PP固相接枝改性研究进展

聚丙烯(PP)是一种具有优异性能且价格低廉的通用高分子材料,但由于聚丙烯为非极性聚合物,其染色性、亲水性、粘结性等均较差,且与其它材料的相容性也很差,这些缺点限制了聚丙烯的应用。通过固相接枝法改性聚丙烯,不仅可以在保持聚丙烯原有优异性能的情况下引入极性官能团,而且具有低温、低压、低成本、较高的接枝率和无需溶剂回收等优点。本文简要介绍了PP固相接枝反应机理,从接枝单体角度综述了近几年PP固相接枝改性的研究进展,并讨论了反应工艺对接枝产物的接枝率、接枝效率和性能的影响。     

壳聚糖接枝共聚改性最新研究进展

壳聚糖是一种天然高分子,也是迄今为止唯一发现的阳离子碱性多糖。壳聚糖分子链中富含羟基和氨基等反应性官能团,具有生物相容性、生物可降解性、抗菌性、无细胞毒性等优良性能,在生化、医药、环保、农业等领域有广泛的应用前景。然而,由于其大分子具有较好的立构规整性和较强的氢键作用,除稀盐酸、稀醋酸外,壳聚糖不溶于水和其它有机溶剂,因而限制了它的应用范围。为了扩大其应用领域,常通过接枝共聚反应来改善壳聚糖的性能。本文介绍了壳聚糖接枝共聚改性的最新研究进展,包括自由基引发接枝法、偶联接枝法以及催化接枝法。     

基于“透过表面接枝”方式制备低分散性和高接枝密度聚合物刷的研究

"透过表面接枝"(grafting-through)是一种聚合物表面改性的新方法,可以显著改善传统grafting-from和grafting-to方法接枝工艺的缺陷,获得兼具高接枝密度和低分散性的聚合物刷产物.本文采用布朗动力学模拟方法,模拟研究了grafting-through方法接枝聚合物刷过程中的主控因素,从微观动力学角度阐明其特有的链增长趋同化效应是保持产物聚合物刷较低分散性的主因.引发效率在grafting-through中可显著提高,且产物聚合物刷的分子量呈现泊松分布.此外,反应中保持高的单体通量,可以同时实现产物聚合物较长的平均链长和较低的分散性,有利于制备性能优异的改性材料.该研究对深入理解grafting-through接枝过程的动力学主控因素,促进grafting-through技术的推广和工艺的改进具有一定的理论指导意义.     

球形聚丙烯粒子固相接枝苯乙烯的研究

用负载型高效球形催化剂催化丙烯本体聚合获得了孔隙率较高的球形聚丙烯 (PP)粒子 .研究了苯乙烯在这种球形多孔PP粒子中的接枝聚合反应 ,考察了各种聚合条件对接枝率及接枝效率的影响 ,并用FTIR、DSC、GPC、粘度测定及偏光显微镜 (PLM)等方法表征了接枝聚合产物的结构和形态 .研究表明 ,球形PP粒子固相接枝苯乙烯不仅可达较高接枝率 (最高达 2 4 % )和接枝效率 (最高达 5 6 7% ) ,PS相区尺寸小、分布均匀 ,而且产物为形态规则的球形颗粒 ,有利于防止聚合物结块和粘壁 .但PP接枝PS后分子量有所下降 ,表明PP接枝PS的同时伴随着轻微的降解     

细乳液聚合制备接枝纳米粒子及其在聚合物基体中的空间分布调控

采用细乳液聚合制备了不同接枝链长度和密度的聚苯乙烯接枝二氧化硅纳米复合粒子(Si O2-PS).利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、示差扫描量热(DSC)、热失重(TGA)与凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)考察了Si O2-PS粒子接枝结构特征.采用TEM研究了接枝链聚合度(N)和接枝密度(σ)对Si O2-PS填充PS体系纳米粒子空间分布的影响规律.结果显示,N基本不变,σ越高,纳米粒子越易均匀分散;而接枝链过长易使长链相互缠结,起到反浸润作用,粒子聚集,不利于均匀分散.纳米粒子热力学稳定分散状态仅与N、σ有关,与粒径无关.通过调控N和σ可得到特定的纳米粒子分散形貌.对比考察了Si O2-PS填充聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)体系结果,揭示了接枝链与基体分子链相容性对纳米粒子空间分布的贡献.     

