Wind tunnel simulation of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution

The wind tunnel simulations of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution with one smooth and five rough surfaces were conducted using wind tunnel tests. Timemean and fluctuating pressure distributions on the surface were obtained, and the relationships between the roughness Reynolds number and pressure distributions were analyzed and discussed. The results show that increasing the surface roughness can significantly affect the pressure distribution, and the roughness Reynolds numbers play an important role in the change of flow patterns. The three flow patterns of subcritical, critical and supercritical flows can be classified based on the changing patterns of both the mean and the fluctuating pressure distributions. The present study suggests that the wind tunnel results obtained in the supercritical pattern reflect more closely those of full-scale solid structure of revolution at the designed wind speed.     

点支式夹层玻璃板承载性能的有限差分分析法

夹层玻璃PVB层的剪切模量受时间、温度影响较大,这给点支式夹层玻璃承载性能的计算带来了一定的困难。本文采用有限差分法,计算了点支式夹层玻璃板位移的发展过程,计算得到的20℃下的位移曲线与试验曲线较接近。夹层玻璃板的剪切变形较大,在设计中不可忽略;同时,现行规范不计PVB层的抗剪作用,设计结果过于保守。本文建议对国内的点支夹层玻璃进行相关试验研究,根据剪切模量对夹层玻璃的承载性能进行较可靠、经济的设计。     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

Assessment of Digital Image Correlation as a method of obtaining deformations of a structure under fluid load

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is employed for the measurement of full-field deformation during fluid–structure interaction experiments in a wind tunnel. The methodology developed for the wind tunnel environment is quantitatively assessed. The static deformation error of the system is shown to be less than 0.8% when applied to a curved aerofoil specimen moved through known displacements using a micrometre. Enclosed camera fairings were shown to be required to minimise error due to wind induced camera vibration under aerodynamic loading. The methodology was demonstrated using a high performance curved foil, from a NACRA F20 sailing catamaran, tested within the University of Southampton RJ Mitchell, 3.5 mx2.4 m, wind tunnel. The aerodynamic forces induced in the wind tunnel are relatively small, compared with typical hydrodynamic loading, resulting in small deformations. The coupled deflection and blade twist is evaluated over the tip region (80–100% Span, measured from the root) for a range of wind speeds and angles of attack. Steady deformations at low angles of attack were shown to be well captured however unsteady deformations at higher angles of attack were observed as an increase in variability due to hardware limitations in the current DIC system. It is concluded that higher DIC sample rates are required to assess unsteady deformations in the future. The full field deformation data reveals limited blade twist for low angles of attack, below the stall angle. For larger angles, however, there is a tendency to reduce the effective angle of attack at the tip of the structure, combined with an unsteady structural response. This capability highlights the benefits of the presented methodology over fixed-point measurements as the three dimensional foil deflections can be assessed over a large tip region. In addition, the methodology demonstrates that very small deformations and twist angles can be resolved.     

Influence of spacing parameters on the wind loading of solar array

Boundary layer wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different spacing parameters on the wind loading of ground and roof mounted solar arrays. On the ground mounted array the effect of lateral and longitudinal spacing between panels was investigated. On the roof mounted array the effect of array perimeter gap from the building edge was investigated. Based on the results obtained, the magnitude of force and moment coefficients on the ground mounted array decreased across panel rows as a result of sheltering effect from the neighboring upwind panels. The largest reduction of wind load coefficients was observed on the second row panels but the amount of reduction dropped quickly afterwards, becoming minimal after the fourth row. It was also observed that panels located in the outer array column could be subjected to relatively higher wind loads compared to panels located in the inner array columns. Increasing the lateral spacing between array columns was observed to have minimal effect on the force and moment coefficients. However, the wind load coefficients increased as the longitudinal spacing between panel rows was increased. The wind load coefficients on the roof mounted array decreased with increasing perimeter gap from the building edge.     

