闽江福州河段环境工程地质问题的评价研究

江河环境工程地质问题是环境工程地质学研究的重要课题。江河沿岸环境地质条件是影响和决定沿江城市环境质量的重要背景 ;是控制和影响沿江河岸城市的环境容量和质量的重要因素。本文以闽江下游福州河段为例 ,概要评述了闽江福州河段的水动力条件和流水地质作用类型、强度等状况 ;分析研究了该河段的流水地质作用和地貌环境变化动态及其与沿江河岸人类各种工程建设活动的互相作用的特征和规律。对促进和提高沿江河岸“人—地系统”和谐协调平衡发展水平 ,正确规划、预测和评价沿江河岸各类工程建设发展的经济和社会效益及其前景 ,都具有重要意义.     

敦煌莫高窟北区岩体变异变形及修复对策

敦煌莫高窟北区岩体长期以来在特殊的地形地貌、气象水文、岩土性质、地质构造条件下,受人工开挖、重力、风蚀、雨蚀和洪水冲刷等共同作用,岩体发生风化、卸荷等变异以及崩塌、坍塌和危岩、开裂与裂隙(构造裂隙、卸荷裂隙)等多种变形,严重影响岩体的稳定和洞窟的安全。针对上述变异、变形破坏情况,采用PS材料加粉煤灰浆液灌浆封闭裂隙和岩面喷浆加固相结合的修复方法,有效地防止了岩体变异的进一步扩展和表面风化的加剧,减少了岩体变形和表面风化程度,使石窟得以保护和修复。该方法对黄土及干旱地区石窟保护具有良好的借鉴作用。     

地下水对工程和环境的作用

地下水对上程建设和地质环境的作用与影响日趋显著,人们认识日益深化。实践表明,这类问题不完伞是纯水文地质问题。实质上,它是介乎于水文地质与工程地质之间,暂定名为“工程水文地质学”。专门进行在工程建设和环境地质中由于地下水作用而产生的各类工程地质问题或水文地质问题。为充分阐明问题,本文从水与岩土相互作用、基坑排水与潜蚀流沙、地基沉降与黄土湿陷、道路冻害与隧道涌水、矿抗突水与竖井破坏、坝基渗漏与稳定、坝基抗滑稳定以及与地下水有关的地质灾害问题等方面,进行了举例阐述,初步论证了重要性、问题和某些实质。目的在于,向人们揭示一个值得研究的方向,并给予充分的重视。     

厦门海底隧道围岩稳定动态反演分析

位移反分析法作为联系理论与实际的桥梁,为工程决策、设计与施工提供了切实可行和有效的方法。为解决海底隧道勘察、设计与施工技术难题,减小设计与施工风险,通过对先行服务隧道建立动态反演预测模型,及时对主隧道前方地质情况进行超前预报,并对围岩稳定性进行准确判断,根据反馈信息,对主洞前方设计与施工方案进行科学合理地组织,必要情况下须对原设计的隧道支护参数与施工方法作调整和修正,做到动态信息化设计与施工,确保海底隧道顺利穿越。     

A unified nonlinear formulation for plate and shell theories

A general geometrically exact nonlinear theory for the dynamics of laminated plates and shells under-going large-rotation and small-strain vibrations in three-dimensional space is presented. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities by using the new concepts of local displacements and local engineering stress and strain measures, a new interpretation and manipulation of the virtual local rotations, an exact coordinate transformation, and the extended Hamilton principle. Moreover, the model accounts for shear coupling effects, continuity of interlaminar shear stresses, free shear-stress conditions on the bonding surfaces, and extensionality. Because the only differences among different plates and shells are the initial curvatures of the coordinates used in the modeling and all possible initial curvatures are included in the formulation, the theory is valid for any plate or shell geometry and contains most of the existing nonlinear and shear-deformable plate and shell theories as special cases. Five fully nonlinear partial-differential equations and corresponding boundary and corner conditions are obtained, which describe the extension-extension-bending-shear-shear vibrations of general laminated two-dimensional structures and display linear elastic and nonlinear geometric coupling among all motions. Moreover, the energy and Newtonian formulations are completely correlated in the theory.     