悬浮法合成聚丙烯接枝丙烯酸

用过氧化二苯甲酰作引发剂以水相悬浮法合成聚丙烯接枝丙烯酸。通过反应条件、组分等因素对PP的接枝率和接枝效率的影响研究,确定较佳配比工艺条件：溶用莳8-0min;反应温度90℃;反应时间90min;在氮气气氛中,丙烯酸7％;过氧化二苯甲酰3．3％;二甲苯25％;水和聚丙烯的重量比为3：1;若加入适量催化剂（1－1．7％0异氰尿酸三烯丙酯能显著提高接枝率。用此PP－g-AA作CaCO3、PP/PA6和合物的相容剂,材料的力学性能有很大的提高。     

接枝共聚的接枝参数表述方法的探讨

介绍了接枝共聚物接枝参数，如单体转化率、接枝率、接枝效率、均聚物含量及接枝频率，概述了对这些参数在进行表述淀粉接枝共聚时出现的种各种表达形式。在此基础上，指出了这些其在表达上出现的混乱现象。     

GMA熔融接枝EPDM的研究

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（ＧＭＡ）为接枝单体，过氧化二异丙苯（ＤＣＰ）为引发剂，对三元乙丙胶（ＥＰＤＭ）进行了熔融接枝，在烃链上引入极性基团，以改善ＥＰＤＭ与极性聚合物的相容性。用差示扫描量热计（ＤＳＣ）研究了ＧＭＡ的聚合温度，用富里叶红外（ＦＴ－ＩＲ）、凝胶渗透色谱（ＧＰＣ）对接枝产物进行了表征。实验结果表明，产物的接枝率和凝胶量可以通过反应条件（温度、时间、反应物组成及加料方式）来控制。     

交联PBA／SAN核—壳乳液接枝共聚研究

ABS是一种性能优异的树脂,但由于橡胶相含有双键而耐候耐热性差,本文试图以交联的聚丙烯酸丁酯为核,合成PBA/SAN核-壳乳液接枝共聚物。考察了核-壳乳液接枝共聚物的定量组成和微观结构。结果表明:接枝物组成近似于其乳液恒比组成;接枝率、接枝效率、分子量和接枝层,壳层厚度随聚合过程参数的改变而呈规律性变化,损耗正切峰表明在种子聚合物相中存在SAN聚合物的微相区。     

低分子量聚乙烯双单体非均相共接枝

在非均相体系中采用甲苯－水共沸条件下由自由基引发剂引发，低分子量的聚乙烯与丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯进行双单体共接枝反应，从而对非极性聚乙烯进行化学改性，探索一条新型聚乙烯接枝改性的途径，考察了反应温度、时间、物料比、引发剂用量等诸多因素对接枝效果的影响。     

Radiation grafting kinetics of HEMADGDA onto silastic in different atmospheres

The radiation grafting kinetics of HEMA, as well as that of the mixture monomers of HEMA and DGDA have been researched. The effects of radiation dose, dose rate, and temperature on grafting are systematically researched in different atmospheres. It has been found that grafting is different in different atmospheres. The findings show that the depth distribution of HEMA/ DGDA monomer units in grafting layer is nonuniform. At first, HEMA grafting is superior, in the later stage of grafting, however, DGDA grafting is increased. The temperature effect on grafting is great at the beginning, it is less in the later stage of grafting.     

Radiation grafting of NIPAAm and acryloxysuccinimide onto PP films and sequent crosslinking with polylysine

N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) were grafted from their binary mixtures in tetrahydrofurane (THF) and toluene solutions onto polypropylene (PP) films by the pre-irradiation oxidative method in air. Effects of pre-irradiation dose, dose rate, and monomer concentrations (NAS/NIPAAm) were studied. The grafted copolymers exhibited the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at around 31 °C. Based on its thermo-reversible behavior, this system has been used for immunoassay, drug delivery, separation processes and immobilization of enzymes. N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) has been used as an active ester to bind proteins through amide bond formation with lysine, and because of this property, the grafted copolymer has been crosslinked with polylysine. Techniques used to characterize the films included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared (FTIR-ATR) and elemental analysis. Results on thermo-sensitivity are presented. This new system could find applications in vesicle immobilizations.     

Graft polymerization of arcylamide onto LLDPE film by electron beam pre-irradiation in air or argon. I. Influence of dose,grafting temperature,and monomer concentration

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film was irradiated by electron beam in air or argon prior to grafting in aqueous solutions of acrylamide containing 0.05% of Mohr's salt. The grafting kinetics was studied with pre-irradiation doses in the range of 2.5–25 Mrad and in the temperature range of 40–70°C. Grafting rates and final degrees of grafting were higher for LLDPE pre-irradiated in air than for LLDPE pre-irradiated in argon. The overall activation energies for the grafting reaction were dose-dependent. Above 5 Mrad, the overall activation energies were higher for LLDPE pre-irradiated in argon which is interpreted as being due to crosslinking of the LLDPE. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Covalent modification of graphitic carbon substrates by non-electrochemical methods

New methods for modifying graphitic carbon surfaces without electrochemical assistance, and without the deliberate formation of carbon surface oxygen functionalities, have emerged in the past decade. The approaches rely on spontaneous reactions of aryldiazonium salts, primary amines, ammonia and iodine azide at room temperature, chemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts, reactions of alkenes and alkynes at elevated temperatures and photochemical reactions of alkenes, alkynes, azides and diazirines. This review describes the methodology and scope of these reactions at graphitic carbon materials (excluding carbon nanotubes) and examines mechanistic possibilities and future prospects.     