Generalized Maxwell model for the viscoelastic behavior of a soda-lime-silica glass under low frequency shear loading

The linear viscoelastic behavior of a soda-lime-silica glass under low frequency shear loading is investigated in the glass transition range. Using the time-temperature superposition technique, the master curves of the shear dynamic relaxation moduli are obtained at a reference temperature of 566°C. A method to determine the viscoelastic constants from dynamic relaxation moduli is proposed. However, some viscoelastic constants cannot be directly measured from the experimental curves and others cannot be precisely obtained due to non-linearity effects at very low frequencies. The generalized Maxwell model is investigated from the experimental dynamic moduli without fixing the viscoelastic constants. A set of parameters is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental dynamic relaxation moduli, but does not give the correct values of the viscoelastic constants of the investigated glass. The soda-lime-silica glass exhibits a non-linear viscoelastic behavior at very low stress level which is usually observed for organic glasses. This non-linear behavior is questioned.     

Analytical solution of a simply supported piezoelectric beam subjected to a uniformly distributed loading

IntroductionIntelligentstructureisakindofnewstructuremodelsandhasbeenreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyears.Usedaspiezoelectricsensorsandactuators,thiskindofintelligentstructureshasmanyadvantagessuchasthepromptnessofresponseandtheconvenienceforthesignalcontrol.Soitisfollowedwithinterestbothinthetheoreticalstudyandintheengineeringapplications[1].Forexample ,theresearchoffundamentalsolution[2 ,3]andellipsoidalinclusion[4 ]forthree_dimensionalpiezoelectricmaterialbyuseofFouriertransformation ;thestu…     

On the aeroelastic transient behaviour of a streamlined bridge deck section in a wind tunnel

The study deals with the transient behaviour of a two degrees of freedom bridge deck section in a wind tunnel under the effect of an initial excitation. Response of the bridge deck section subjected to an initial mechanical excitation and excitation by an upstream gust is investigated separately. Experiments are conducted with three different frequency ratios between the plunge and pitch degrees of freedom. This experimental study shows that transient growth of energy occurs for wind velocities below the onset of flutter, reaching a level higher than 5 times the level of the initial excitation. In high wind conditions, this means that statistical or spectral computation techniques might underestimate the motion amplitude reached by a flexible bridge deck. This emphasises the importance of using temporal techniques under such circumstances.     

Experimental investigation on non-stationary wind loading effects generated with a multi-blade flow device

Overcoming the spatial constraints of the small-scale wind tunnel at Northeastern University, a multi-blade flow device (MBFD) has been installed within the facility’s test chamber to generate ramps in measured wind velocities by redirecting horizontally driven flows. As a continuation feasibility study, this paper analyzes the aerodynamic loads imparted on a building model from these simulated non-stationary outflows. Base forces are recorded with a high-frequency force balance sensor (HFFB) and compared to digital simulations using a modified quasi-steady aerodynamic load approach. Under certain conditions, the forces obtained from both physical and numerical procedures coincide well with each other, although differences arise due to assumptions and deficiencies in the modeling. Nonetheless, results indicate that altering horizontal flows with this device is suitable for replicating non-stationary aerodynamic loads, within the confines of a small-scale wind, “straight” tunnel.     

Green synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles supported on porous glass

A facile and green method to prepare Ce-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles supported on porous glass beads is reported. An ion exchange process and subsequent calcination yielded Ce-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles with a mean size of 4.8 ± 0.3 nm. The nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of porous glass beads. The addition of Ce enhanced the visible light absorption of the TiO₂ nanoparticles in the 400–500 nm spectral window. The band gap of the as-prepared catalyst was 2.80 eV. The Ce-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles immobilized on porous glass beads exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for the visible-light-degradation of methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB); with rate constants of 0.095 and 0.230 min⁻¹; respectively. The effects of Ce dosage; reaction duration; and initial solution pH on the conversion of MO and RhB dyes were investigated. The green synthesis and favorable photocatalytic activity makes the Ce-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles immobilized on porous glass an attractive alternative for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants.     

