In-flight and collisional dissipation as a mechanism to suppress Fermi acceleration in a breathing Lorentz gas

Some dynamical properties for a time dependent Lorentz gas considering both the dissipative and non dissipative dynamics are studied. The model is described by using a four-dimensional nonlinear mapping. For the conservative dynamics, scaling laws are obtained for the behavior of the average velocity for an ensemble of non interacting particles and the unlimited energy growth is confirmed. For the dissipative case, four different kinds of damping forces are considered namely: (i) restitution coefficient which makes the particle experiences a loss of energy upon collisions; and in-flight dissipation given by (ii) F=-ηV(2); (iii) F=-ηV(μ) with μ≠1 and μ≠2 and; (iv) F=-ηV, where η is the dissipation parameter. Extensive numerical simulations were made and our results confirm that the unlimited energy growth, observed for the conservative dynamics, is suppressed for the dissipative case. The behaviour of the average velocity is described using scaling arguments and classes of universalities are defined.     

Universality of level spacing distributions in classical chaos

We suggest that random matrix theory applied to a matrix of lengths of classical trajectories can be used in classical billiards to distinguish chaotic from non-chaotic behavior. We consider in 2D the integrable circular and rectangular billiard, the chaotic cardioid, Sinai and stadium billiard as well as mixed billiards from the Limaçon/Robnik family. From the spectrum of the length matrix we compute the level spacing distribution, the spectral auto-correlation and spectral rigidity. We observe non-generic (Dirac comb) behavior in the integrable case and Wignerian behavior in the chaotic case. For the Robnik billiard close to the circle the distribution approaches a Poissonian distribution. The length matrix elements of chaotic billiards display approximate GOE behavior. Our findings provide evidence for universality of level fluctuations—known from quantum chaos—to hold also in classical physics.     

One-particle and few-particle billiards

We study the dynamics of one-particle and few-particle billiard systems in containers of various shapes. In few-particle systems, the particles collide elastically both against the boundary and against each other. In the one-particle case, we investigate the formation and destruction of resonance islands in (generalized) mushroom billiards, which are a recently discovered class of Hamiltonian systems with mixed regular-chaotic dynamics. In the few-particle case, we compare the dynamics in container geometries whose counterpart one-particle billiards are integrable, chaotic, and mixed. One of our findings is that two-, three-, and four-particle billiards confined to containers with integrable one-particle counterparts inherit some integrals of motion and exhibit a regular partition of phase space into ergodic components of positive measure. Therefore, the shape of a container matters not only for noninteracting particles but also for interacting particles.     

Separation of particles in time-dependent focusing billiards

We consider a family of stadium-like billiards with time-dependent boundaries. Two different cases of time dependence are studied: (i) the fixed boundary approximation and (ii) the exact model which takes into account the motion of the boundary. It is shown that when the billiards possess strong chaotic properties, the sequence of their boundary perturbations is the Fermi acceleration phenomenon which is three times larger than in the case of the fixed boundary approximation. However, weak mixing in such billiards leads to particle separation. Depending on the initial velocity three different things occur: (i) the particle ensemble may accelerate; (ii) the average velocity may stay constant or (iii) it may even decrease.     

A causal and fractional all-frequency wave equation for lossy media

This work presents a lossy partial differential acoustic wave equation including fractional derivative terms. It is derived from first principles of physics (mass and momentum conservation) and an equation of state given by the fractional Zener stress-strain constitutive relation. For a derivative order α in the fractional Zener relation, the resulting absorption α(k) obeys frequency power-laws as α(k) ∝ ω(1+α) in a low-frequency regime, α(k) ∝ ω(1-α/2) in an intermediate-frequency regime, and α(k) ∝ ω(1-α) in a high-frequency regime. The value α=1 corresponds to the case of a single relaxation process. The wave equation is causal for all frequencies. In addition the sound speed does not diverge as the frequency approaches infinity. This is an improvement over a previously published wave equation building on the fractional Kelvin-Voigt constitutive relation.     

Dissipative quantum chaos: transition from wave packet collapse to explosion

Using the quantum trajectories approach, we study the quantum dynamics of a dissipative chaotic system described by the Zaslavsky map. For strong dissipation the quantum wave function in the phase space collapses onto a compact packet which follows classical chaotic dynamics and whose area is proportional to the Planck constant. At weak dissipation the exponential instability of quantum dynamics on the Ehrenfest time scale dominates and leads to wave packet explosion. The transition from collapse to explosion takes place when the dissipation time scale exceeds the Ehrenfest time. For integrable nonlinear dynamics the explosion practically disappears leaving place to collapse.     

