聚电解质单链在盐溶液中构象转变的并行回火蒙特卡罗研究

采用并行回火蒙特卡罗方法,研究了聚电解质单链在盐溶液中的构象转变以及离子的凝聚行为.对不同盐浓度以及不同价态的情况,得到了链均方回转半径(Rg2)随Bjerrum长度lB的变化曲线.模拟结果表明,在不同浓度与价态的盐溶液中,随着lB的增加,链先伸展,然后收缩,最终形成塌缩态.链尺寸受盐浓度与价态的影响,在中等lB范围内,随着单价盐的加入,Rg2逐渐减小.而加入少量的高价盐则会引起Rg2更加显着得减小,这主要是由于高价反离子的凝聚造成的.对于高价盐,在一定的lB范围内,随着盐浓度的增加,存在Rg2先减小后增大的现象.在高价(如二价或三价)盐溶液中,当高价反离子的总电量大于链电量时,高价反离子和共离子(与链带同种电荷的离子)都发生凝聚,而单价反离子几乎不发生凝聚;并且存在高价离子过度补偿引起的链有效电荷反转.     

溶液中聚电解质分子内激态缔合体的形成

采用荧光分光光度法,实验测定了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠在无盐和有盐的水溶液中,单体和激态缔合体的荧光发射光谱.结果表明:激态缔合体单体发射强度比I_E/I_M随外加盐种类、浓度和价态而变化.在相同盐浓度下,各体系的I_E/I_M次序为:KCl>NaCl>LiCl和CaCl_2>MgCl_2。 也研究了NaCl水溶液中聚电解质分子的荧光猝灭.结果表明:随外加盐浓度逐渐增大,聚电解质分子由类棒状向无规线团状转化,该状态有利于激态缔合体的形成.     

添加盐对磺酸基聚电解质分子内及分子间荧光非辐射能量转移的影响

合成了带萘、芘单标记、双标记的2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)与N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺共聚强聚电解质,测定了在NaCl和CaCl₂水溶液中的分子内与分子间荧光非辐射能量转移(NRET).由于添加盐的屏蔽作用,分子内与分子间的NRET都随盐浓度升高而加强,而且钙离子的作用比钠离子显著.为了比较不同试样的NRET,定义归一化NRET效率E_n为盐溶液中的NRET与纯水中的NRET之比.随试样电荷密度F_AMPS上升,分子内E_n减小而分子间E_n增大.尽管聚电解质的浓度低于接触浓度c^*,但因溶液中发生了反离子凝聚,凝聚的反离子会引起大分子间的聚集.     

离子键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶在不同pH和不同电解质溶液中溶胀行为研究

以丙烯酸(AA)和甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯(DEAM)形成的离子复合物与丙烯酰胺(AAm)共聚,合成了一种新型的离子键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶(PADA).由于分子之间的氢键作用,PADA凝胶并不是在A/C(负正离子单体摩尔比)为1,而是在A/C为1.55处有最大消溶胀.与共价键交联的聚两性电解质凝胶相比,PADA凝胶的溶胀行为具有更强的pH敏感性.PADA凝胶在不同pH缓冲溶液中的溶胀行为表明,在pH 3~4之间消溶胀程度最大.在偏离该pH区域时凝胶均发生溶胀.但凝胶的溶胀程度在pH<3的酸性溶液中随A/C的增加而降低;而在pH>4的偏碱性溶液中随其增加而增加.在不同价数的离子溶液中,离子浓度对于PADA凝胶的平衡溶胀有着不同的影响.对于一价的NaCl溶液,PADA凝胶有典型的反聚电解质效应.但对于高价的CaCl2和柠檬酸三钠溶液,只在较低的浓度下,才表现出反聚电解质效应.而在较高盐浓度时,随盐浓度的增加其溶胀比反而降低.这可能与高价离子形成的离子键交联有关.与pH对PADA凝胶溶胀程度的影响相似,在CaCl2溶液中,PADA凝胶的溶胀程度随A/C的增加而降低;而在柠檬酸三钠溶液中则刚好相反.这种独特的溶胀行为似乎与高价离子电荷的正负性有关.     

静电强度和反离子价态诱导的聚两性离子刷表面形貌

采用分子动力学方法研究了平板聚两性离子刷的表面相行为.考察了不同价态反离子存在时,聚两性离子刷表面形貌随静电相互作用强度的演化.当静电作用逐渐增强时, 3种模拟系列下两性离子刷都发生微相分离形成了钉扎状胶束结构.结合刷高、密度分布函数和主链单体对关联函数,分析了胶束尺寸和胶束内粒子堆积状态的变化.通过统计反离子在刷内的4种状态,揭示了单价和多价反离子在诱导聚两性离子刷相结构上的差异.     

聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上吸附的密度泛函研究

采用非局域密度泛函理论计算方法(NLDFT), 我们研究了两种带相反电荷的聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上的吸附以及吸附层的电荷反转现象. 我们对表面带电密度和聚电解质链段的价态对吸附的影响做了系统研究, 发现在体系中不含小离子的情况下, 当体系中两种聚电解质链段都为单价时, 和表面带相反电荷的聚电解质链能够吸附在平面上, 而和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链和表面之间相互排斥, 整个过程就是表面电荷被与之带相反电荷的聚电解质链上所带电荷中和的过程, 没有出现明显的电荷反转现象|当体系中作为反离子存在的聚电解质链段价态为二价时, 和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链能在表面上吸附, 出现明显的电荷反转现象. 理论研究表明, 以反离子居中为媒介的静电相关效应是聚电解质混合物出现多层吸附的主要驱动力之一.     

离子型芘衍生物同聚电解质键合平衡的模拟

利用平衡键合模型模拟了聚电解质同荧光探针离子键合过程的计量关系 ,以及添加盐竞争键合时的计量关系 .计算的结果能够描述荧光实验结果 .芘离子探针PyMeA·HCl的IE IM 随着探针浓度的增加 ,会出现一个极大值 ,此极大值能够定量地给出饱和键合计量关系 .当盐浓度和聚电解质荷电单元浓度相当时 ,盐离子和芘离子探针发生明显的竞争键合 ,部分离子探针被排挤入水相 ,实验的IE IM 随盐浓度增大急剧减小     

新型阳离子聚丙烯酰胺离解行为的研究

前文曾报导,以聚丙烯酰胺为母体,通过甲醛为桥梁引入二氰二胺可合成一种新型阳离子聚电解质,简称PAm·MG,它是一种弱聚碱的盐酸盐,结构式如下(S 为取代度):PAm·MG 对含活性艳红染料的废水有明显的絮凝脱色作用,其絮凝效果受聚合物的取代度、介质的pH 以及外加盐浓度的影响,而这些影响因素又直接与聚碱的离解行为或胺基离子化度(指已离子化的胺基占全部胺基的分数)密切相关.为此,本文对影响PAm·MG 离解行为和离子化度的一些因素作进一步探讨,并通过粘度测定考察离解行为对聚合物在水中形态的影响,为PAm·MG 的实际应用提供理论根据.     

PS-b-PAA两亲性嵌段聚电解质在水溶液中的聚集行为及其流变特性

以两嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PS-b-PAA)为研究对象,采用动态光散射(DLS)及透射电镜(TEM)表征了胶束及聚集体的结构,采用应力控制型旋转流变仪AR-G2研究了体系的流变特性.着重考察了聚电解质浓度、pH值以及外加盐(KBr)浓度对其在水中聚集行为的影响及对体系流变特性的影响.发现随着外加盐和聚电解质浓度的增高,体系中的胶束发生聚集,形成更大的聚集体.而pH值对胶束的聚集形态无明显的影响.胶束乳液均呈现明显的剪切变稀特征.然而,随着聚电解质浓度增加,低剪切速率下体系的表观粘度增高;高剪切速率时体系粘度趋于同一值(0.01Pa·s).与纯胶束乳液相比,外加盐的存在导致体系粘度增加;当外加盐浓度增加至4.31g/L,在低剪切速率下,体系出现牛顿平台区.溶液pH值对体系粘度无显著影响.     

pH值、盐浓度敏感性两性聚电解质微球的合成及性质

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为单体,在乙醇介质中制备出对pH值、盐浓度双敏感的两性聚电解质微球。 采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和红外光谱(IR)方法对其形貌和结构进行了表征。 研究了聚电解质微球在不同pH值溶液及NaCl、CaCl2盐溶液中粒径的变化情况。研究结果表明,第二步中反应制备的微球粒径为1 177 nm,多分散指数(PDI)为0.181;相比第一步反应制备的微球(d=764 nm;PDI=0.069)其粒径明显增大,PDI数值略有增加。当溶液pH＜4.3时,微球的粒径随溶液pH值的减小而逐渐增加;当pH＞4.3时,微球的粒径随溶液pH值的变大逐渐增加;pH=4.3时,微球的粒径具有最小值。盐溶液的pH值接近等电点时,在单价态NaCl溶液中,两性聚电解质微球表现出典型反聚电解质效应;而在多价态CaCl2溶液中,其粒径先增长再逐渐下降。     

Natural bond orbital analysis: A critical overview of relationships to alternative bonding perspectives

We sketch the basic principles of natural bond orbital (NBO) theory, including critical discussion of its relationship to alternative bonding concepts and selected illustrations of its application to a broad spectrum of chemical bonding motifs. Particular emphasis is placed on the close NBO connections to prequantal bonding, and electromerism concepts, as well as the deep roots in quantal eigenvalue, superposition, and Pauli exclusion concepts that are manifested in many aspects of NBO donor–acceptor analysis. With respect to leading alternative perspectives, we identify similarities and differences that distinguish NBO theory from the corresponding precepts of valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory, and Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules, with critical discussion of the assumptions underlying characteristic differences in each case. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Density functional theory of polymer-polymer phase separation behavior

