用光弹性方法研究厚壁压力容器内表面裂纹的应力强度因子

本文针对三维裂纹纹尖的应力状态及裂纹表面均匀受压的情况，用应力函数法导出了纹尖近区域应力级数解；用光弹性方法测定厚壁压力容器内表面沿９０°（纵方向），５７°，４１°，２７°，０°（横方向）布置的圆形裂纹应力强度因子Ｋ１，ＫⅡ和ＫⅢ的分布，在光弹分析中引入了二阶非奇异项，并在数据处理中采用了阻尼最小二乘法以获得精度较高的解。     

开孔热塑性复合材料的三维弹塑性面内应力分析

本文利用一单参数三维塑性模型对AS4/PEEK热塑性复合材料的塑性行为进行表征。利用有限元程序生成系统FEPG,将复合材料的三维单参数塑性模型引入该系统中,编制了相应的有限元程序。通过将本文的有限元计算结果与文献实验结果进行对比,证明了所生成程序的精确性。并对AS4/PEEK热塑性复合材料层合板[0/90]s的面内应力进行了计算与分析。给出了0°层与90°层的面内应力。0°层的最大应力σx大约是90°层相应值的20倍,这主要是由于热塑性复合材料AS4/PEEK的纵向和横向模量存在很大的不同,并且具有明显的弹塑性行为所造成的。     

高层建筑程序DASTAB中抗震分析的三维反应谱方法及工程实例

本文从三维动力方程出发,应用反应谱理论推导了空间结构在任意方向地面运动作用下结构变形与内力的计算方法。所得到的算式是十分简单、实用的。这套公式对于空间问题自然地计及了扭转效应,而对于平面模型的处理则与当前规范完全一致。可以说,这是当前抗震规范所规定的反应谱方法在三维结构分析中的自然推广及理论论证。 三维反应谱方法已在高层建筑专用程序DASTAB上实现。动力分析可以采用与静力分析同样复杂、细致的模型。国内许多大设计院用DASTAB程序对多种形式的三维结构模型进行抗震计算(包括水平面内0°,45°,90°方向的地震作用),均对计算结果表示满意。由于应用了多层子结构,多级主从关系等技术,从而大大减少了数据准备及计算工作量。     

个人导航用压力传感器的三维打印制备数字模型

基于微喷三维打印机制造压力传感器,用于可穿戴的个人导航系统中。在基底表面不规则或者使用中经常被折弯的情况下,微喷打印工艺制备的MEMS器件精度更高,性能更好。研究了器件的可打印模型和工艺,给出压力传感器可打印的分层物理结构;研究了平面结构投影到三维基底上的投影空间,基于Terzopoulos弹性模型使用材料弹性度和结构弹性度模型给出投影空间;使用射线投影NURBS曲线来拟合边界轮廓,给出分层切片模型。为验证打印PZT膜的压电性能以及设计的压力传感器件的功能,使用不同的机械负荷测试其刚度,使用不同的直流偏置来测试耗损因数、品质因数等。通过比较实验对象的测量值和理论预测值之间的关系可以看出,打印的压力传感器薄膜具有很好的机械和电气性能。     

后掠激波诱导分离特性的马赫数影响

利用壁面压力测量和表面油流显示技术对后掠压缩角产生的激波与湍流边界层干扰进行了实验研究。主要研究了来流马赫数对干扰分离特性和起始分离条件的影响，实验的马赫数为１．７９，２．０４和２．５０，相应的雷诺数为２．４２—２．４７×１０￣７／ｍ．实验模型共１５个，其后掠角变化范围是０°—６０°，流向压缩角变化范围是１０°—３０°，实验结果表明，与二维干扰不同，对于大后掠角的三维干扰来说，分离线上的压比和起始分离时的无粘激波压比近似相等，且是一个与马赫数无关的常数。     