Mushrooms and other billiards with divided phase space

We present the first natural and visible examples of Hamiltonian systems with divided phase space allowing a rigorous mathematical analysis. The simplest such family (mushrooms) demonstrates a continuous transition from a completely chaotic system (stadium) to a completely integrable one (circle). In the course of this transition, an integrable island appears, grows and finally occupies the entire phase space. We also give the first examples of billiards with a "chaotic sea" (one ergodic component) and an arbitrary (finite or infinite) number of KAM islands and the examples with arbitrary (finite or infinite) number of chaotic (ergodic) components with positive measure coexisting with an arbitrary number of islands. Among other results is the first example of completely understood (rigorously studied) billiards in domains with a fractal boundary. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

Fermi-Ulam accelerator model under scaling analysis

The chaotic low energy region of the Fermi-Ulam simplified accelerator model is characterized by the use of scaling analysis. It is shown that the average velocity and the roughness (variance of the average velocity) obey scaling functions with the same characteristic exponents. The formalism is widely applicable, including to billiards and to other chaotic systems.     

Boundary crisis and suppression of Fermi acceleration in a dissipative two-dimensional non-integrable time-dependent billiard

Some dynamical properties for a dissipative time-dependent oval-shaped billiard are studied. The system is described in terms of a four-dimensional nonlinear mapping. Dissipation is introduced via inelastic collisions of the particle with the boundary, thus implying that the particle has a fractional loss of energy upon collision. The dissipation causes profound modifications in the dynamics of the particle as well as in the phase space of the non-dissipative system. In particular, inelastic collisions can be assumed as an efficient mechanism to suppress Fermi acceleration of the particle. The dissipation also creates attractors in the system, including chaotic. We show that a slightly modification of the intensity of the damping coefficient yields a drastic and sudden destruction of the chaotic attractor, thus leading the system to experience a boundary crisis. We have characterized such a boundary crisis via a collision of the chaotic attractor with its own basin of attraction and confirmed that inelastic collisions do indeed suppress Fermi acceleration in two-dimensional time-dependent billiards.     

Conductance and Statistical Properties of Chaotic and Integrable Electron Waveguides

We show that the S-matrix for electrons propagating in a waveguide has different statistical properties depending on whether the waveguide cavity shape gives rise to chaotic or integrable behavior classically. We obtain distributions of energy level spacings for integrable and chaotic billiards shaped like the waveguide cavity. We also obtain distributions for Wigner delay times and resonance widths for the waveguide, for integrable and chaotic cavity geometries. Our results, obtained by direct numerical calculation of the electron wave function, are consistent with the predictions of random matrix theory.     

Dissipative effects on quantum sticking

Using variational mean-field theory, many-body dissipative effects on the threshold law for quantum sticking and reflection of neutral and charged particles are examined. For the case of an Ohmic bosonic bath, we study the effects of the infrared divergence on the probability of sticking and obtain a nonperturbative expression for the sticking rate. We find that for weak dissipative coupling α, the low-energy threshold laws for quantum sticking are modified by an infrared singularity in the bath. The sticking probability for a neutral particle with incident energy E→0 behaves asymptotically as s~E((1+α)/2(1-α)); for a charged particle, we obtain s~E(α/2(1-α)). Thus, "quantum mirrors"-surfaces that become perfectly reflective to particles with incident energies asymptotically approaching zero-can also exist for charged particles. We provide a numerical example of the effects for electrons sticking to porous silicon via the emission of a Rayleigh phonon.     

Linear matrix inequality criteria for robust synchronization of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems

This paper is devoted to synchronization of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with fractional-order α: 0?相似文献   

Quantum transport and classical dynamics in open billiards

We report numerical results of an investigation of quantum transport for a weakly opened integrable circle and chaotic stadium billiards with a pair of conducting leads. While the statistics of spacings of resonance energies commonly follow the Wigner (GOE)-like distribution, the electric conductance as a function of the Fermi wavenumber shows characteristic noisy fluctuations associated with a typical set of classical orbits unique for both billiards. The wavenumber autocorrelation for the conductance is stronger in the stadium than the circle billiard, which we show is related to the length spectrum of classical short orbits. We propose an explanation of these contrasts in terms of the effect of phase decoherence due to the underlying chaotic dynamics.     

The autocorrelation function of a pseudointegrable system

The autocorrelation function of a pseudointegrable system is considered. The system consists of “billiards” on plane surface formed out of three squares arranged in an “L” shape. This system has the important property of being constructed from copies of an integrable subsystem, the single square. The motion can be decomposed into a continuous and a discrete part, the unpredictability in the system being associated with the latter. A discrete autocorrelation function is calculated, and its decay properties investigated. Structure found in this autocorrelation function is associated with the continued fraction expansion of the ratio of velocity components. For repeating continued fractions, such as the golden mean, the autocorrelation function exhibits a selfsimilar structure. For the general case of a randomly chosen velocity ratio, we derive the time dependence of the number of occurences of “large” autocorrelation values, which differs from the behavior in integrable and chaotic systems.     