Nonlinear Normal Modes of Buckled Beams: Three-to-One and One-to-One Internal Resonances

Nonlinear normal modes of a fixed-fixed buckled beam about its first post-buckling configuration are investigated. The cases of three-to-one and one-to-one internal resonances are analyzed. Approximate solutions for the nonlinear normal modes are computed by applying the method of multiple scales directly to the governing integral-partial-differential equation and associated boundary conditions. Curves displaying variation of the amplitude of one of the modes with the internal-resonance-detuning parameter are generated. It is shown that, for a three-to-one internal resonance between the first and third modes, the beam may possess one stable uncoupled mode (high-frequency mode) and either (a) one stable coupled mode, (b) three stable coupled modes, or (c) two stable and one unstable coupled modes. For the same resonance, the beam possesses one degenerate mode (with a multiplicity of two) and two stable and one unstable coupled modes. On the other hand, for a one-to-one internal resonance between the first and second modes, the beam possesses (a) two stable uncoupled modes and two stable and two unstable coupled modes; (b) one stable and one unstable uncoupled modes and two stable and two unstable coupled modes; and (c) two stable uncoupled and two unstable coupled modes (with a multiplicity of two). For a one-to-one internal resonance between the third and fourth modes, the beam possesses (a) two stable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; (b) one stable and one unstable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; (c) two unstable uncoupled modes and four stable coupled modes; and (d) two stable uncoupled modes and two stable coupled modes (each with a multiplicity of two).     

Behavior of probability density functions in a binary gas jet

A helium/air mixture free round jet into still air was investigated using a laser Doppler anemometer and a hot-wire type concentration probe. The jet Reynolds number was 4,300 and the jet-to-ambient fluid density ratio was set at 0.64. Simultaneous measurements of the mixture density and the axial and radial velocities were carried out in both the near and far fields of the jet. A detailed analysis of the turbulent mass transfer and jet characteristics has been presented by So et al. (1990). This paper reports on the higher order statistics and the characteristics of the single and joint probability density distributions of the mixture density and the axial and radial velocities. The behavior of these distributions across and along the jet is analyzed and compared with other single and joint probability density distributions.     

惯性效应对超高速倾斜端面气膜密封稳动态特性影响

研究了惯性效应和端面倾斜对超高速气膜端面密封稳动态特性的影响. 考虑气体惯性效应,建立了气膜端面密封稳动态特性数值分析模型,采用有限差分法求解稳态和微扰雷诺方程,获得端面膜压分布. 数值分析了惯性效应和端面倾斜度对开启力、气膜刚度和泄漏率等稳态性能参数以及刚度系数和阻尼系数等动态特性系数的影响规律,并以获得较大刚度系数为目标,获得了螺旋槽关键几何参数的优选值范围. 结果表明:在超高速条件下,考虑惯性效应后的干气密封泄漏率显著减小,刚漏比明显增大,而开启力、气膜刚度和动特性系数变化不大;倾斜端面气膜密封相较于平行端面气膜密封具有更佳的低频刚度和高频阻尼.      

受压油管屈曲变形与内外层杆管接触分析

针对机械采油工程中杆管偏磨问题, 考虑直井内受压油管屈曲变形与套管、 抽油杆的双层接触, 以及油管和抽油杆的变截面结构和环空间隙, 采用有限元结构稳定性分 析方法对受压油管进行失稳计算, 将求得的多阶失稳波形叠加值作为油管柱的初始位移, 再 采用大位移和接触非线性分析方法模拟受压油管屈曲变形, 以及与套管和抽油杆间的接触摩 擦, 为套管内受压油管屈曲变形分析提供了一种计算方法.     

Reflection and Transmission of Elastic Waves at the Interface Between Water and a Double Porosity Solid

The reflection and transmission of an incident plane wave at an interface between water and a fluid-saturated double porosity solid are investigated. The properties of the three compressional waves and one shear wave in double porosity media are discussed in detail. The effect of the viscosity, permeability, and porosity on the phase velocity and attenuation of four bulk waves is presented. Comparison between the double porosity theory and the Biot theory reveals that there exists obvious difference in the phase velocity, attenuation and the reflection and transmission coefficients. Two cases of boundary conditions, i.e., the sealed-pore and the open-pore boundaries, are introduced in the numerical calculation. At last, the effect of the fracture permeability and porosity on the reflection and transmission coefficients considered. It is revealed that the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted waves strongly depend the boundary condition, fracture permeability, and porosity.     