Low speed flutter and limit cycle oscillations of a two-degree-of-freedom flat plate in a wind tunnel

This paper explores the dynamical response of a two-degree-of-freedom flat plate undergoing classical coupled-mode flutter in a wind tunnel. Tests are performed at low Reynolds number (Re~2.5×10⁴), using an aeroelastic set-up that enables high amplitude pitch–plunge motion. Starting from rest and increasing the flow velocity, an unstable behaviour is first observed at the merging of frequencies: after a transient growth period the system enters a low amplitude limit-cycle oscillation regime with slowly varying amplitude. For higher velocity the system transitions to higher-amplitude and stable limit cycle oscillations (LCO) with amplitude increasing with the flow velocity. Decreasing the velocity from this upper LCO branch the system remains in stable self-sustained oscillations down to 85% of the critical velocity. Starting from rest, the system can also move toward a stable LCO regime if a significant perturbation is imposed. Those results show that both the flutter boundary and post-critical behaviour are affected by nonlinear mechanisms. They also suggest that nonlinear aerodynamic effects play a significant role.     

动高压加载下锆基金属玻璃强度测量

为了研究Zr₅₁Ti₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅Al₉金属玻璃的高压强度特性,进行了平靶冲击实验。采用反向碰撞方式,运用DISAR技术测量金属玻璃样品/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面,分析粒子速度剖面获得了37~66GPa压力范围锆基金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量。实验结果表明,在上述压力范围金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量均显示出一定程度的压力硬化效应,分析表明金属玻璃冲击加载波阵面剪应力衰减并非由损伤/破坏或温度软化等因素导致。

     

Dynamic response of a rigid plastic simply supported imperfect beam subjected to a uniform intense dynamic loading

This paper proposes a theoretical analysis for the dynamic response of a rigid perfectly plastic simply supported beam with an imperfection in the midspan cross-section under uniform step, pulse, and impulsive loading when support is assumed to be free to move inward. The complete solutions for an entire dynamic response process are given and the relationship between the distribution of energy dissipated at plastic hinges and the parameter of imperfection is also discussed.     

Normal and typhoon wind loadings on a large cooling tower: A comparative study

Large cooling towers are sensitive to wind effects with their increasing heights and flexibilities. Unlike traditional approaches, which employed Code-defined normal winds to check the loading characteristics, this paper developed a framework for checking the typhoon-induced wind loading on a large cooling tower using Monte Carlo simulations and multi-fan wind tunnel tests. Some distinct characteristics of typhoon winds were compared with those of Code-defined normal winds. Furthermore, wind characteristics of incoming normal and typhoon winds in terms of vertical profile of mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral length scale and power spectrum density of fluctuating winds were well reproduced by a feedback control process of a multi-fan actively controlled wind tunnel. The surface wind pressure distributions of a large cooling tower under these conditions were then investigated by testing a 1:600 reduced scale model. Mean and fluctuating external wind pressures along the circumferential direction under various incoming winds were discussed and quantitatively formulated with eight-term trigonometric equations. Moreover, the cross correlations of wind pressures in the circumferential and meridian directions and correlations with structure base forces, i.e. integral drag and lift forces, were investigated. Non-Gaussian characteristics in terms of skewness and kurtosis of fluctuating wind pressures were also analyzed under two wind climates. Peak factors for modeling extreme wind pressures were examined and compared with those of various models. Finally, the extreme wind loads on a large cooling tower obtained from different wind pressure combinations were compared with peak-factor-theory-based results to identify an appropriate combination for structural design.     

Experimental analysis of a stochastic model for estimating wind-borne compact debris trajectory in turbulent winds