复合材料单层的横向拉伸原地强度和0°/90°/O°叠层板张开型裂纹经典解的研究

本文:(1)用傅立叶变换和Copson的对偶积分方程法,求得了0°/90°/0°叠层板90°层内张开型裂纹问题的经典解;(2)应用所得解,对石墨/环氧叠层板中90°层的断裂特性和横向拉伸原地强度进行了定量研究。 结果表明,这类叠层板的应力强度因子不同于90°的单向层,它随0°层的厚度b、模量E_L或G_(LT)的增加而减小,也随90°层的厚度减小而减小,这就导致了叠层效应,并提高了90°层的横向原地强度。这里的理论计算与D.L.Flaggs的试验结果一致。     

类升力体外形高超声速粘性绕流拓扑结构分析

采用交替方向隐式分解的隐式NND格式求解全N-S方程模拟“类升力体”外形在高超声速下的大攻角流动,给出了“类升力体”外形表面极限流线随攻角变化的拓扑结构及40°攻角下垂直于体轴的横截面流线拓扑结构。结果表明:类升力体外形三维流场结构十分复杂,攻角从0°～40°变化时,背风面表面极限流线依次由不分离、开式分离向起始于鞍、结点组合的高阶奇点的分离方式转化,翼面横向分离亦随攻角增大而增大;垂直于体轴的横截面流动拓扑结构与文献[2]给出的理论分析一致。     

大视场双目投影条纹方法中的相机参数标定与优化研究

投影条纹法具有高精度、高分辨的特点,且实验设备简单,对实验环境要求低,适宜于不同尺度的三维形貌测量。双目投影条纹法通常采用有标准参照物的相机标定方法获取相机参数,以实现物体表面三维形貌重建。然而,在大型结构的三维形貌测量中参照物的相对尺度较小,传统的基于重投影的相机标定方法在特征检测中引入的误差会被放大,从而影响三维表面形貌测量的稳定性和准确性。本文结合双目投影条纹成像原理,提出了一种适用于大面积形貌测量的投影条纹系统标定方法。该方法利用投影条纹控制点以及对极几何约束对张氏标定法结果进行优化,从而可以在大视场标定中保持较高的精度。实验表明,在标定板与测量物大小相当时,本文提出的标定方法与传统标定方法的测量结果基本一致;当标定板远小于待测物时,本文方法的测量精度和稳定性明显优于传统方法。     

三角翼的双襟翼控涡作用的数值模拟研究

对装有“前端襟翼”和“前缘襟翼”的７４°后掠三角翼的不可压缩流场作了数值模拟,以研究襟翼的旋涡控制作用．数值模拟是用拟压缩性方法求解一般曲线坐标系下的三维不可压缩Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程,时间离散用向后Ｅｕｌｅｒ差分,空间无粘项的离散用二阶迎风ＴＶＤ格式,所得的离散方程用对角化形式的近似隐式因子分解格式求解．湍流模型用Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数模式．计算了三种平面形状的机翼在迎角范围为１０°～５０°的绕流和气动特性．计算和实验的比较表明,襟翼向下偏转可以推迟旋涡破裂,且对提高机翼的减阻能力、升阻比和改善失速前后的气动特性有明显效果,双襟翼具有更佳的控涡效果．     

细长体背风面横向非对称分离的研究

用数值模拟方法研究了超声速情况下，无限长细长体背风面的涡结构。数值模拟的出发方程和计算格式分别为全Ｎ－Ｓ方程和二阶空间精度的ＴＶＤ格式。数值结果给出了圆锥、半球柱体和椭圆锥在不同攻角下的流场结果。结果表明圆锥在攻角α＝１５°，２０°和２５°时背风面呈现明显的稳定非对称横向分离，而半球柱体和椭圆锥在３２．５°和２５°时背风面均未出现非对称的横向分离结构。     

微尺度位移、形貌测量系统及应用

研制了一套可应用于MEMS器件的微尺度测量系统，可以在受载状态下实时检测MEMS器件的面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌。该系统中，面内位移测量是一个基于白光数字散斑相关方法的显微光学测量系统，与相应的力学加载系统结合，可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时面内位移；离面位移和三维形貌测量则是一个基于相移显微投影光栅方法的光学测量系统，与相应的力学加载系统结合，可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时三维形貌和离面位移。最后给出了几个典型的MEMS器件面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌的实测结果。     