第三届全国爆炸与冲击动力学青年学者学术研讨会报告综述

简要介绍了第三届全国爆炸与冲击动力学青年学者学术研讨会的情况,概况总结了与会学者所做的报告内容. 报告包括 4 个特邀报告、19 个专题邀请报告和 17 个主题邀请报告,其中主题邀请报告分为爆轰和爆炸动力学、结构动力学和多尺度高性能计算、材料动力学和实验测试技术、复合材料结构的动态力学行为、轻质结构的吸能特性和优化设计等 5 个主题. 研讨会为从事爆炸与冲击动力学的青年学者开展学术交流、建立学术友谊、增强学术合作提供了优秀平台,对学科的建设和发展起到了积极推进作用.      

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CONTINUUM THEORIES (Ⅷ)-PRINCIPLE OF TOTAL WORK AND ENERGY

Theoretical incompleteness of the existing conservation laws of energy for polar continuum mechanics is further clarified. For completeness, the principles of total work and energy and of total work and energy of incremental rate type are postulated. Via total variations of the former and the latter of them, the principles of virtual displacement and microrotation & stress and couple stress as well as virtual velocity and angular velocity &stress rate and couple stress rate are immediately obtained, respectively. From these principles all balance equations and boundary conditions for micropolar mechanics are naturally and simultaneously deduced. The essential differences between the nontraditional results obtained in this paper and the existing conservation laws of energy are expounded.     

Time-domain Impedance Boundary Conditions for Computational Acoustics and Aeroacoustics

This paper reviews the short history, motivation, numerical and theoretical issues, and development of methods for treating a boundary as a reflective/absorptive surface for the time-domain computation of waves in general and acoustic waves in particular. It begins with the extension and implementation of the frequency-domain impedance to a time-domain impedance-equivalent boundary condition (TDIBC), and illustrates how the theoretical, numerical, and implementation issues are addressed and resolved for acoustic/aeroacoustic applications. Comments are also made on the extendibility and applicability of the concept and TDIBC to other fields and types of problems.     

防护林带：湍流的数学模型与计算机模拟

虽然防护林用于减小风速、控制热量和水汽传递及污染物扩散、 改善气候与环境、增加作物产量等已经有几百年了, 但直到近几十年, 人们才开始系统地研究防护林空气动力学的遮蔽机制.在本综述中,我 们考察了绕防护林带的流动与湍流控制机制,最新的模型与数值模拟 研究情况;通过数值模拟与实验数据的比较,来了解防护林带结构与防 风效果之间的关系;讨论数值分析如何及为什么能够得到所需要的结果. 本文将从多孔隙防护林带流动基本方程组的推导开始,讨论数值模型及 模拟过程,对附体与分离流动进行预测;分析了遮蔽机制与动量交换;对 风向、防护林密度、宽度和三维性对流动与湍流的影响作了系统的论 述.还对热流和土壤水分蒸发的新模型及数值模拟作了简述.最后,我们 对网络工作站、群和高性能分布式并行计算机及其对防护林带模型预 报能力的提高作了讨论.     

纳米孪晶和梯度纳米结构金属强韧特性研究进展

金属材料在航空、航天工业以及民用工业等领域具有广泛的应用,如何获取同时具备高强度和良好塑性的金属材料一直是材料、物理、力学等不同学科长期以来亟待解决的难题.传统的强化方法包括应变强化、固溶强化、相变强化、晶粒细化强化和第二相弥散强化等,均会使材料的韧性或塑性降低.近年来,实验研究发现通过界面设计和微结构调控来可以制备出高强高韧的金属材料,认为位错与各类界面的相互作用、以及微结构优化对应力集中的削弱是材料强化和韧化的主要原因.根据已有实验观察,人们通过原子尺度方法定量分析高强高韧金属材料的变形机理,揭示其强化和韧化机制;同时,发展出基于变形机理的理论模型和有限元方法定量描述高强高韧金属的力学行为.论文将重点介绍纳米孪晶金属和梯度纳米结构金属的强韧特性研究进展,并对新型纳米结构金属材料的强韧特性优化进行展望.     

