Group classification of the generalized Emden–Fowler-type equation

We perform the Lie group classification of the Emden–Fowler-type equation xu^″+nu^′+x^νF(u)=0, which arises in several applications. These include the theory of stellar structure, the thermal behaviour of a spherical cloud of gas, isothermal gas spheres and the theory of thermionic currents. Seven cases arise for the possible extension of the principal Lie algebra, which in this case is trivial. Three new cases occur for which we have non-trivial Lie point symmetry algebra. We compare these cases with the Noether symmetry cases. Moreover, we also make comparisons with the partial Noether operators. Finally for three cases we reduce the Emden–Fowler-type equation to quadratures.     

Similarity variables and reduction of the heat equation on torus

The problem of symmetry classification for the heat equation on torus is studied by means of classical Lie group theory. The Lie point symmetries are constructed and Lie algebra is formed for equation under consideration. Then these algebras are used to classify its subalgebras up to conjugacy classes. In general the heat equation on torus admits one-, two-, three- and four-dimensional algebras. For one-dimensional algebra £₁ and £₂ the heat equation on torus is reduced in independent variables whereas in two-dimensional algebras £₃ and £₄ the considered heat equation is investigated by quadrature. While three- and four-dimensional algebras lead to a trivial solution.     

Symmetries and similarity solutions for the axisymmetric spreading under gravity of a thin power-law liquid drop on a horizontal plane

We perform a complete analysis of all the Lie point symmetries admitted by the equation describing the axisymmetric spreading under gravity of a thin power-law liquid drop on a horizontal plane. We then investigate the existence of group-invariant solutions for particular values of the power-law parameter β.     

On the symmetry analysis and conservation laws of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional Hénon–Lane–Emden system

We carry out a complete Lie symmetry analysis and Noether symmetry classification of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional H non–Lane–Emden system. It is shown that the principal Lie algebra, which is one dimensional, extends in several cases. It is also shown that four main cases transpire in the Noether classification with respect to the Lagrangian. In addition, conservation laws for the H non–Lane–Emden system are constructed. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the importance and the physical interpretation of these conserved vectors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Symmetries of the WDVV Equations

We investigate the symmetry structure of the WDVV equations. We obtain an r-parameter group of symmetries, where r= (n ²+7n+4)+n/2. Moreover, it is proved that for n=3 and n=4 these comprise all symmetries. We determine a subgroup, which defines an SL₂-action on the space of solutions. For the special case n=3 this action is compared to the SL₂-symmetry of the Chazy equation. We construct similar solutions in the cases n=4 and n=5.     

Symmetry analysis of the charged squashed Kaluza–Klein black hole metric

In this research article, a complete analysis of symmetries and conservation laws for the charged squashed Kaluza–Klein black hole space‐time in a Riemannian space is discussed. First, a comprehensive group analysis of the underlying space‐time metric using Lie point symmetries is presented, and then the n‐dimensional optimal system of this space‐time metric, for n = 1,…,4, are computed. It is shown that there is no any n‐dimensional optimal system of Lie symmetry subalgebra associated to the system of geodesic for n≥5. Then the point symmetries of the one‐parameter Lie groups of transformations that leave invariant the action integral corresponding to the Lagrangian that means Noether symmetries are found, and then the conservation laws associated to the system of geodesic equations are calculated via Noether's theorem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Euler-Bernoulli beams from a symmetry standpoint-characterization of equivalent equations

We completely solve the equivalence problem for Euler-Bernoulli equation using Lie symmetry analysis. We show that the quotient of the symmetry Lie algebra of the Bernoulli equation by the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by solution symmetries is a representation of one of the following Lie algebras: 2A₁, A₁⊕A₂, 3A₁, or A3,3⊕A₁. Each quotient symmetry Lie algebra determines an equivalence class of Euler-Bernoulli equations. Save for the generic case corresponding to arbitrary lineal mass density and flexural rigidity, we characterize the elements of each class by giving a determined set of differential equations satisfied by physical parameters (lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). For each class, we provide a simple representative and we explicitly construct transformations that maps a class member to its representative. The maximally symmetric class described by the four-dimensional quotient symmetry Lie algebra A3,3⊕A₁ corresponds to Euler-Bernoulli equations homeomorphic to the uniform one (constant lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). We rigorously derive some non-trivial and non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli equations reducible to the uniform unit beam. Our models extend and emphasize the symmetry flavor of Gottlieb's iso-spectral beams [H.P.W. Gottlieb, Isospectral Euler-Bernoulli beam with continuous density and rigidity functions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 413 (1987) 235-250].     