3D contact patch measurement inside rolling tyres

This paper presents a novel method for capturing the 3D profile of the inside of a rolling off-road vehicle tyre at the tyre-road contact region. This method captures the contact region at all times as the vehicle negotiates obstacles. The system uses a pair of inexpensive digital cameras (capable of capturing up to 300 frames per second) and features a purely mechanical stabilisation system to ensure that the cameras capture the contact region at any wheel speed or vehicle acceleration.The captured images are processed using 3D computer vision techniques using an open source computer vision library called OpenCV. Stereo image pairs are used to create clouds of 3D points showing the profile of the inside surface with good accuracy. Various obstacles were traversed with the deformed tyre profile being compared to the undeformed profile. The system improves on current measurement techniques used to measure the contact patch by capturing a large region of the contact patch, providing full 3D surface geometry, as well as remaining centred on the contact patch irrespective of wheel rotation. The system also enables other imaging techniques to be used such as digital image correlation to determine velocity profiles as well as strain measurements.     

回转体三维扫描形貌测量及其应用

本文提出一种测量三维形貌的扫描系统,该系统可被用于测量回转体的三维形貌。激光光刀被投射在被测物体表面,由于被测物体表面的形貌而改变了光刀的弯曲方式,摄像机将变形后的图像采集到计算机中。当被测物体放置在转台上旋转一周时,相应的一系列光刀变形的图片被采集到计算机中,这一系列图片包含了物体表面形貌的全部信息。通过连续扫描采集系列图片并计算,最终可以获得整个被测物体的三维形貌。当被测物体直径在一百毫米左右尺寸范围内的测量灵敏度可到0.01mm,其它尺寸范围要更换成像系统,才能达到相应的灵敏度。本文给出了两个较为复杂模型的三维形貌测量结果。该结果表明,本系统在对回转体表面形貌的测量方面具有一定的技术难度和广泛的工程需求,本文的研究具有重要的参考价值。     

How to get spatial resolution inside probe volumes of commercial 3D LDA systems

In laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) it is often the aim to determine the velocity profile for a given fluid flow. The spatial resolution of such velocity profiles is limited in principal by the size of the probe volume. The method of using time of flight data from two probe volumes allows improvements of the spatial resolution by at least one order of magnitude and measurements of small-scale velocity profiles inside the measuring volume along the optical axis of commercial available 3D anemometers without moving the probe. No change of the optical set-up is necessary. An increased spatial resolution helps to acquire more precise data in areas where the flow velocity changes rapidly as shown in the vicinity of the stagnation point of a cuboid. In the overlapping region of three measuring volumes a spatially resolved 3D velocity vector profile is obtained in the direction of the optical axis in near plane flow conditions. In plane laminar flows the probe volume is extended by a few millimetres. The limitation of the method to a plane flow is that it would require a two-component LDA in a very special off-axis arrangement, but this arrangement is available in most commercial 3D systems.     

Volumetric correlation PIV: a new technique for 3D velocity vector field measurement

A method is proposed that allows three-dimensional (3D) two-component measurements to be made by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV) in any volume illuminated over a finite thickness. The method is based on decomposing the cross-correlation function into various contributions at different depths. Because the technique is based on 3D decomposition of the correlation function and not reconstruction of particle images, there is no limit to particle seeding density as experienced by 3D particle tracking algorithms such as defocusing PIV and tomographic PIV. Correlations from different depths are differentiated by the variation in point spread function of the lens used to image the measurement volume over that range of depths. A number of examples are demonstrated by use of synthetic images which simulate micro-PIV (μPIV) experiments. These examples vary from the trivial case of Couette flow (linear variation of one velocity component over depth) to a general case where both velocity components vary by different complex functions over the depth. A final validation—the measurement of a parabolic velocity profile over the depth of a microchannel flow—is presented. The same method could also be applied using a thick light sheet in macro-scale PIV and in a stereo configuration for 3D three-component PIV.     

