetics and mechanism of ascorbic acid oxidation with oxygen in the presence of cupric ions. The diversities due to methodological reasons are cleared up. A kinetic study of the mechanism of Cu²⁺ anaerobic reaction with ascorbic acid (DH₂) is carried out. The true kinetic regularities of catalytic ascorbic acid oxidation with oxygen are established at 2.7 ≤ pH < 4, 5 × 10^?4 ≤ [DH₂] ≤ 10^?2M, 10^?4 ≤ [Cu²⁺] ≤ 10^?3M, and 10^?4 ≤ [O₂] ≤ 10^?3M: where??₁ (25°C) = 0.13 ± 0.01 M^?0.5˙sec^?1. The activation energy for this reaction is E₁ = 22 ± 1 kcal/mol. It is found by means of adding Cu⁺ acceptors (acetonitrile and allyl alcohol) that the catalytic process is of a chain nature. The Cu⁺ ion generation at the interaction of the Cu²⁺ ion with ascorbic acid is the initiation step. The rate of the chain initiation at [Cu²⁺] ± 10^?4M, [DH₂] ± 10^?2M, 2.5 < pH < 4, is where??_i,1 (25°C) = (1.8 ± 0.3)M^?1˙sec^?1, E_i,1 = 31 ± 2 kcal/mol. The reaction of the Cu⁺ ion with O₂ is involved in a chain propagation, so that the rate of catalytic ascorbic acid oxidation for the system Cu²⁺? DH₂? O₂ is where??₁ (25°C) = (5 ± 0.5) × 10⁴ M^?1˙sec^?1. The Cu⁺ ion and a species interacting with ascorbate are involved to quadratic chain termination. By means of photochemical and flow electron spin resonance methods we obtained data characteristic of the reactivities of ascorbic acid radicals and ruled out their importance for the catalytic chain process. A new type of chain mechanism of catalytic ascorbic acid oxidation with oxygen is proposed: .     

Zur Kinetik des durch Cu2+-Äthylendiamin katalysierten H2O2-Zerfalls: Metallionen und H2O2, 14. Mitteilung

Kinetic studies of the Cu²⁺-ethylenediamine catalysed decomposition of H₂O₂ show the initial rate v₀ of H₂O₂ decomposition to be proportional to [H+]^?1, [H₂O₂], and [Cu²⁺-en]². Maximal velocity is found at a ratio of [Cu²⁺]_tot:[en]_tot = 1:1,5. It is suggested that the active complex has a binuclear structure. This structure and probable mechanisms of the reaction are discussed. The kinetic measurements of the Cu²⁺-diethylenetriamine-H₂O₂ system are difficult to interprete because of degradation of the ligand by H₂O₂.     

Role of metal co-cations in improving CuY zeolite performance for DMC synthesis: A theoretical study

First principle calculations based on density functional theory are conducted to investigate the influence of metal cations including Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, La (OH)²⁺ and Ce (OH)²⁺ in the small cage of zeolite on the electronic environment of adjacent active center, Cu⁺ in CuY zeolite as well as the process of CO insertion into CH₃O to form CH₃OCO for oxidative carbonylation of methanol. The study explains the theoretical reasons for the effects of metal cations on the catalytic activity of zeolites. It was found that, the presence of co-cations in the small cage can affect the electronic properties and also the catalytic activity in two ways. Firstly, the presence of co-cations, viz., Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺ and La species in small cage hinders the migration of active Cu⁺ cations from the super cage to small cage. Secondly, the co-cations greatly affect the charge transfer from zeolite framework to Cu⁺ present in the adjacent super cage, leading to the increase of the net charge and binding energy of Cu⁺. The findings can improve the CO adsorption and insertion efficiencies, and the stability of transition states, which results in the enhanced catalytic activity of corresponding zeolites.     

Chains of (4,4′‐bipyridyl)copper(I) bridged by dimolybdate units

The crystal structure of the title compound, poly­[bis‐[copper(I)‐μ‐(4,4′‐bipyridyl)‐N:N′]‐μ‐dimolybdato‐O:O′],[Cu₂(C₁₀H₈N₂)₂{Mo₂O₇}]_n, consists of {Mo₂O₇}^2? units (with the central O atom lying on twofold symmetry axes) and [Cu(4,4′‐bipy)]_nⁿ⁺ chains (bipy = bipyridyl); the chains are generated by a c‐glide‐plane operation. The {Mo₂O₇}^2? units are covalently bridged to two [Cu(4,4′‐bipy)]_nⁿ⁺ chains, forming a complex with a bridged double‐chain structure. The Cu—O and Cu—N distances are 2.191 (3) and 1.933 (3) Å, respectively.     