Solutions of Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation with power law nonlinearity in 1+3 dimensions

This paper studies the solution of the Kadomtsev–Petviasvili equation with power law nonlinearity in 1+3 dimensions. The Lie symmetry approach as well as the extended tanh‐function and G′/G methods are used to carry out the analysis. Subsequently, the soliton solution is obtained for this equation with power law nonlinearity. Both topological as well as non‐topological solitons are obtained for this equation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-dimensional systems that arise from the Noether classification of Lagrangians on the line

Noether-like operators play an essential role in writing down the first integrals for Euler-Lagrange systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The classification of such operators is carried out with the help of analytic continuation of Lagrangians on the line. We obtain the classification of 5, 6 and 9 Noether-like operators for two-dimensional Lagrangian systems that arise from the submaximal and maximal dimensional Noether point symmetry classification of Lagrangians on the line. Cases in which the Noether-like operators are also Noether point symmetries for the systems of two ODEs are mentioned. In particular, the 8-dimensional maximal Noether algebra is remarkably obtained for the simplest system of the free particle equations in two dimensions from the 5-dimensional complex Noether algebra of the standard Lagrangian of the scalar free particle equation. We present the effectiveness of Noether-like operators for the determination of first integrals of systems of two nonlinear differential equations which arise from scalar complex Euler-Lagrange ODEs that admit Noether symmetry.     

Complete symmetry group and nonlocal symmetries for some two-dimensional evolution equations

The complete symmetry group of an 1+1 evolution equation of maximal symmetry has been demonstrated to be represented by the six-dimensional Lie algebra of point symmetries sl(2,R)s_⊕W, where W is the three-dimensional Heisenberg-Weyl algebra. We construct a complete symmetry group of a 1+2 evolution equation ut=(Fy(u)ux) for some functions F using the point symmetries admitted by the equation. The 1+2 equation is not completely specifiable by point symmetries alone for some specific functions F. We make use of Ansätze already reported by Myeni and Leach [S.M. Myeni, P.G.L. Leach, Nonlocal symmetries and complete symmetry groups of evolution equations, J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 13 (2006) 377-392] which provide a route to the determination of the required generic nonlocal symmetries necessary to supplement the point symmetries for the complete specification of these 1+2 evolution equations. Further we find that taking some suitable linear combination of Lie point symmetries helps to optimise the procedure of specifying the equation. A general result concerning the number of symmetries required to form a complete symmetry group of evolution is presented in the Conclusion.     

Exact solutions of a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation using Lie symmetry analysis

In this paper, Lie group analysis is employed to derive some exact solutions of a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation which describes the dynamics of solitons and nonlinear waves in plasmas and superfluids.     

A Lie symmetry analysis and explicit solutions of the two‐dimensional ∞‐Polylaplacian

In this work, we consider the Lie point symmetry analysis of a strongly nonlinear partial differential equation of third order, the ∞‐Polylaplacian, in two spatial dimensions. This equation is a higher order generalization of the ∞‐Laplacian, also known as Aronsson's equation, and arises as the analog of the Euler–Lagrange equations of a second‐order variational principle in L^∞. We obtain its full symmetry group, one‐dimensional Lie subalgebras and the corresponding symmetry reductions to ordinary differential equations. Finally, we use the Lie symmetries to construct new invariant ∞‐Polyharmonic functions.     

Symmetry breaking of systems of linear second-order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients

We show that the structure of the Lie symmetry algebra of a system of n linear second-order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients depends on at most n-1 parameters. The tools used are Jordan canonical forms and appropriate scaling transformations. We put our approach to test by presenting a simple proof of the fact that the dimension of the symmetry Lie algebra of a system of two linear second-order ordinary differential with constant coefficients is either 7, 8 or 15. Also, we establish for the first time that the dimension of the symmetry Lie algebra of a system of three linear second-order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients is 10, 12, 13 or 24.     

