45#钢表面复合润滑结构的制备及其摩擦性能研究

采用激光微加工技术在45#钢表面制备了微坑型织构,将激光表面织构化与MoS2固体润滑剂相结合在45#钢表面制备了复合润滑结构.研究了其在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,考察了织构面密度及织构化微坑大小对其摩擦性能的影响.通过扫描电镜与能量色散谱仪对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与未织构面相比,织构面具有低而稳定的摩擦系数和高的耐磨寿命;对同一孔径织构面,随着织构密度的增加其表面摩擦系数随之减小,较适宜的织构密度为20%～35%;对同一织构面密度,当织构面密度小于20%时,较小孔径织构面的摩擦系数更低;织构面密度增至35%后,织构面摩擦系数则随孔径增大而减小;由于织构面复合润滑结构中的微坑有效地储存了润滑剂从而在摩擦过程中维持表面润滑薄膜的形成.     

有限长滑动轴承非线性油膜力的近似解法

本文中提出了一种求解有限长径向滑动轴承非线性油膜力的近似解析方法.在滑动轴承-转子系统非线性动力行为分析中,油膜力计算模型通常采用"π"油膜假设,但是,实际工况中油膜的存在区域并非是"π"区域,运行时油膜中出现气穴,破裂成条纹状(即具有Reynolds边界条件).本文中的近似解析方法采用Reynolds边界条件,基于变分原理,运用分离变量法求解油膜的压力分布,其中油膜压力的周向分离函数通过无限长轴承的油膜压力分布获得,油膜的破裂终止位置角通过连续条件确定,轴向分离函数运用变分原理并结合周向函数求得.计算结果表明:本文中提出的方法和有限元方法的结果吻合得很好.在此基础上,分析了一些轴承参数对油膜压力分布的影响.     

倾斜微孔端面气体密封的动压特性研究

为提高多孔端面气体密封的动压特性, 提出 １种双列倾斜椭圆微孔端面密封结构． 基于气体润滑理论模 型, 采用数值方法分析了操作参数和微孔几何参数对密封泄漏率和开启力的影响规律, 探讨了倾斜微孔的上、 下游 泵送作用对气体密封动压特性的作用机理． 结果表明： 与单列倾斜微孔端面气体密封相比, 双列倾斜微孔端面气体 密封可使动压开启力显著增加, 低压侧微孔环带可将下游流体沿微孔倾斜方向向上游泵送, 使得泄漏率显著降低, 气体密封动压效应明显增强; 密封动压性能受反向开孔比、 微孔倾角、 面积比和孔深等几何参数的影响, 本文给出了 这些参数的优化取值范围．     

A Simplified Model for Calculating Hydrodynamic Lubrication Film Thickness in Elastoplastic Line Contacts

The present paper proposes a simplified model for calculating hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in elastoplastic line contacts. According to the Saint-Venant’s principle, the pressure in the contact is taken as uniformly distributed, this gives the contact surface elastic deformations in the inlet zone far away from the contact center close to real ones while gives those close to the contact center greater than real ones. This treatment is validated for hydrodynamic lubricated elastic contacts for relatively light loads and high rolling speeds. It gives the film thickness at the contact center a little higher than that calculated based on the real elastic model. The treatment is extended to a hydrodynamic lubricated elastoplastic line contact. The contact surfaces in the inlet zone are assumed as elastic and their deformations are calculated based on the uniform pressure distribution in the elastoplastic contact area. An inlet zone analysis is taken for obtaining the calculating equation of the hydrodynamic film thickness at the contact center. The equation overestimates the central film thickness but gives a satisfactory film thickness prediction for the heavy load which gives significant plastic deformations in the elastoplastic contact. It is found that when the load is lighter than 0.6 w _pc , the contact can be taken as elastic when calculating the central film thickness, while when the load is heavier than 0.6 w _pc , the contact can be taken as fully plastic; Here w _pc is the critical load for the contact fully plastic deformation. The plastic deformation in an elastoplastic line contact is found to reduce the hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in the contact. This reduction is greater for higher rolling speeds and heavier loads. However, it is significantly dropped with increasing surface hardness.     