The impact of flying debris against building envelopes during high winds is a major source of structural damage. For example, damage produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in the United States on the facades of tall buildings, located in urban areas, has been documented. It is therefore of relevance to analyze the vulnerability of tall buildings to debris-induced non-structural damage in the general context of performance-based wind engineering. In order to analyze the random trajectory of debris in highly turbulent winds, a numerical model combined with a probability-based algorithm was recently proposed by the authors (Moghim and Caracoglia, 2013). This model investigates the trajectory of “compact debris”, defined as point-mass objects of negligible mass moments of inertia and for which the aerodynamics is predominantly controlled by the drag force. The model replicates both the inherent randomness in debris properties and the effect of wind shear and atmospheric turbulence to estimate debris trajectory and the likelihood of impact against vertical building facades in a probabilistic setting.This paper describes the comparison between numerical model results and wind tunnel experiments. Tests were carried out in the Northeastern University׳s small scale wind tunnel in both smooth flow and grid-generated turbulent flow. The motion of spheres and cubes, simulating compact debris objects, was investigated in two dimensions (2D) on a vertical plane.The 2D motion of compact objects of various sizes was captured by a high-speed digital camera at different flow speeds. Experimental results showed to be consistent with numerical simulations. They also confirmed that not only mean flow speed but also turbulence features can have a non-negligible effect on the trajectory of compact objects.     

提高强冲击荷载作用下平板式防护门门框墙抗力的方法

在强冲击波荷载作用下门框墙转角处会产生明显的应力集中,影响门框墙体系甚至整个防护结构的安全。为解决该问题,提出在迎爆面门框墙和衬砌结合部位设置薄弱层的构造方法,从而减小冲击荷载引起的过大的拉应力。运用考虑了剪切变形的悬臂梁理论分析表明,梁端部约束刚度的变化可以影响结构的破坏形态以及结构的内力分布,降低端部的约束刚度可以有效降低端部区域的内力峰值,延缓结构发生破坏的时间。利用有限元模拟的方法,分析了在出入口门框墙位置设置薄弱层对门框墙动力响应和破坏规律的影响。分析结果表明,设置薄弱层可以有效降低门框墙转角处的应力,降低门框墙结构破坏的风险,进而提高门框墙的抗力水平。     

An immersed boundary/wall modeling method for RANS simulation of compressible turbulent flows

In this paper, an immersed boundary (IB) method is developed to simulate compressible turbulent flows governed by the Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations. The flow variables at the IB nodes (interior nodes in the immediate vicinity of the solid wall) are evaluated via linear interpolation in the normal direction to close the discrete form of the governing equations. An adaptive wall function and a 2‐layer wall model are introduced to reduce the near‐wall mesh density required by the high resolution of the turbulent boundary layers. The wall shear stress modified by the wall modeling technique and the no‐penetration condition are enforced to evaluate the velocity at an IB node. The pressure and temperature at an IB node are obtained via the local simplified momentum equation and the Crocco‐Busemann relation, respectively. The SST k ? ω and S‐A turbulence models are adopted in the framework of the present IB approach. For the Shear‐Stress Transport (SST) k ? ω model, analytical solutions in near‐wall region are utilized to enforce the boundary conditions of the turbulence equations and evaluate the turbulence variables at an IB node. For the S‐A model, the turbulence variable at an IB node is calculated by using the near‐wall profile of the eddy viscosity. In order to validate the present IB approach, numerical experiments for compressible turbulent flows over stationary and moving bodies have been performed. The predictions show good agreements with the referenced experimental data and numerical results.     

Exact flow of a third-grade fluid on a porous wall

The flow of a third-grade fluid occupying the space over a wall is studied. At the surface of the wall suction or blowing velocity is applied. By introducing a velocity field, the governing equations are reduced to a non-linear partial differential equation. The resulting equation is analysed analytically using Lie group methods.     

某简支组合梁桥荷载试验研究

以某简支组合梁桥为工程背景,基于现场荷载试验方法,对该桥加固后的实际承载力进行了研究。首先,详细介绍了试验过程中应变和挠度测点的布置方式;然后,利用荷载效应等效原则,结合组合简支梁桥结构的内力分布特点,确定了现场荷载试验中典型截面的最不利荷载工况。最后,将试验结果与理论计算结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,静载试验的应变实测值和挠度实测值均小于理论计算值,满足相关规范要求;桥梁结构整体强度和刚度满足设计荷载及正常使用的要求;该桥的跨中横向分布系数分布不均匀,且其横向传递剪力能力较弱。