Nodal domains statistics: a criterion for quantum chaos

We consider the distribution of the (properly normalized) numbers of nodal domains of wave functions in 2D quantum billiards. We show that these distributions distinguish clearly between systems with integrable (separable) or chaotic underlying classical dynamics, and for each case the limiting distribution is universal (system independent). Thus, a new criterion for quantum chaos is provided by the statistics of the wave functions, which complements the well-established criterion based on spectral statistics.     

Fermi acceleration and its suppression in a time-dependent Lorentz gas

Some dynamical properties for a Lorentz gas were studied considering both static and time-dependent boundaries. For the static case, it was confirmed that the system has a chaotic component characterized with a positive Lyapunov exponent. For the time-dependent perturbation, the model was described using a four-dimensional nonlinear map. The behaviour of the average velocity is considered in two different situations: (i) non-dissipative and (ii) dissipative dynamics. Our results confirm that unlimited energy growth is observed for the non-dissipative case. However, and totally new for this model, when dissipation via inelastic collisions is introduced, the scenario changes and the unlimited energy growth is suppressed, thus leading to a phase transition from unlimited to limited energy growth. The behaviour of the average velocity is described using scaling arguments.     

Dynamical energy equipartition of the Toda model with additional on-site potentials

We study the dynamical energy equipartition properties in the integrable Toda model with additional uniform or disordered on-site energies by extensive numerical simulations. The total energy is initially equidistributed among some of the lowest frequency linear modes. For the Toda model with uniform on-site potentials, the energy spectrum keeps its profile nearly unchanged in a relatively short time scale. On a much longer time scale, the energies of tail modes increase slowly with time. Energy equipartition is far away from being attached in our studied time scale. For the Toda model with disordered on-site potentials, the energy transfers continuously to the high frequency modes and eventually towards energy equipartition. We further perform a systematic study of the equipartition time teq depending on the energy density εand the nonlinear parameter α in the thermodynamic limit for the Toda model with disordered on-site potentials. We find teq∝(1/ε)~a(1/α)~b, where b ≈ 2 a. The values of a and b are increased when increasing the strengths of disordered on-site potentials or decreasing the number of initially excited modes.     

Tunable fermi acceleration in the driven elliptical billiard

We explore the dynamical evolution of an ensemble of noninteracting particles propagating freely in an elliptical billiard with harmonically driven boundaries. The existence of Fermi acceleration is shown thereby refuting the established assumption that smoothly driven billiards whose static counterparts are integrable do not exhibit acceleration dynamics. The underlying mechanism based on intermittent phases of laminar and stochastic behavior of the strongly correlated angular momentum and velocity motion is identified and studied with varying parameters. The diffusion process in velocity space is shown to be anomalous and we find that the corresponding characteristic exponent depends monotonically on the breathing amplitude of the billiard boundaries. Thus it is possible to tune the acceleration law in a straightforwardly controllable manner.     

一类分段光滑映象中有新特征的激变

讨论了描述一类电子张弛振子的分段光滑映象中的两种不连续性导致激变的特性.一种激变发生的机理是一个混沌吸引子吸引域内的不稳定周期轨道与映象的不连续区碰撞;而另一种激变的机理是一个混沌吸引子与两个映象的不连续区构成的“映孔”碰撞.发现第一种激变的平均层流相长度的标度律为〈τ〉∝^-1.8,层流相长度分布的标度律为P(τ)=1〈τ〉·exp-τ〈τ〉,而第二种激变的标度律分别为〈τ〉∝exp(k^-1/2)和P(τ)=1〈τ〉exp-τ〈τ〉. 关键词：     

Decay of energy and suppression of Fermi acceleration in a dissipative driven stadium-like billiard

The behavior of the average energy for an ensemble of non-interacting particles is studied using scaling arguments in a dissipative time-dependent stadium-like billiard. The dynamics of the system is described by a four dimensional nonlinear mapping. The dissipation is introduced via inelastic collisions between the particles and the moving boundary. For different combinations of initial velocities and damping coefficients, the long time dynamics of the particles leads them to reach different states of final energy and to visit different attractors, which change as the dissipation is varied. The decay of the average energy of the particles, which is observed for a large range of restitution coefficients and different initial velocities, is described using scaling arguments. Since this system exhibits unlimited energy growth in the absence of dissipation, our results for the dissipative case give support to the principle that Fermi acceleration seems not to be a robust phenomenon.