Combined effect of viscosity variation and non-Newtonian Rabinowitsch fluid in wide parallel rectangular-porous plate with squeeze-film characteristics

The present article carries out the study of viscosity variation of non-Newtonian fluid with the homogeneous porous wall on wide parallel rectangular-plate based on the Rabinowitsch fluid model. The non-linear modified Reynolds equation is derived for the lubrication of rectangular squeeze film bearing with viscosity variation and porous parameter. Using the Morgan–Cameron approximation, the nonlinear Reynolds-type equation for squeeze-film which governs the film pressure is solved within the fundamentals of small perturbation technique. The characteristic of the wide parallel rectangular-porous plate is numerically computed for different physical quantities such as film pressure, load carrying capacity and response time. Moreover, as limiting cases some of the results from the available literature are recovered also. Further, the findings reveal that the viscosity variation of non-Newtonian fluid and the presence of porous wall lead to reduction in the load capacity and the response time respectively. Here, the porous matrix consists of a system of capillaries of very small radii with the homogeneous porous wall. The impact of porosity is incorporated as a result it acts as self-lubrication on bearing surface. Also, the effect of viscosity variation is one of the most important characteristics of fluid which helps in the design of bearings for lubrication in engineering and industrial applications.

     

Three‐dimensional lubrication flow of a Herschel–Bulkley fluid

In this paper three‐dimensional lubrication flow of grease is analysed numerically. The lubrication flow configuration is formed by two ellipsoid rollers. The load is assumed to be light enough for the lubrication mode to be purely hydrodynamic. The fluid behaviour is modelled using the Herschel–Bulkley model, and a two‐dimensional modified Reynolds equation is derived. The numerical solutions are obtained by using a hybrid spectral/iterative technique and the Galerkin projection scheme. The effects of the material and geometrical parameters on pressure distribution are emphasized in the study. The investigation is conducted for a situation where the two ellipsoids are fully immersed in a grease lubricant. The effect of the geometry on the pressure distribution is determined by varying the ratio of the semi‐axes and the minimum gap of the two rollers, respectively. The effect of the material parameters is examined by varying the power‐law index and yield stress. It is found that the pressure distribution is strongly influenced by the shape of the rollers, the size of the minimum gap of the rollers and the rheological parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑滚道表面油层分布的滚动轴承润滑分析

研究表明供油量对弹流润滑性能产生显著影响.滚动轴承中由于离心力和滚动体的反复滚压,滚道表面上的润滑剂呈现出非均匀分布的特点.大多数润滑剂被推挤到滚道的两侧,致使接触区的入口间隙不能被完全充满,导致乏油润滑,滚动体与滚道间接触压力接近于赫兹压力分布,膜厚较全膜润滑有明显的减小.本文基于润滑剂的流量连续建立滚道表面油层厚度分布模型,考虑润滑接触压力的影响,计算滚道上的侧流量以预测轴承滚道上补给油层厚度及形状随时间的变化规律;进而以此作为滚动体和滚道接触区的入口油层厚度,采用统一Reynolds方程法数值模拟计算每个时刻轴承滚道与滚动体之间的润滑油膜厚度,压力分布等参数,分析轴承在点接触乏油条件下运行的润滑性能.     

Investigation of surface texture influence on hydrodynamic performance of parallel slider bearing under transient condition

Although surface texture has been becoming an attractive technique for improving hydrodynamic performance in lubrication system, the study of surface texture mainly focus on the steady-state load conditions. This investigation evaluates the effect of surface texture on hydrodynamic performance under transient lubrication in parallel bearing. In the case, considering cavitation phenomena in liquid lubricating film, a mass conserving formulation based on Elrod–Adams model with JFO conditions is then employed. The implementation of numerical simulation is discretized in spatial and time domain for calculating the pressure distribution. The effect of different geometrical configurations of lubricated contact on hydrodynamic performance is evaluated. The results show that surface texture in parallel bearing yields a great improvement in terms of friction force and friction coefficient.     