交联聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯与丙烯腈的辐照接枝

聚苯乙烯系列的树脂颗粒有很强的耐辐照性,采用预辐照法所需剂量很大。苯环有共轭π结构,它的π电子是非定域的,辐射时苯基吸收的能量虽然足以使键断裂,但由于能量很快在整个分子重新分布,把能量集中于某一键使其断裂几率是很低的,所以采用预辐照接枝法所需的吸收剂量很大,相关     

Radical grafting from glass fiber surface: Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by azo groups introduced onto the surface

This paper describes the radical graft polymerization of vinyl monomers from glass fiber surface initiated by alkylazo groups introduced onto the fiber surface. The introduction of azo groups onto the glass fiber surface was achieved by reaction of isocyanate groups which were previously attached onto the surface with two kinds of azo initiators, 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACPA) and 2,2′-azobis(2-cyanopropanol) (ACP). The amounts of surface azo groups introduced by ACPA and ACP were both determined to be 1.3 × 10⁻⁵ mol g⁻¹ by nitrogen analysis. The radical graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was found to be initiated in the presence of the glass fiber having surface azo groups. During the polymerization, part of resultant poly(MMA) grafted onto the fiber surface through propagation of the polymer from the surface radicals produced by the decomposition of the azo groups. The percentage of grafting of poly(MMA) reached 48.1% after 24 h. The graft polymerizations of other monomers, such as styrene, N-vinylcarbazole, and acrylic acid, were also initiated by the surface azo groups, and the corresponding polymer effectively grafted onto the surface. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2121–2128, 1999     

“Grafting through” polymerization involving surface-bound monomers

“Grafting through” polymerization represents copolymerization of free monomers in solution and polymerizable units bound to a substrate. Free polymer chains are formed initially in solution and can incorporate the surface-bound monomers, and thereby, get covalently bonded to the surface during the polymerization process. As more growing chains attach to the surface-bound monomers, an immobilized polymer layer is formed on the surface. We use a combination of computer simulation and experiments to comprehend this process for monomers bound to a flat impenetrable substrate. We concentrate specifically on addressing the effect of spatial density of the surface-bound monomers on the formation of the surface-attached polymers. We employ a lattice-based Monte Carlo model utilizing the bond fluctuation model scheme to provide molecular-level insight into the grafting process. For experimental validation, we create gradients of density of bound methacrylate units on flat silicon wafers using organosilane chemistry and carry out “grafting through” free radical polymerization initiated in bulk. We report that the proximity of the surface-bound polymerizable units promotes the “grafting through” process but prevents more free growing chains to “graft through'' the polymerizable units. The “grafting through” process is self-limiting in nature and does not affect the overall density of the surface-bound polymer layer, except in case of the highest theoretical packing density of surface-bound monomers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 263–274     

Cu(II) immobilization in AAc/NIPAAm-based polymer systems synthesized using ionizing radiation

Polymer systems based on the pH-responsive monomer acrylic acid (AAc) and the thermosensitive monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were synthesized using gamma radiation. Three systems were synthesized: a comb-type hydrogel structure (grafting of NIPAAm onto crosslinked PAAc), a binary graft of both monomers onto a polypropylene (PP) film synthesized by a one-step method and a binary graft prepared by a two-step method. The binary graft systems were characterized by swelling behavior and the reversibility of water uptake. The three systems were compared with respect to their Cu(II) adsorption quantity, reversibility and time response. The binary graft system synthesized in one step exhibited the best adsorption response. The comb-type hydrogel required 150 h to reach its maximum swelling percentage, and the binary graft systems on polypropylene (PP) prepared by the one- and two-step irradiation-based methods required 10 and 30 min, respectively. The optimum pH range for Cu(II) immobilization was 5-6 in the binary graft system synthesized in one step. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu(II) in the (PP-g-(AAc/NIPAAm)) (45% graft) was found to be 337 mg g⁻¹, and the adsorption followed the Freundlich model.     

Polyacrylamide Grafted Carboxymethyl Tamarind (CMT-g-PAM): Development and Application of a Novel Polymeric Flocculant

Water is scarce commodity now. Recycling of municipal wastewater, industrial and mineral processing effluents require treatment with the inorganic or organic flocculants. Both synthetic and natural polymers are used as flocculants. Natural polymers are biodegradable and are effective at very large dosages but are very shear stable. The synthetic polymers are highly effective flocculants at very small dosages and have high tailorability, but have poor shear stability. In the authors' laboratory, a novel polymeric flocculant has been developed by grafting polyacrylamide onto the backbone of carboxymethyl tamarind (CMT-g-PAM). Various grades were developed to optimize the best flocculant. The grafted polymers were characterized by various characterization techniques such as intrinsic viscosity measurement, FTIR spectroscopy, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis etc. The flocculation studies were carried out using turbidity test as well as settling test. The optimized CMT-g-PAM was then compared with some of the commercial flocculants available in national and international markets in colloidal suspensions and it has been found that our synthesized flocculant surpasses most of the commercial flocculants in performance.