Copper Versus Thioether‐Centered Oxidation: Mechanistic Insights into the Non‐Innocent Redox Behavior of Tripodal Benzimidazolylaminothioether Ligands

A series of Cu⁺ complexes with ligands that feature varying numbers of benzimidazole/thioether donors and methylene or ethylene linkers between the central nitrogen atom and the thioether sulfur atoms have been spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. Cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated that the highest Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ redox potentials correspond to sulfur‐rich coordination environments, with values decreasing as the thioether donors are replaced by nitrogen‐donating benzimidazoles. Both Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ complexes were studied by DFT. Their electronic properties were determined by analyzing their frontier orbitals, relative energies, and the contributions to the orbitals involved in redox processes, which revealed that the HOMOs of the more sulfur‐rich copper complexes, particularly those with methylene linkers (? N? CH₂? S? ), show significant aromatic thioether character. Thus, the theoretically predicted initial oxidation at the sulfur atom of the methylene‐bridged ligands agrees with the experimentally determined oxidation waves in the voltammograms of the NS₃‐ and N₂S₂‐type ligands as being ligand‐based, as opposed to the copper‐based processes of the ethylene‐bridged Cu⁺ complexes. The electrochemical and theoretical results are consistent with our previously reported mechanistic proposal for Cu²⁺‐promoted oxidative C? S bond cleavage, which in this work resulted in the isolation and complete characterization (including by X‐ray crystallography) of the decomposition products of two ligands employed, further supporting the novel reactivity pathway invoked. The combined results raise the possibility that the reactions of copper–thioether complexes in chemical and biochemical systems occur with redox participation of the sulfur atom.     

Tl2CuAsO4 – ein Zwischenprodukt bei der Oxidation von Tl/Cu/As-Legierungen im Sauerstoffstrom

Tl₂CuAsO₄ – an Intermediate Phase in the Oxidation of Tl/Cu/As Alloys with Oxygen Waxy, honey-jellow single crystals of the new compound Tl₂CuAsO₄ (monoclinic, P2₁/c, a = 860.1(1) pm, b = 533.94(7) pm, c = 1200.1(2) pm, β = 98.10(1)°, Z = 4) were prepared as an intermediate product of the oxidation process in the reaction of Tl/Cu/As-alloys with oxygen. Their structure was determined from IPDS data (w2R = 0.071 for 1271 F² values and 74 parameters). The structure contains an isolated [Cu₂As₂O₈]^4– group consisting of two AsO₄-tetrahedra connected by two Cu⁺ ions with an approximately linear O–Cu–O coordination. The [Cu₂As₂O₈]^4– groups are linked to a threedimensional framework by thallium(I) ions which show an hemispheric coordination sphere of oxygen ions indicating the stereochemical activity of the Tl⁺ lone pair.     

SC-MEH-MO calculations on high Tc superconductors. 1: The YBa2Cu8O cluster in YBa2Cu3O7

SC-MEH-MO calculations have been carried out on select clusters of the YBa₂Cu₃O₇ lattice structure. The results of an earlier computation on small CuO clusters are presented for comparison with the finding obtained on a YBa₂Cu₈O₂₆⁺ extended cluster. In the latter, the antiferromagnetic coupling of singularly occupied Cu and O levels is analyzed.     

Magnetochemical Complexity of Hexa‐ and Heptanuclear Wheel Complexes of Late‐3d Ions Supported by N,O‐Donor Pyridyl–Methanolate Ligands