Zylindrische Gleitlager mit nicht-Newtonschen Schmiermitteln

übersicht Um den Einflu? von nicht-Newtonschen Schmierstoffen auf die Vorg?nge im Zapfenlager zu untersuchen, wird die Schmiermitteltheorie auf Potenzgesetz-Fluide erweitert und auf zylindrische Gleitlager angewendet. Mit Hilfe einer numerischen Integration werden die Druckverteilung und die Geschwindigkeits-verteilung im Schmierspalt berechnet. Es zeigt sich, da? bei strukturviskosen ?len ein Druckabbau gegenüber Newtonschen Schmierstoffen stattfindet. In beiden F?llen wird gleiche Tragf?higkeit im Lager vorausgesetzt.

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Summary In order to study the influence of non-Newtonian lubricants as far as the flow field in journal bearings is concerned, the hydrodynamic lubrication theory is extended to power-law fluids and it is applied to cylindrical bearings. After having carried out a numerical integration procedure the pressure distribution and the velocity distribution are calculated for the lubricating film. It can be shown that for pseudoplastic lubricants the pressure peak will be decreased in comparison to Newtonian fluids. In both cases the same load of the bearing is assumed.

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Diese Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. Herrn Dipl.-Ing. A. Waterstraat, der mich bei der numerischen Auswertung tatkr?ftig unterstützt hat, sei hier gedankt     

A mathematical model and numerical solution technique for a novel adjustable hydrodynamic bearing

An analysis model for a novel adjustable hydrodynamic fluid film bearing is described. The principles of hydrodynamic lubrication are outlined together with an expanded version of the governing pressure field equation as related to the novel bearing. Finite difference approximations are given for the pressure field equation and a temperature model, both related to the fluid film thickness. Relationships of viscosity with temperature and pressure are included. A finite element model and an iterative computational process are described, whereby full simultaneously converged field solutions for fluid film thickness, temperature, viscosity and pressure were obtained, together with oil film forces. The model and solution process were developed to apply to a variety of hydrodynamic bearings and an outline is given of its extensive use in the design and simulation of one version of the novel bearing. Observations are given on the operation, success rates and verifications of the computational process. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔隙渗流对环面复层含油轴承润滑性能的影响

含油轴承基体中油液的渗流特性对轴承油膜润滑性能影响显著. 以不同孔隙率分布的环面复层含油轴承为研究对象，利用达西定律建立复层含油轴承基体中流体渗流的控制方程，在极坐标下建立环面复层含油轴承系统渗流润滑模型，研究复层环面副系统中油膜压力分布规律，分析轴承结构参数及孔隙渗流行为对油膜润滑性能的影响. 结果表明:复层含油轴承的流体动压力主要发生在环形摩擦面间，从摩擦界面到轴承底面，流体压力逐渐由外缘向圆心部位传导，流体动压力作用面积逐渐增大，压力峰值逐渐降低；随着倾角增大，摩擦界面间的油膜动压效应增强，油膜润滑性能变好；随着表层渗透率或厚度减小，摩擦界面间的油膜的渗流效应减弱，油膜润滑性能提高；与普通单层含油轴承相比，含致密表层的复层含油轴承能降低整体孔隙率，防止过多轴承间隙油液渗入多孔介质，提高轴承润滑性能. 研究工作为明晰环面复层含油轴承渗流行为及润滑机理提供一定理论依据.      