Polyatomic density functional theory is applied to a binary polymer blend. The polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) liquid state theory provides the homogeneous state correlation functions necessary for the application of density functional theory. An effective chi parameter can be recognized from the density functional expression; however, the phase separation criteria does not depend solely upon the chi parameter, rather it depends upon various combinations of the species-dependent direct correlation functions of the blend. The Flory-Huggins chi parameter along with the associated phase diagram is obtained when the monomer volumes of the blend species are equal and for a range of monomer-monomer attractive interactions. Calculations are performed both with and without the assumption of incompressibility. The density functional theory along with the PRISM determined “input” predict that an isotopic polymer blend shows an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) phenomena. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Conjugated circuit theory for graphite

Computations for the conjugated circuits model which has previously only been treated for finite and quasi-one-dimensional conjugated-networks are here extended to the graphite lattice. Many-body techniques give the resultant resonance energy per site as a function of a physically relevant long-range order parameter.Research supported by The Welch Foundation of Houston, Texas     

Viscosities of binary mixtures containing one polar component

Viscosities of binary mixtures, benzene + benzonitrile, benzene + methylpropylketone and cyclohexane + methylpropylketone were determined at 303·15 K. The experimental results were analysed in the light of Bloomfleld and Dewan’s theory. The analysis showed that the theory correctly predicts the sign of viscosity function in the case of benzene + benzonitrile and cyclohexane + methylpropylketone.     

价键理论的不变式方法的新算法

价键理论的不变式方法的新算法吴玮，莫亦荣，张乾二（厦门大学化学系，厦门，３６１００５）关键词价键理论，群论，不变式近年来，我们提出了闭壳层的价键（ＶＢ）计算的不变式（或称正行列式）方法［１，２］．将置换群ＳＮ对ＶＢ结构的对称子群Ｑ进行陪集分解。每一个...     

Structure and Bonding in Cyclic Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds—Molecular Orbital Considerations

The molecular structures of monocyclic sulfur-nitrogen ring systems, such as S₂N₂, S₃N, S₄N and S₅N, can be considered as examples of electron rich (4n + 2)π systems. The structures of S₄N₄, S₄N, P₄S₄, As₄S₄ and the bicyclic structures S₄N, S₄N as well as S₅N₆ can be rationalized on the basis of a planar tetrasulfur tetranitride with 12π electrons.     

A constant denominator perturbation theory for molecular energy

A constant denominator perturbation theory is developed based on a zeroth order Hamiltonian characterized by degenerate subsets of orbitals. Such a formulation allows for a decoupling of the numerators of the perturbation sequence, allowing for much more rapid evaluation of the resultant sums. For example, the full fourth order theory can be evaluated as an N ⁶ step rather than N ⁷, where N is proportional to the basis set.Although the theory is general, a constant denominator is chosen for this study as the difference between the average occupied and average virtual orbital energies scaled so that the first order wavefunction yields the lowest possible variational bound. The third order correction then appears naturally as a scaled Langhoff-Davidson correction. The full fourth order with this partitioning is developed. Results are presented within the localized bond model utilizing both the Pariser-Parr-Pople and CNDO/2 model Hamiltonians. The second order theory presents a useful bound, usually containing a good deal of the basis set correlation. In all cases examined the fourth order theory shows remarkable stability, even in those cases in which the Nesbet-Epstein partitioning seems poorly convergent, and the Moller-Plesset theory uncertain.     

Mathematical Aspects of the Periodic Law

We review different studies of the Periodic Law and the set of chemical elements from a mathematical point of view. This discussion covers the first attempts made in the 19th century up to the present day. Mathematics employed to study the periodic system includes number theory, information theory, order theory, set theory and topology. Each theory used shows that it is possible to provide the Periodic Law with a mathematical structure. We also show that it is possible to study the chemical elements taking advantage of their phenomenological properties, and that it is not always necessary to reduce the concept of chemical elements to the quantum atomic concept to be able to find interpretations for the Periodic Law. Finally, a connection is noted between the lengths of the periods of the Periodic Law and the philosophical Pythagorean doctrine.     

Theoretical Study of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine Derivatives with Two Hydroxyl Groups in the Side Chain-DFT and QTAIM Computations

Phenothiazines are known as synthetic antipsychotic drugs that exhibit a wide range of biological effects. Their properties result from the structure and variability of substituents in the heterocyclic system. It is known that different quantum chemical properties have a significant impact on drug behavior in the biological systems. Thus, due to the diversity in the chemical structure of phenothiazines as well as other drugs containing heterocyclic systems, quantum chemical calculations provide valuable methods in predicting their activity. In our study, DFT computations were applied to show some thermochemical parameters (bond dissociation enthalpy—BDE, ionization potential—IP, proton dissociation enthalpy—PDE, proton affinity—PA, and electrontransfer enthalpy—ETE) describing the process of releasing the hydrogen/proton from the hydroxyl group in the side chain of four 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine (TFMP) derivatives and fluphenazine (FLU). Additional theoretical analysis was carried out based on QTAIM theory. The results allowed theoretical determination of the ability of compounds to scavenge free radicals. In addition, the intramolecular hydrogen bond (H-bond) between the H-atom of the hydroxyl group and the N-atom located in the side chain of the investigated compounds has been identified and characterized.