两种水基摩擦改性剂对轮轨黏着和损伤性能的影响

利用MJP-30A滚动磨损与接触疲劳试验机研究了两种水基摩擦改性剂(分别记为FM1和FM2)的最佳涂敷量,分析了FM1和FM2在最佳涂敷量下对轮轨磨损和损伤的影响. 结果表明:FM1和FM2单次的最佳涂敷量分别为14和8 μl. FM1介质下轮轨试样的磨损率明显降低,仅为干态下的23%和41%;FM2介质下车轮试样的磨损率略高于干态下,钢轨试样的磨损率为干态下的64%. 干态和FM2介质下轮轨试样表面出现起皮、剥落及明显的疲劳裂纹,试样剖面出现多层裂纹、支裂纹和次表层裂纹;FM1介质下轮轨试样损伤轻微,试样表面出现轻微起皮和点蚀,试样剖面出现少量的单层微裂纹,FM1可有效减缓轮轨的磨损与损伤.      

Oblique indentation of creeping solids

Oblique indentation of power law creeping solids at plane strain conditions is examined with rigid-perfectly plastic material behaviour emerging as an asymptotic case. Indenter profiles are dealt with in general circumstances and represented by homogeneous functions. The core of the method developed draws on self-similarity and is based on an intermediate flat die solution. By this approach the problem of a moving contact boundary may be suppressed and the ensuing procedure becomes independent of loading, geometry, history and time. A computational method, based on the reduced procedure, is developed to obtain high accuracy solutions based on finite elements and applicable to non-linear elasticity. The originally stated problem is then solved subsequently by simple cumulative superposition and results given as a function of impression depth. The relation between contact depth and area is found to be invariant and only dependent on the power law exponent, the amount of friction, the profile and the angle of inclination of the indenter. Detailed results are given for local states of stress and deformation for flat and cylindrical dies at variation of the remaining three stated parameters. The presence of local stick and slip is given due attention and global relations between loading and indentation depth and contact area discussed for practical applications. The fundamental framework laid down may be applied to structural assemblies, joints and seals and diverse applications as flattening of rough surfaces, compaction of powder aggregates and ice-offshore structure interaction.     

Coupled buckling and postbuckling analysis of active laminated piezoelectric composite plates

A theoretical framework for analyzing the pre- and postbuckling response of composite laminates and plates with piezoactuators and sensors is presented. The mechanics include nonlinear effects due to large rotations and stress stiffening, and are incorporated into a coupled mixed-field piezoelectric laminate theory. Using the previous mechanics, a nonlinear finite element method and an incremental-iterative solution are formulated for the analysis of nonlinear adaptive plate structures subject to in-plane electromechanical loading. A novel eight-node nonlinear plate finite element is also developed. Evaluation cases predict the buckling and postbuckling response of adaptive composite beams and plates with piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The case of piezoelectric buckling and postbuckling induced by the actuators is addressed and quantified. Finally, the possibility to actively mitigate the mechanical buckling and postbuckling response of adaptive piezocomposite plates is illustrated.     

High-order layerwise mechanics and finite element for the damped dynamic characteristics of sandwich composite beams

A high-order discrete-layer theory and a finite element are presented for predicting the damping of laminated composite sandwich beams. The new layerwise laminate theory involves quadratic and cubic terms for approximation of the in-plane displacement in each discrete layer, while interlaminar shear stress continuity is imposed through the thickness. Integrated damping mechanics are formulated and both laminate and structural stiffness, mass and damping matrices are formed. A finite element method and a beam element are further developed for predicting the free vibration response, including modal frequencies, modal loss factors and through-thickness mode shapes. Numerical results and evaluations of the present model are shown. Modal frequencies and damping of sandwich composite beams are measured and correlated with predicted values. Finally, parametric studies illustrate the effect of core thickness and face lamination on modal damping and frequency values.     

Breaking paradigms

To remain relevant, experimental mechanics must continuously renew itself through the development of new tools and new methods for gaining improved insights into complex phenomena and for performing both old and new tasks under ever more challenging and previously unexplored circumstances. To do this, practitioners of the art, teachers and students alike, must learn how to innovate efficiently and effectively. The history of the Society for Experimental Stress Analysis (SESA) and the Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) provides many examples of successful innovation by its members. However, since most of us innovate intuitively, we are not efficient at passing our experience and skills at innovation to the next generation of experimentalists. This paper outlines a methodology, originally developed for engineering design, which when applied to our field enables practicing and aspiring experimentalists to be effective and efficient in recognizing and defining new needs, and also in creating innovative devices, methods, and systems for meeting those needs. The key to this methodology is the conscious and careful nurturing of specific cognitive habits and skills that will enable effective and efficient innovation. SEM William M. Murray Lecture, June 4, 2003, Charlotte, NC, USA.