液膜润滑机械端面密封流体动压沟槽侧壁效应研究

针对非接触机械密封端面开槽后所出现的膜厚不连续处存在的侧壁效应,在沟槽边界处将广义伯努利方程引入传统润滑方程,建立了考虑动压沟槽侧壁效应的液膜润滑螺旋槽端面机械密封数值分析模型. 采用有限单元法结合拉格朗日乘子法求解润滑方程,研究了不同螺旋槽几何参数和工况条件下沟槽侧壁效应对密封性能的影响. 结果表明:数值模型可方便捕捉沟槽边界处的压力跃变,侧壁效应在不同螺旋槽深度下表现出截然不同的影响规律,高转速、大螺旋角和小密封间隙下动压沟槽的侧壁效应较为显著. 理论模型和计算方法可为超高速工况螺旋槽机械密封的设计和局部惯性效应的研究提供指导.      

聚合物刷水润滑条件下水膜厚度和摩擦学行为的相关性研究

利用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合技术(SI-ARTP)在钢球和玻璃盘摩擦副表面分别接枝亲水性聚合物刷-聚甲基丙烯酸-3-磺酸丙酯钾盐(PSPMA),去离子水作为润滑剂,在球-盘式摩擦试验机和纳米级薄膜厚度测量装置上开展了其宏观摩擦学性能研究,探讨了流体动压效应介入下的聚合物刷水润滑机理. 利用光干涉技术观察了低卷吸速度下(4 mm/s)接触区域水膜分布情况,发现滚道两侧水膜的形状由初始状态的圆形随着时间逐渐沿着卷吸方向分布,证实了聚合物刷通过不断捕获周围的水分子形成了1层稳定的水膜;通过控制卷吸速度从1 mm/s连续增加512 mm/s实现了润滑状态的转变,低卷吸速度时处于薄膜润滑状态,膜厚不依赖于速度且稳定在35 nm左右,接触区内有效水膜的建立归功于聚合物刷的水合效应;当速度大于32 mm/s时处于弹流润滑状态,膜厚的测量值高于等黏弹膜厚公式的预测值(2~12 nm)和水合效应促成的膜厚值(约35 nm)之和,这意味着在流体动压润滑作用下聚合物刷表现出了优异的润滑增强作用, 是水合效应和流体动压效应协同作用的结果.      

磨合过程中液体润滑实现超低摩擦的混合模型研究

针对球-盘滑动试验,在磨合过程中获得超低摩擦的液体润滑状态,建立耦合流体润滑、粗糙接触力学、Archard磨损方程和相关物理参数(液体黏度、表面粗糙度和磨损系数)时变函数的混合模型,研究磨合过程中液体润滑的摩擦系数演化. 通过数值模拟结果可知:在磨合过程中,润滑介质等效黏度增大,形成流体动压润滑薄膜,有效隔开粗糙表面;其次在磨合过程中,新生成的表面粗糙度降低,减少粗糙峰承载比,实现超低摩擦润滑状态;最后在适当的液体黏度和提高表界面效应减少边界摩擦系数,可进一步实现液体超低摩擦润滑状态. 为磨合过程宏观液体润滑性能演化所建立的混合数值模型对提高液体润滑超低摩擦设计效率具有重要价值意义.      

基于荧光漂白成像的润滑油膜剪切流速测量

沿润滑油膜厚度方向的剪切流速分布是影响机械部件润滑性能的重要因素.为此,搭建了基于荧光漂白成像的微间隙油膜剪切流速分布测量平台.通过对漂白区域形状演化过程进行图像分析,获得了微米量级间隙中的PB450和PAO6润滑油膜的剪切速度分布.结果表明:在设定测试条件下,厚度为8.5μm的PB450油膜沿膜厚方向的剪切流速近似为典型的线性分布,而相同厚度下的PAO6油膜流速分布表现为非线性塞流,界面附近油膜黏度较中层显著下降.研究还发现,同一滑动速度下,PAO6剪切流速偏离线性分布的程度随膜厚的降低而增加.经过比对分析,试验结果与流体动压润滑条件下的相关数据吻合.     