Invariance properties of a general bond-pricing equation

We perform the group classification of a bond-pricing partial differential equation of mathematical finance to discover the combinations of arbitrary parameters that allow the partial differential equation to admit a nontrivial symmetry Lie algebra. As a result of the group classification we propose “natural” values for the arbitrary parameters in the partial differential equation, some of which validate the choices of parameters in such classical models as that of Vasicek and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross. For each set of these natural parameter values we compute the admitted Lie point symmetries, identify the corresponding symmetry Lie algebra and solve the partial differential equation.     

Exact solutions of KdV equation with time-dependent coefficients

In this paper, we study the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation having time dependent coefficients from the Lie symmetry point of view. We obtain Lie point symmetries admitted by the equation for various forms for the time-dependent coefficients. We use the symmetries to construct the group-invariant solutions for each of the cases of the arbitrary coefficients. Subsequently, the 1-soliton solution is obtained by the aid of solitary wave ansatz method. It is observed that the soliton solution will exist provided that these time-dependent coefficients are all Riemann integrable.     

Symmetry analysis of a system of modified shallow-water equations

We revise the symmetry analysis of a modified system of one-dimensional shallow-water equations (MSWE) recently considered by Raja Sekhar and Sharma [Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2012;20:630–36]. Only a finite dimensional subalgebra of the maximal Lie invariance algebra of the MSWE, which in fact is infinite dimensional, was found in the aforementioned paper. The MSWE can be linearized using a hodograph transformation. An optimal list of inequivalent one-dimensional subalgebras of the maximal Lie invariance algebra is constructed and used for Lie reductions. Non-Lie solutions are found from solutions of the linearized MSWE.     

Constructing affine Lie algebras

The ?-grading determined by a long simple root of a rank n+1 a?ne Lie algebra over ? arises from a representation of a rank n semi-simple complex Lie algebra. Analysis of the relationship between the grading and the representation yields constructions that generalize the minuscule and adjoint algorithms as well as Kac’s construction of nontwisted a?ne Lie algebras.     

Conservation Laws For the (1+2)-Dimensional Wave Equation in Biological Environment

The derivation of conservation laws for the wave equation on sphere, cone and flat space is considered. The partial Noether approach is applied for wave equation on curved surfaces in terms of the coefficients of the first fundamental form (FFF) and the partial Noether operator's determining equations are derived. These determining equations are then used to construct the partial Noether operators and conserved vectors for the wave equation on different surfaces. The conserved vectors for the wave equation on the sphere, cone and flat space are simplified using the Lie point symmetry generators of the equation and conserved vectors with the help of the symmetry conservation laws relation.     

Banach Lie algebras with Lie subalgebras of finite codimension: Their invariant subspaces and Lie ideals

The paper studies the existence of closed invariant subspaces for a Lie algebra L of bounded operators on an infinite-dimensional Banach space X. It is assumed that L contains a Lie subalgebra L₀ that has a non-trivial closed invariant subspace in X of finite codimension or dimension. It is proved that L itself has a non-trivial closed invariant subspace in the following two cases: (1) L₀ has finite codimension in L and there are Lie subalgebras L₀=L⁰⊂L¹⊂?⊂Lp=L such that Li+1=Li+[Li,Li+1] for all i; (2) L₀ is a Lie ideal of L and dim(L₀)=∞. These results are applied to the problem of the existence of non-trivial closed Lie ideals and closed characteristic Lie ideals in an infinite-dimensional Banach Lie algebra L that contains a non-trivial closed Lie subalgebra of finite codimension.     

Symmetric Pairs for Quantized Enveloping Algebras

Let θ be an involution of a semisimple Lie algebra g, let g^θ denote the fixed Lie subalgebra, and assume the Cartan subalgebra of g has been chosen in a suitable way. We construct a quantum analog of U(g^θ) which can be characterized as the unique subalgebra of the quantized enveloping algebra of g which is a maximal right coideal that specializes to U(g^θ).