鲤鱼尾鳍实时三维姿态测量及运动特性分析

为了实现鱼鳍三维运动特性的精确测量, 研究尾鳍的动态瞬时特性, 定量分析其连续变化过程, 建立了基于栅线投影和高速摄像的测量系统和与之对应的分析方法. 以自主游动的鲤鱼为实验对象, 将一组正弦光栅投射在其尾鳍表面, 产生包含三维信息的光栅条纹并由高速摄像机实时采集尾鳍摆动过程的序列图像; 对其中的每一帧图像作二维傅里叶变换、频谱滤波、逆傅里叶变换及三维位相展开等处理后, 重建尾鳍的瞬时三维形态, 再现尾鳍的连续运动过程; 据此测量结果分析研究尾鳍的运动特征及运动学参数. 结果表明, 鲤鱼游速为0.5L/s时, 尾鳍的摆动频率为1.42Hz; 鲤鱼巡游过程中尾鳍的主要运动为侧向摆动, 尾鳍的形状周期性地循环外展和内收, 且尾鳍上叶叶尖的平均摆幅比尾鳍下叶叶尖的平均摆幅约大15.6%.      

Prediction of traction and soil compaction using three-dimensional soil-tyre contact profile

Prediction of traction and compaction in the soil profile based upon two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) representations of the dynamic soil-tyre contact area and an assumed pressure distribution over the profile are presented for two tyre sizes at two inflation pressures, two levels of dynamic load and two slip levels in a tilled Yolo Loam soil condition. A soil model based upon a semi-logarithmic porosity-stress relationship was used to obtain the pressure distribution. Traction predictions based upon the 3D surface were significantly better than those based upon the 2D surface. Compaction predictions were similar for both surfaces except for immediately below the soil surface.     

离心风机子午通道内湍流场数值模拟

由进风口－叶轮－无叶扩压器－蜗壳等部件组成的离心风机通道内流分析是非常复杂的，目前还只能是分别计算各部件内的流场，但必须考虑部件间的相互影响。本文采用轴对称Ｎ－Ｓ方程，根据三维叶轮通道计算给出的叶片力分布，求解了考虑叶片力的进风口－叶轮－无叶扩压器组成的子午通道问题，所得结果可用来给出三维叶轮通道计算的进口条件，并可用于优化设计进风口及叶轮前、后盘形状。该方法已得到实践检验。     

输气管路弯头内壁面冲蚀进化的试验和数值模拟研究

砂粒的连续冲击使输气管路弯头内壁面连续不均匀地发生着冲蚀进化现象.本文作者基于3D成像技术精确描述了R/D=1.5弯头内壁冲蚀进化过程,并采用CFD方法对该过程进行了数值模拟研究.结果显示,随着颗粒冲击,磨损严重的区域向弯头圆心角高角度扩散的速度较大;通过修正Schiller Naumann拽力系数模型可较准确地模拟弯头的冲蚀进化过程(平均误差小于0.15 mm).以上工作对管路的完整性评价具有重要意义.     

Estimation of a three-dimensional tyre footprint using dynamic soil–tyre contact pressures

A method for estimating the three-dimensional (3D) footprint of a 16.9R38 pneumatic tyre was developed. The method was based on measured values of contact pressure at the soil–tyre interface and wheel contact length determined from the contact pressures and the depths and widths of ruts formed in the soil. The 3D footprint was investigated in an area of the field where the pressure sensors of the tyre passed in a soft clay soil. The tyre was instrumented with six miniature pressure sensors, three on the lug face and the remaining three on the under-tread region between two lugs. The instrumented tyre was run at a constant forward speed of 0.27 m/s and 23% slip on a soft soil, 0.48 MPa cone index, 25.6% d.b. moisture content for four wheel load and tyre pressure combination treatments. The 3D footprint assessment derived from soil–tyre interface stress used in this research is a unique methodology, which could precisely relate the trend profile of the 3D footprint to the measured rut depth. The tyre–soil interface contact pressure distributions results showed that as inflation pressure increased the soil strength increased significantly near the centre of the tyre as a compaction increase sensed with the cone penetrometer.