变阶梯结构自适应径向滑动轴承的研究

分析了变阶梯结构自适应径向滑动轴承膜压力的形成机理,并建立了二段油膜形耦合变形阶梯结构的流量控制方程,采用有限差分法交叉循环迭代求解了油压力的雷诺方程和变阶梯结构的流量控制方程,比较了设计参数对这咎径向滑动轴承的最小油膜厚度、压力分布、承载能力、摩擦阻力等性能和温升的影响,研究结果表明;合理地选择设计参数可以使得这种滑动轴承具有较好的润滑性能和承载特性。     

孔隙度对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性影响研究

针对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性的影响因素,建立了摩擦副微观混合润滑模型.考虑了微凸峰接触和局部温升的影响,分析了孔隙度对湿式离合器局部压强分布、油膜和微凸峰承压比、实际接触面积、局部温升的影响.同时,利用摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)进行小试样销-盘试验,分析了不同孔隙度下离合器摩擦副局部摩擦系数的变化.结果表明:在混合润滑中,随着孔隙度的增大,润滑油膜动压作用减小,局部微凸峰接触压强增大,微凸峰法向压力承载比增大,摩擦副实际接触面积增加,因此摩擦系数增大.     

压力相关的壁面滑移在滑动间隙流体动压力产生中的作用

近年来,壁面滑移在纳米流变学、微流体力学、薄模润滑和微机电系统(MEMS)等领域越来越引起关注。以前大部分研究集中于表面初始极限剪应力对薄模润滑的壁面滑移和流体动力学的影响。本文通过一个极限剪切应力比例系数主要研究了与压力相关的壁面滑移滑动间隙流体动压力产生中的作用,发现极限剪切应力比例系数以相反的两种方式影响着流体膜的流体动力学:在高初始剪应力区使流体动力增加,但在低初始剪应力区使流体动力减小,这意味着就极限剪切应力比例系数影响流体动压力而言,存在一个初始极限剪切应力的转换点。但是在界面滑移存在时,较小的极限剪切应力比例系数总是产生较小的摩擦阻力。     

凹坑表面形貌在面接触润滑状态下的减阻研究

设计了一套试验装置,并在面接触润滑状态下,进行凹坑表面形貌的润滑试验.结果表明,在一定的试验条件下,由于摩擦副接触面上凹坑形貌的存在,可观察到有气泡稳定存在于油膜中.气泡的存在取决于凹坑的深度和润滑油量,凹坑深度越深,润滑油量越少,稳定存在的气泡比例越高.分析可知,由于接触面中气油界面的弯月面力作用,气泡被封存于凹坑中,从而能稳定存在,因此,在乏油润滑时,在润滑油和气泡的共同承载作用下,较其他试样,摩擦力明显减小.在面接触润滑时,从乏油润滑到全膜润滑的过程中,存在着一个最优凹坑深度,在此深度时,摩擦阻力最小.通过计算分析可知,凹坑的最优深度和摩擦副间距大小相当,且理论分析结果和试验结果吻合.     

接触角滞后与流体动压润滑的相关性研究

理论研究表明不同润湿性界面对流体动压润滑油膜厚度有着显著地影响，一般采用接触角(CA)来表征固液界面润湿性. 而由热力学原理推导出的界面势能垒理论模型不仅与接触角相关，也是接触角滞后(CAH)的函数. 本文作者通过对不同基体材料的滑块进行表面张力修饰，获得了不同亲和性的界面. 利用干涉法及荧光法分别测量了不同润湿性界面的流体动压润滑膜厚及油膜受剪切的流动特性，研究了接触角及接触角滞后两个界面参数对流体动压润滑油膜厚度的影响，并对势能垒与接触角滞后的关系进行了讨论. 结果表明:接触角与流体动压润滑油膜厚度的相关性较差，接触角滞后可以更好地表征界面效应对流体动压润滑油膜厚度的影响.