The scaffold geometries, stability and magnetic features of the (pyridine‐2‐yl)methanolate (L) supported wheel‐shaped transition‐metal complexes with compositions [M₆L₁₂] ( 1 ), [Na?(ML₂)₆]⁺ ( 2 ), and [M′?(ML₂)₆]²⁺ ( 3 ), in which M=Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II, and Zn^II were investigated with density functional theory (DFT). The goals of this study are manifold: 1) To advance understanding of the magnetism in the synthesized compounds [Na?(ML₂)₆]⁺ and [M′?(ML₂)₆]²⁺ that were described in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.­ 2010 , 49, 4443 ( I ‐{Na?Ni₆}, I ‐{Ni′?Ni₆}) and Dalton Trans.­ 2011 , 40, 10526 ( II ‐{Na?Co₆}, II ‐{Co′?Co₆}); 2) To disclose how the structural, electronic, and magnetic characteristics of 1 , 2 , and 3 change upon varying M^II from d⁷ (Co²⁺) to d¹⁰ (Zn²⁺); 3) To estimate the influence of the Na⁺ and M′²⁺ ions (X^Q+) occupying the central voids of 2 and 3 on the external and internal magnetic coupling interactions in these spin structures; 4) To assess the relative structural and electrochemical stabilities of 1 , 2 , and 3 . In particular, we focus here on the net spin polarization, the determination of the strength and the sign of the exchange coupling energies, the rationalization of the nature of the magnetic coupling, and the ground‐state structures of 1 , 2 , and 3 . Our study combines the broken symmetry DFT approach and the model Hamiltonian methodology implemented in the computational framework CONDON 2.0 for the modeling of molecular spin structures, to interpret magnetic susceptibility measurements of I ‐{Na?Ni₆} and I ‐{Ni′?Ni₆}. We illustrate that whereas the structures, stability and magnetism of 1 , 2 , and 3 are indeed influenced by the nature of 3d transition‐metals in the {M₆} rims, the X^Q+ ions in the inner cavities of 2 and 3 impact these properties to an even larger degree. As exemplified by I ‐{Ni′?Ni₆}, such heptanuclear complexes exhibit ground‐state multiplets that cannot be described by simplistic model of spin‐up and spin‐down metal centers. Furthermore, we assess how future low‐temperature susceptibility measurements at high magnetic fields can augment the investigation of compound 3 with M=Co, Ni.     

Copper scandium zirconium phosphate: occupancy of the M1 and M2 sites in the temperature range 100–300 K

The title compound, with nominal formula Cu₂ScZr(PO₄)₃, has a beige coloration and displays fast Cu⁺ cation conduction at elevated temperatures. It adopts a NASICON‐type structure in the space group Rc. The examined crystal was an obverse–reverse twin with approximately equal twin components. The [Sc^IIIZr^IV(PO₄)₃]²⁻ framework is composed of corner‐sharing Sc/ZrO₆ octahedra and PO₄ tetrahedra. The Sc and Zr atoms are disordered on one atomic site on a crystallographic threefold axis. The P atom of the phosphate group lies on a crystallographic twofold axis. Nonframework Cu⁺ cations occupy three positions. Two of the Cu⁺ positions generate an approximately circular distribution around a site of symmetry, referred to as the M1 site in the NASICON‐type structure. The other Cu⁺ position is situated close to the twofold symmetric M2 site, displaced into a position with a distorted square‐based pyramidal coordination geometry. The structure has been determined at 100, 200 and 300 K. Changes in the refined site‐occupancy factors of the Cu⁺ positions suggest increased mobility of Cu⁺ around the circular orbit close to the M1 site at room temperature, but no movement into or out of the M2 site. Free refinement of the Cu site‐occupancy factors suggests that the formula of the crystal is Cu_1.92(1)ScZr(PO₄)₃, which is consistent with the low‐level presence of Cu²⁺ exclusively in the M2 site.     

The structure of a potassium-copper complex with six-membered macrocyclic ethylsiloxanolate ligands

The structure of K₂{[EtSiO₂]₆K₂Cu₄[O₂SiEt]₆} · 4n-BuOH, a novel mixed sandwich-like complex of K⁺ and Cu²⁺ with two 6-membered macrocyclic ethylsiloxanolate ligands, was established by means of X-ray study. The ligands have an all-cis configuration and a crown conformation. Four Cu²⁺ and two K⁺ ions form a planar hexagon sandwiched between antiparallel coaxial macrocyclic ligands. The K⁺ ions occupy two opposite apices of the hexagon. The Cu²⁺ ions have square-planar coordination with four siloxanolate O_M atoms, while the K⁺ ions, are coordinated with two O atoms of the solvating butanol molecules, in addition to four O_M atoms. The electric neutrality of the whole complex is due to the two outer-sphere K⁺ counter-ions, each located over one of the two siloxanolate macrocycles, i.e., over the «decks» of the sandwich and coordinated with endocyclic siloxane O_Si atoms, as in crown-ether complexes.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 752–756, April, 1993.